Testosterone and Beyond: The Male Advantage in Sports
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- Опубліковано 8 вер 2024
- Does testosterone suppression remove the male sports performance advantage?
Adapted from a literature review by developmental biologist Dr. Emma Hilton (@FondOfBeetles) and clinical physiologist Dr. Tommy Lundberg (@TLexercise), we present a review of sex differences in athletic ability and 11 long-term studies to evaluate whether testosterone suppression removes the male sports performance advantage achieved at puberty.
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Main source:
[1] Hilton, E., Lundberg, T. (2020). Transgender women in the female category of sport--Perspectives on testosterone suppression and performance advantage. Sports Medicine.
Sex difference sources:
[2] Lee DH, Keum N, Hu FB et al. (2017). Development and validation of anthropometric prediction equations for lean body mass, fat mass and percent fat in adults using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2006. Br J Nutr., 118(10):858-866.
[3] Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Wang ZM, Ross R. (2000). Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18-88 yr. J Appl Physiol. 89(1):81-88.
[4] Bohannon RW, Wang YC, Yen SC, Grogan KA. (2019). Handgrip strength: A comparison of values obtained from the NHANES and NIH Toolbox studies. Am J Occup Ther. 73(2).
[5] Neder JA, Nery LE, Shinzato GT, Andrade MS, Peres C, Silva AC. (1999). Reference values for concentric knee isokinetic strength and power in nonathletic men and women from 20 to 80 years old. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 29(2):116-126.
[6] Jantz LM, Jantz RL. (1999). Secular change in long bone length and proportion in the United States, 1800-1970. Am J Phys Anthropol. 110(1):57-67.
[7] Lepley AS, Joseph MF, Daigle NR et al. (2018). Sex differences in mechanical properties of the achilles tendon: Longitudinal response to repetitive loading exercise. J Strength Cond Res. 32(11):3070-3079.
[8] Pate RR, Kriska A. (1984). Physiological Basis of the Sex Difference in Cardiorespiratory Endurance. Sport Med An Int J Appl Med Sci Sport Exerc. 1(2):87-89.
[9] Best SA, Okada Y, Galbreath MM et al. (2014). Age and sex differences in muscle sympathetic nerve activity in relation to haemodynamics, blood volume and left ventricular size. Exp Physiol. 99(6):839-848.
[10] Tong E, Murphy WG, Kinsella A et al. (2010). Capillary and venous haemoglobin levels in blood donors: a 42-month study of 36 258 paired samples. Vox Sang. 98(4):547-553.
Longitudinal studies:
[11] Gooren LJG, Bunck MCM. (2004). Transsexuals and competitive sports. Eur J Endocrinol. 151(4):425-9.
[12] Haraldsen IR, Haug E, Falch J, Egeland T, Opjordsmoen S. (2007). Cross-sex pattern of bone mineral density in early onset gender identity disorder. Horm Behav. 52(3):334- 343.
[13] Mueller A, Zollver H, Kronawitter D et al. (2011). Body composition and bone mineral density in male-to-female transsexuals during cross-sex hormone therapy using gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 119(2):95-100.
[14] Wierckx K, Van Caenegem E, Schreiner T et al. (2014). Cross-sex hormone therapy in trans persons is safe and effective at short-time follow-up: results from the European network for the investigation of gender incongruence. J Sex Med. 11(8):1999- 2011.
[15] Van Caenegem E, Wierckx K, Taes Y et al. (2015). Preservation of volumetric bone density and geometry in trans women during cross-sex hormonal therapy: a prospective observational study. Osteoporos Int. 26(1):35-47.
[16] Gava G, Cerpolini S, Martelli V, Battista G, Seracchioli R, Meriggiola MC. (2016). Cyproterone acetate vs leuprolide acetate in combination with transdermal oestradiol in transwomen: a comparison of safety and effectiveness. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 85(2):239-246.
[17] Auer MK, Ebert T, Pietzner M et al. (2018). Effects of Sex Hormone Treatment on the Metabolic Syndrome in Transgender Individuals: Focus on Metabolic Cytokines. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 103(2):790-802.
[18] Klaver M, De Blok CJM, Wiepjes CM et al. (2018). Changes in regional body fat, lean body mass and body shape in trans persons using cross-sex hormonal therapy: Results from a multicenter prospective study. Eur J Endocrinol. 178(2):163-171.
[19] Fighera TM, da Silva E, Lindenau JDR, Spritzer PM. (2018). Impact of cross-sex hormone therapy on bone mineral density and body composition in transwomen. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 88(6):856-862.
[20] Scharff M, Wiepjes CM, Klaver M, Schreiner T, T’Sjoen G, Heijer M Den. (2019). Change in grip strength in trans people and its association with lean body mass and bone density. Endocr Connect. 8(7):1020-1028.
[21] Wiik A, Lundberg TR, Rullman E et al. (2020). Muscle Strength, Size, and Composition Following 12 Months of Gender-affirming Treatment in Transgender Individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 105(3):dgz247.
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I don't get the whole focus on testosterone levels when biological sex advantages are so much more than just that. Height, body type wingspan, lung and heart size, bone density, muscle density and more, all give great athletic advantages to males and it simply can't be changed through hormone suppression.
They're trying to avoid being accused of "transphobia" by doing the actual right thing, because there _is_ a correct answer here, they just don't have the guts to stand up to the screaming wokescolds. Transwomen are biologically male. They can compete in sports just fine; just in the sport that matches their biology. But to Woke fanatics, it's all about "identity" not about reality.
Because Testosterone is a 'steroid hormone.'
You are correct in noting how arbitrary and dumb this whole discussion is. If transwomen are women, then there should be NO testosterone or other barriers for them, period. And they are men, then they shouldn’t be competing in the women’s division, not because it would be ‘unfair’, but because then it wouldn’t be a WOMEN’s division. A man could be the slowest runner in a race and still not belong in the women’s competition b/c he’s NOT a woman. Such a dumb video.
It should perhaps be noted that there are some open sports where men and women compete without division into sexes, such as equestrian sports and some rifle shooting competitions. Unsurprisingly these are sports where power and strength is less important to success.
I think it makes sense that any sport like that, such as the above or things like darts, pool/billiards, etc. should have no sex separation, but those where it matters should have different groups.
@@pseudonamed I agree. The whole point of sex segregation in sports, just as with weight categories in boxing, age groups for kids sports, and disabled sports categoies, is to allow an entertaining and fulfilling competition for categories of players who cannot compete in an "open" competition.
Darts, pool, billiards, snooker etc are interesting cases, because so far as I am aware, women are not successful in the "open" competitions in those sports. They tend to have their own women's leagues and cups etc, altough there's no sex bar on entering the open competitions. A number of theories have been advanced for why :
(a) the feeder milieux for such sports are culturally very male - pubs, clubs, young male hangout joints
(b) women just aren't that interested in these things, so fewer try and so fewer succeed
(c) the former world snooker champion Steve Davis argued, a while back, that women just aren't as "obsessive" as men, and obsessiveness is key to success in snooker. Shorter version - women actually have a life.
(d) men may have some biological advantages in such sports. For example some heavily spun shots may be helped by stronger grip strength; male advantage in spatial cognition might be useful for visualising tricky shots.
I like (c) best, though it has to be said that male sports stars seem to be able to fit quite a lot of partying and sex into their sports obsession. Nobody could claim that George Best didn't have a life.
crokinole is a good example too.
Girls are usually better in drag racing because of faster reaction times
@@Spearmint22425 in all research we find that men have faster reaction time than women. And it is not affected by training
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4456887/
It even play role in the take off during sprint.
Clear, well researched and logical. Excellent graphics and presentation. Allowing men to compete in women's sports needs to stop.
Trans women are not men, they are women, just not biological women. Stop using the word 'men' to address trans women. It's rude and disrespectful. Just cause they are genetically male doesn't mean you should address them as such. Respect their gender identity, I'm not saying that you should deny biological sex, but you shouldn't deny the existence of gender either.
@@teacup4593 I don't believe in gender stereotyping/identity. Nor God. Don't appreciate being forced into doing so. That seems the height of disrespect to me.
@@teacup4593 Man = adult human male, so yes, they are men. You can't just identify as whatever you want, otherwise you would be a dog if you identified as a dog by that logic.
@@teacup4593you are advocating a novel use for the word “woman” that has not existed throughout human history, makes no sense, contradicts biology, contradicts common sense. You are welcome to make stuff up. Have fun with it. But don’t expect adults to take you seriously. Maybe save your nonsense for the high school drama club.
03:35 just remember that male sports the entry qualification is most of the times higher/better than women world record
And there are often differences in the sport itself. Women use lower hurdles than men, for example. This is not uncommon among track and field sports. So, not only does a transwoman retain the male advantage, but the event itself is even easier.
@@TagSpamCop yes, forgot about that.
Thank you for this crucially important video! I really hope the Olympic committee will change their policies, but based on what Ive heard from Linda Blade, it sadly most likely will take awhile before this madness is over...
Given that red-green-blindness is the most common form of color-blindness, choosing red and green as the main colors for the vide is not a wise choice.
What exactly transpires, is it a completely black screen or can you see a faint outline? I saw the colours magenta and green so even a slight variation of red and green must be problematic for you. It’s a shame since it was a good rundown of the peer reviewed findings. To sum it up for you, the males won.
I'm red/green color blind, and I can see it just fine. The colors are not sufficiently close as to cause problems.
I swam in high school and was relatively equal to some of my female teammates who swam in my lane every day. We had mutual respect for each other's abilities. Thing is, they were making state finals and I struggled to make it out my district.
Thats because you're useless
The girls you met would have been the creme de la creme, maybe because of that
Maybe swimming just wasn't your thing.
Basically you sucked....
Do those disparaging my swimming skill level realize that that was kind of my point? These girls were considered very fast and I was not, yet we were literally the same speed.
Great as always. Good voice modulation too
Great video! This is very important to know when arguing about transwomen in sports. But I also wonder about the disadvantages of transmen in sports?
I would want to a video about female disadvantages too. One transgender social justice warrior once said me that a female after her transition can be as strong and fast as males.
Karolinska Institute published research in 2020 showing that trans-identified females who take exogenous T to male levels are still nowhere near as strong as trans-identified males who take testosterone blockers and estrogen. So if "transmen" are no match against "transwomen," no way they come close to regular guys. As the case of wrestler Mack Beggs shows. In HS, Beggs' taking T allowed Beggs to trounce all the girls in Texas. But since Beggs went to university where the rules say Beggs must compete in male wrestling, Beggs has been on the roster but not participated in a single meet. Seems Beggs doesn't even practice with the guys on Beggs' own team.
@@maryellendonovan9762 I will admit that Mack Beggs isn't very muscular but what about trans male bodybuilders? They seem to be able to produce the same amount of muscle mass as cis male bodybuilders
Hello, TERFs.
@@NateBeeman Pardon?
Great video-very informative! 👏
Nicely presented, made a lot sense - thanks for sharing!
Brilliant as always. Thanks.
I found some of those percentages a bit confusing. So for example if there's a male advantage of 30%, that means men (on average) have 130% of the average woman's 100%. So if reducing testosterone post puberty reduces the male by 10%, that could mean the male now has :
(a) 120% of the woman's performance - ie subtract 10% from the original male score of 130%, or
(b) 117% of the woman's performance - ie deduct 10% of the original male score of 130%, or
(c) 127% of the woman's performance - ie deduct 10% of the original male advantage of 30%
The overall point that the male retains a substantial advantage still gets across, but the precise numerical claim remains uncertain.
You can’t measure the precise number. There’s too many factors to consider.
Did the studies shown specifically focus on elite athletes or average cisgender and transgender women? If the studies relied on the latter, the results may not generalize to the Olympic level. Furthermore, did the studies shown examine changes in sport performance following HRT or only changes in anatomical features? The former changes are more relevant for determining sports eligibility since ultimately the point is to have fair categories of sports competition and not necessarily fair categories of anatomy.
great work! 🙏
So thankful for this channel plz continue
Amazing, thanks!
great vidéo ! will you do a video about lupron ? thank you. I love your work
Why blue changed for green, but pink/red is still pink?
The green probably identifies as blue.
@@ninapearman 😂😂😂😂
This video should be about 30 seconds long. If you allow men in women’s sports, then it’s no longer women’s sports. Doesn’t matter what ‘advantage’ a ‘typical’ male might have. What matters is that they are not women and cannot become women. Furthermore, if a man COULD become a woman, then absolutely not restrictions should be put on ‘her’, since that would be discrimination. There’s no example in sports where genetic advantages rule somebody out from participating. Tall people aren’t banned from basketball, neither for men nor women’s sports. The video presupposes nonsense and then tries to make sense of it and accommodate the nonsense.
Great vídeo!!
I'm missing the information how the trans women and men are doing at these sports, and what is their changed body/ muscle/ fat etc. then that needs to be compared to the normal distribution of women, that would be a good information, this sadly does push certain agenda. plus, the sports are unfair from the beginning and the issue is only about the money the contestants will get from contacts after winning. it is easily solved by checking those vital information and comparing similar contestants. there are many ways one could solve the issue if people stopped bickering over every new thing
The pelvis alone changes sport. Cheek swab again. U can fake slow, not fast.
hey, can you please create a backup odysee channel? It has a feature to auto sync youtube.. i just fear youtube is the type to censor anyone that makes these criticisms, despite them being completely valid and well sourced they dont care
He has a website which hosts all his content. He also has a twitter for the channel as well as a personal one.
@@Buck7205 thats good and all, ive been to the website, but the videos there are youtube embeds.. my point is it would be good to use these non censorship crazy sites like odysee as a backup as well, then ppl can just go there in the worst case youtube pulls the plug on someone reporting the truth(as they often do..)
@@MElixirDNB My suspicion is that he already has everything backed up as precaution to reupload to his site. If you check his twitter he seems to be very aware of the whole political climate and the censorious nature of this and many other debates online.
UA-cam is likely just an avenue to expand his reach.
@@MElixirDNB A lot of online creators have been gaining the good sense to back up their stuff behind the scenes in the recent year due to how overtly censorious the political atmosphere is now. It's pretty odd for people who discuss controversial topics to not backup now.
This data isn't accurate... There's men that can bench press up to 1,000 pounds, and even the strongest women on earth struggle to reach 400-500. By the way, any woman lifting near 400 pounds is DEFINITELY on testosterone/steroids. That's upwards to a 200% difference depending on the level of athletes in real example. I don't know where you got your data, but on average men have 90% more upper body strength than women, and 50% more leg strength. Problem is even all men differ extremely. Some men have 300% more testosterone than those with lowest levels and the ones with lowest levels are still about 10× that of the levels of women.
What if the testosterone suppression treatment starts before puberty?
They should be allowed to participate in women's sport
Then you'd have to find scientists with the same ethics as unit 731...
There’s a so called mini puberty beginning at sixth month of pregnancy. You sure you wanna pump the women carrying boys full with hormones cuz “muh identity”?
Males and females are different from gestation on. Boys are larger, they have larger organs (thus e.g. heart&lung capacity is greater), different bone structure, more strength. All sex differences do not come from puberty.
A quick glance at the abstracts of the studies you cite, I see they're all done on adults taking HRT.
Would the results be different if they studied those who transitioned before puberty, and took puberty blockers to prevent the initial rise in testosterone in puberty?
They definitely would. This is why the new provisional rules set by World Athletics seems to be quite fair and prescient- they specifically exclude males who have gone through puberty from competing in womens divisions.
But that is inhumane. There are some many things to consider when stopping a child from naturally developing. Let's have a boy that wants to transition to a girl. You give him puberty blockers and cross sex hormones. That way he ends up with a micro penis, which will consequently limit his surgery to getting a vagina, as they literally invert the penis to make one. Girls to boys on the other hand dryer vaginal canals, which makes them prone to scarring and easier development to diseases. That and much higher testosterone levels in females tend to endanger them for cancer.
So no we shouldn't give any of these drugs to children.
This has nothing to do with strength or sports. AT THE HIGHEST LEVEL of any competitive activity men always dominate. Think e-sports, chess, cooking, etc.. These have nothing to do with strength. Explain this
Trans women aren’t real women gang wya
What is a "real" woman? Also what does wya mean? You realize sex and gender are separate things right? Sex is your genitalia, gender is in your head. There is no such thing as a "real" woman, since that is just a thing we define in our heads.
If people truly want fairness, want both female people and trans people to get the opportunity to participate in professional sports, then they would advocate for things like having weight divisions instead of sex divisions. Switching from biological sex to gender identity makes no sense - the purpose of separating the sexes was never about identity or feelings, but about physical difference.
obviously if people want to form sports teams just for fun, non-professionally, then they should be able to make their own choices about who can join which teams, and if some people want to play according to identity then they can go for it.
If you watch the video again you will see that doesn’t work to eliminate differences. Men are 30% stronger at the SAME body weight.
As Anthony Ward points out, males have a strength and power advantage pound for pound. But it isn't just a question of muscle / fat ratios and corresponding power / strength differences. There are all sorts of other physical differences which have nothing to do with current testosterone levels.
For example men and women have (slightly) different skeletal structures, built from hormonal differences before and during puberty. Once that skeleton is built, subsequent changes in hormone levels don't change it. So most obviously, men have realtively narrow hips, so their legs go straight down, which gives them a very efficient walking and running gait. Women have relatively wider hips (and shorter legs) so that the from hip to knee their legs go down at an angle, before then going down straight from the knee. So women's legs are kinda Y shaped. This is less efficient for walking and running.
But it's much more efficient for getting the large head of a baby out from between your legs. Women are absolutely ace at this giving birth thing, and men are totally pathetic at it. Cos men's hips are too narrow to let the baby out. This is a sport that men are so bad at they don't play it at all.
Actually I'm lying a bit. Women are only ace at giving birth compared to men. They're actually quite bad at it, which accounts for the fact that giving birth is a dangerous and painful activity. The evolutionary changes in women's skeletal structure to allow for the birth of a very large headed infant have only just scrabbled to keep up with the rapid growth of infant head size over the past couple of million years. From an engineering point of view, women's hips are by no means optimised for giving birth. But that's what evolution does. Just about good enough is just about good enough.
what people really want are the hunger games.
You didn't do combat sports.
LOL. That would be even more of a male advantage.
For 1 the source you cite speaks of muscle mass yet the studies you use for 3 speak of muscle area. Nice try.
So you’ll just deny that trans woman have an advantage? Cool
Bruh, you daft?
LOL. If your ideology is this flimsy, you should really reconsider your beliefs.
@@TagSpamCop This is a perfect example of your side shutting down discussions. Who's silencing who?