How Did We Really Crack The Rosetta Stone?
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- Опубліковано 10 лис 2022
- How did we really decipher the Ancient Egyptian language? Was the discovery of the Rosetta Stone crucial to cracking hieroglyphs? And who was the first person to decode it? Join Tristan Hughes as he explores a new exhibition at the British Museum - Hieroglyphs: Unlocking Ancient Egypt.
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2022 isn't just 100 years since the discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb. It's also exactly 200 years since one of history's greatest linguistic puzzles was cracked: when Jean-Francois Champollion made the ultimate breakthrough and deciphered the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic code. To mark this very special anniversary, the British Museum has opened a new exhibition that guides visitors through the story of how hieroglyphs were deciphered. In this special access film, Tristan Hughes is given fascinating insight into the key exhibits by the exhibition’s expert curator, Dr Ilona Regulski.
At the heart of the exhibition sits the Rosetta Stone, one of the most famous artefacts in the World. Ilona explains what the Stone actually is and why its discovery was so important in kickstarting the great race to decipher hieroglyphs in the early 19th century.
But the Rosetta Stone is just part of a much larger story; there were many other objects that academics in France and Britain used as they raced to decipher the ancient Egyptian script. Ilona shows Tristan some of these artefacts, including a long papyrus that Champollion worked tirelessly over with little success. And an emotional letter, written over 200 years ago by Champollion, that brings you closer to the genius himself and the many challenges he faced.
The objects in the exhibition reveal the highs and lows that academics like Champollion and his rival Thomas Young experienced, as they strived to crack the code over 20 long and arduous years. But Trisstan also discovers that interest in hieroglyphs stretched back much earlier than the Rosetta Stone's discovery and the arrival of western European academics. Also on display are some remarkable medieval Arab manuscripts, written in Egypt hundreds of years before the 19th century. And Ilona highlights the important role that these objects also played in the great decipherment story.
200 years since Champollion cracked the hieroglyphic code, the British Museum's new exhibition is shining more light on the people and objects behind this seismic breakthrough, and revealing how the decoding of these small symbols opened up the wondrous world of ancient Egypt to us all.
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#historyhit #ancientegypt #rosettastone
How do you think the Rosetta Stone ranks among the greatest finds from the ancient world? 🤔
Not much tops a discovery that quite literally unlocked the secrets to an enigmatic society.
I THIN(NITH=SETH)k, that THE(oS=SETH) RA-SETta STO(SOT=SET)ne, RAnks SIRIOUSly HIeROgRA-PHIC(CIPH=SETH)-ALly....RE. oUR gRAmmAR . 🌞
Doesn’t this videos thesis diminish the importance just a tad?
By Far the Rosetta stone has given the modern world an understanding of a culture from 4000 years ago of a time that most people as we think could not read or write so i would say that is bloody epic ! And is No1 on my list i hope some day we will find another one like this about older civilization we yet cant understand just cant wait for that ! what i don't understand is why the Egyptians did not preserve for centuries these ancient artefacts and left them to get buried in the sands
Yeah, there wasn't any "white out" back then.
I find it amazing that at the time of Alexander the Great , Egyptian Hieroglyphs were a LIVE language. It was a fairly recent event that Egyptian hieroglyphs were lost as a living script.
For the priests only I think?
Only the scribes
@@pamelasheridan3717 no, hieroglyphics were the sacred writing form
The Late kingdom Ptolemaic Greek dynasty was responsible for a decline in black Egypt. The Romans absolutely destroyed it.
This was fascinating--thank you! I had always assumed that the process of deciphering the ancient language was a much simpler effort once the Rosetta Stone was discovered. It's a revelation to know more about the complications and the enormous effort it involved.
Few things have been omitted in this video. First: Champollion was a linguistic genius. At the age of 18 he was a professor at the equivalent of French high school. Apart from Coptic, he learned few more ancient languages, that were sort of within the family of languages , related to Egyptian in some way. The fact that it took him, the linguistic genius, 20 years to complete the task, shows how difficult, in fact, ancient Egyptian was. It had a difficult grammar and pronunciation, so that was really hard one to crack. Also, the relations to other languages were not as strong as with other languages, that could easily be deciphered.
What amazes me at this up close look at the RS is how tiny the letters are. And in immaculately straight lines of text. Incredibly pristine after millennia.
1. There are not a lot of bronzes unearthed in Egypt. The latest archeology proves that they were built by construction workers, not slaves. Slaves can eat high-quality beef and can be buried near the pyramids. 2. There is no history of bronze wares in Europe, only a very small amount of bronze is fished out of the water or bought from the antique market, so it is impossible to measure carbon 14 (compared with Sanxingdui in China to see what bronze wares can be measured by carbon 14) 3. There is no such thing in Europe Astronomical calendar (there are many observatory sites in China, there are no such sites in Europe, and it takes hundreds or thousands of years of continuous observation, calculation, and accumulation to have a calendar) 4. There is no unified weights and measures in Europe, and China has unified weights and measures for more than 2,000 years. Many instruments related to measurement have been unearthed in China. There is no unified weights and measures in Europe, so where does advanced arithmetic come from? History cannot be recorded until there has been no change for thousands of years. For the above points, can anyone overthrow it? If it cannot be overthrown, then ancient Babylon (someone obtained a cuneiform dictionary and translated clay tablets?), ancient Egypt, and ancient Greece are all false. Ancient Rome was a very small place not a great empire, let alone a civilization. If you look at the technology of the Song Dynasty in China and the Sanxingdui site, you will know the reason. Note that the first steam engine-driven car was also in China, but it is a pity that the Ming Dynasty, the creator of civilization, was stolen by barbarian Manchus and European missionaries, and rewritten the real history. 6. If Babylonian civilization is as great as described in textbooks, why is writing still written on clay tablets? Why not use noble sheepskin? 7. There is no such a grammatical dictionary for cuneiform, which can allow ordinary people to translate these clay tablets into modern characters. If there is no such dictionary, then they can make fakes at will.
The ancient nautical chart of ancient Egypt is marked as Babylon, which is the map of China 600 years ago（it was codified by European missionaries to 1601）：
www.loc.gov/item/2010585650/
This is a map of Europe：commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Geographia_by_Ptolemy,_Aphricae_Tabula_III,_1540_Basel_edition_-_Maps_of_Africa_-_Robert_C._Williams_Paper_Museum_-_DSC00625.JPG
Say what you will about Napoleon, but credit to his the men who discovered the stone and had the foresight to understand how significant it could be. At least some of them must have been quite well educated.
Napoleon took artists, scholars, and engineers to Egypt, his soldiers stopped in their tracks when they first set eyes upon the pyramids. They made copies of hieroglyphs and took back many artefacts, I guess a lot were saved as well although nowadays they would be regarded as stolen
@@mikejones-go8vz hmm
Heres the thing though. Its not a rare stone. Its got the Decree Of Memphis on it and they were placed in many towns and cities by rulers. Even the british museum talks about THE OTHER STONES. ua-cam.com/video/klJBwnBHET8/v-deo.html
Imagine the bloke that had to carve all of that writing a thousand years ago!
Did you just assume that ancient person’s gender?!?
That crossed my mind too. Scribes were male.
At least he had steady work lol
Scrappy writing was probably a capital crime in those days... "Your handwriting is a Horus story, child! Off with your head!!!"
@@indigocheetah4172 Wouldn't be sure. Scribes' names usually weren't mentioned, and even if they were, could we today exactly tell whether a name was male or female?
Thank you for acknowledging so well the Coptic (monks) contribution. Many do not. It'd be like Renaissance artists or Enlightenment scientists neglecting to acknowledge medieval monks' transcriptions of Greek manuscripts.
More Ancient Greek manuscripts were preserved and translated by Islamic scholars. Some of the preserved Greek manuscripts in monasteries were preserved only because they were erased and reused for religious works (including in the bindings).
Loved this video, I'd love more videos about inscriptions, manuscripts, ancient languages, anything like that!
Loved this one so much! Thank you
Great work as always! I am a few classes away from finishing my anthropology degree and this was fascinating! Thank you All. 😎
Good luck to you ❤
Egypt is on my bucketlist. I’ve always had a pull towards Egyptian culture ever since I was a kid.
Absolutely incredibly entertaining!
i'm a history junkie. this is what i binge-watch.
brilliant video!
listened to this while doing my Middle Egyptian course work translating and grammatically labelling a stela
Nice, I was just wondering that yesterday
Thanks for adding the ancient stuff! It’s making my world studies class more interesting!
I love how scholars rarely give a crap about politics and they just focus on the work at hand, the question that needs an answer. Knowledge is what defines us. Lovely production, she knows A LOT, it's an absolute pleasure to hear people who love what they do. Thank you!
Coptic language is the key to decipher Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs. It is after all the living descendant of Ancient Egyptian language. There are several dialects of Coptic language and the one preserved by the Coptic Church as liturgical language is the Bohairic dialect. Some Medieval Arab scholars claimed to have deciphered them. However since none of their works survived, it is an unproven claim.
Great video. Thanks. Could you share the contents of the Stone. What did it say? How have arqueologist/historians filled the gap where the stone is broken or missing?
The gap is something that raises natural questions. However (and I just learned this recently), there were many identical "Rosetta Stones" carved at that time, recording the same story in the same three languages. This video touches (lightly) on this near the beginning, referencing many steles carved and distributed to temples throughout Egypt. THE Rosetta Stone is the first of these to be discovered. I believe as many as 40 have been found since then. So, between the many stones, they have a complete text.
There are numerous articles that explain what it says on the Rosetta stone, just look it up. As it contains the same text written in two dead languages and an ancient dialect of Greek, it's not that simple to write a direct translation. It is also worth noting that although the texts have been translated, it is not certain the translations are exact, but it's been done well enough that it's possible to get the meaning of the different languages. Without multiple different samples of contemporary translations, it is simply not possible to get a fully accurate translation
Cymroglyphics 01 Overview
Without it they would not have able to read Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics. It helps alot translating Ancient Egypt texts.
Cost Champollion his sanity to crack the hieroglyphics, amazing sacrifice
Coptic now is a dead liturgical language.
How fitting that in its last days it should revive the knowledge of its precursor.
It lived just long enough
My first reaction to the question in the title was to think someone dropped it 😂🤣 Sorry, it really was.
I actually touched this stone back in probably the 1980s when it was behind a low barrier rather than a case. I touched it and a recorded voice rang out telling me not to touch it. I have no regrets about this at all :-)
Those were actually the Ancient Egyptian spirits lmao
Did it ever cross the the mind of the individual(s) who carved the glyphs into the Rosetta Stone, that this very inscription they were carving would ultimately become the most important inscription in Egyptian history? I often wonder about the earliest days of these immensely old objects and the people who made them.
From British Museum's "Stuff we stole" collection
It also proves the great importance of scholars/scientists communicating with each other around the world 🌎. There should be no borders and/or political systems blocking the progress of knowledge. Knowledge will breakdown borders and diminish the need for political institutions. Knowledge is freedom 🕊️
Yes we do
The rosetta stone is one of MANY markers placed in towns by rulers with The Decree Of Memphis written on them. They arent rare.
The scholarly cooperation was not unusual. the French agreed to ignore Captain Cook in his voyages, and the British ignored Captain Bougainville.
Didn't know they found this in Memphis
It’s incredibly important that the world knows about the Rosetta Stone. If it was sill in Egypt, instead of at the British Museum in London, it’s not likely that as many people in the world would get to see it or study it. Not to mention how much safer it is in England. The unstable governments in the eastern nations due to their government ruled by differing religions make destruction o historical treasures like it in greater jeopardy.
Maybe Napoleon Bonaparte was killed because France and Britain had been enemies and the British Elite connected to the Rothschild German/London/ Vatican Jesuits did not want Napoleon Bonaparte to have Enlightenment control of dissemination to the World population in darkness.
tell me you're British by not telling me you are British
Very hard to say😮
Imagine being spell checked after and finding an error 🤣
Good of the Brits to save artifacts for the future generations.
I find it crazy how a civilisations language can be lost
Time change
@@Moodboard39 I find it crazy that Europeans can loot and steal Egypt and other places. .... Average Egyptian people can't visit the so called "British Museum" (funny to name it as such since nothing in it is British 😅). Shame!! Return it to Egypt.
@@hus390 If it wasn't for the Europeans curiosity no one would know what the hieroglyphs say, Egyptians wouldn't know their own history. Nor would Egypt have thrived from tourism from the interest drummed up by them and investments made into the Egyptian economy allowing for a higher standard of living. That you're not thankful shows your character. I think you have a chip on your shoulder. Also, I think you're a big hypocrite and your answer to being pathetic is to fight in the internet comments section and not in real life. You lack the morals or your convictions. Baby
Can Egyptian artifacts please be returned to Egypt
Why? The owners are gone, it's 2024, share it with the world. The Egyptians aren't the same race or people as ancient egyptians, they are forms of muslim invaders.
This must b the " relics we stole " collection. Its just like keeping the british crown jewels in a museum in Egypt.
Proofreader : yo, we got a misprint over here.
Type setter : what should we do?
Editor : i'll get the chisel and call the quarry for a new block.
Should be in Egypt
Return those, treasures back to Egypt
the current populace of egyptt were not the orihignal egyptians..,,egyptians were blk not arabs
@@jacktran7024 just a lame pathetic excuse to not return some thing that you stole
@@_rraacccooonn arabs need to return egypt back to black africans...lame excuse not to
So, kind of, at the beginning of Egyptian writing only pharaoh name could be written by letters and the rest of is pure symbolism? Or this symbols allways had some pronouncation particles system?
"If we gave one country back its national treasures, we'd have to give back all countries their national treasures."
- British Museum
"treasure we keep" -mongolian
Average Egyptian people can't visit the so called "British Museum" (funny to name it as such since nothing in it is British 😅). Shame!! Return it to Egypt.
10:09 hm Manuscripts 😊
I’m intrigued by that woman in the museum. She works in England, has a Slavic name but a Dutch accent… 🧐
Dr Ilona definitely is Dutch😊
She sounds more Flemish to me, but she could be Dutch.
Think of the huge amount of history of the eastern nations that would never be known today without the Rosetta Stone!
Imagine that person used that stone to help build a wall?
Not a word about Johan David Åkerblad?
? ? ? ?
So Napoleon invasion of Egypt gives a way to translating Ancient Egypt hieroglyphics.
How did the meanings of the hieroglyphs get lost in the first place?
How does any language get lost. Fairly obvious
@Real Aiglon Thank you. This makes sense 😊
@@ryanjohnson850 comment deleted
We all know the answer
~return the slaaaaaAAAaaaAAAaaabbbbb~
Ok but how am I supposed to fit that in my phone?
Imagine if Egypt 🇪🇬 wasn't robbed they would have a art & history museum like no other what a shame for the Egyptian people
Well, at least nobody took the pyramids and sphinx. They still have those.
Or they can be destroyed by islamist like in Syria and northern Iraq.
Egyptian people usually stole everything from ancient sites and
tombs and sold it to travellers...
Egypt was part of Ottoman Empire
during this time.
@@2msvalkyrie529 rubbish
@@2msvalkyrie529 Average Egyptian people can't visit the so called "British Museum" (funny to name it as such since nothing in it is British 😅). Shame!! Return it to Egypt.
Hammer, probably
It wasn't very nice that Chompollion didn't acknowledge the assistance of his English colleague.
So real
it was not very nice of the Brits to take the rosetta stone and make it so poorly accessible to French scholars.
and it is not very nice in the british documentary to put Champollion and Young on equal footing while there re not, and Champollion is the one who deciphered this old lost language...
I’m glad Indiana Jones discovered this. What a feat.
It was brought to Memphis by the king? Elvis?
Because the stone was found by the French and brought to England, the world was able to understand hierogyphics. If this had not happened(in England/europe) we might still today know what the life of the Egyptian kings and daily life there was like. We wouldn’t know whose tomb was in the Great Pyramid. We could only guess at so much of that history. I think that’s very important. And it’s why my heart skipped a few beats when I walked up the stairs into the British Museum. I would never have visited Egypt or any of the hear eastern countries in my lifetime! And I know I’m not the only one.
Close to the time of Alexander 120 years.
So sad Arab colonialism has destroyed native Egyptian language, religion and culture.
😂
Why are « the Arabic scholars » not named? Should we not be interested in their original publications?
Muslim scholars can't be trusted.
Look at his gesture hiding his hand … the hidden hand gave that info to him …
What is in the British Museum that is from Britain?
The word "British"
I have seen the Rosetta Stone at the British Museum but I didn’t know about the papyrus. 😢 I would have liked to have seen that. I watched another short documentary and it was also someone at the British Museum and they said there is more than one stone. I hope at least *one* stayed in Egypt at least! It’s such a shame how much has been stolen from other countries. 😢
Average Egyptian people can't visit the so called "British Museum" (funny to name it as such since nothing in it is British 😅). Shame!! Return it to Egypt.
People have destroyed MANY of humanity's oldest artifacts in the last few decades for religious reasons, id much rather the English have them.
It was cracked when we found it. 😂😂😂
Extremely smart move of The British Museum to dedicate a special exhibition to the Rosetta Stone & the decoding of Hieroglyphs. Under the guise of the upcoming historic date. To underline their "legal" ownership of this Egyptian artifact.
In the hopes that Egypt, scholars, and activist will stop asking The British Museum to return the Rosetta Stone to it's historic and original owners.
@Beaudile Very funny. How would you feel about the contents of the Louvre being looted by an Egyptian and taken to Cairo though?
It's 2022, not 1822. Holding whole peoples in slavery and looting their ancient artifacts is not acceptable anymore.
The Stone should be in Egypt where it belongs.
@Beaudile 😂Exactly! 👍👍
Great point and clever comment!
@@andrasszabo1570 Learn history instead of woke propaganda.
Also, the year argument is asinine.
Lastly, you might wanna check the calendar on your device: the rest of us are in 2022, in fact almost at the end of it.
@@frontenac5083 Learn history instead of just labeling opinions you don't like.
Also, the "year argument is asinine" is asinine. You're really denying the existence of Zeitgeist? You're really saying that the same things are considered normal and acceptable now and 200 years ago?
You haven't made a single argument yet.
Why shouldn't the artifacts of Egypt be in Egypt?
On what basis should they be anywhere else?
@@andrasszabo1570 I've been to the Cairo museum and it's mostly badly displayed, dusty and poorly interpreted apart from the Tut stuff. Also some antiquities have been saved from wars, isis etc by being in BM. And if the Parthenon marbles had stayed in situ would be totally knackered by Athens air pollution by now.
The scholars made huge and questionable assumptions when making the comparative analysis. 1. They assumed that the Egyptian hieroglyphic language comprised of 26 alphabets and 2. that the heiroglphys carried phonetic elements. Moreover, there is no way for us to know the names written in hieroglyphic with certainty. That is another assumption which postulates that the unknown writings are merely translations. The Egyptians were too wise to compromise their hieroglyphic system with phonetic elements. Arguably, scholars could have unravel patterns that would favour their hypothesis, but there is reason they have been met with many inconsistencies in regards to interpretation. There is no doubt that the hieroglyphs are entirely ideographic.
She's fashion model.
The Rosetta Stone belongs to a museum in Egypt. Give it back please
of course though, the Egyptian Museum isn't known that well for their standards, look at Tuntankhamun's beard story for an example. Another part is that Egypt is not exactly politically stable and in the last coup in 2014 civilians had to protect the museum itself from opportunistic robberies. And of course there's all the chance the Rosetta Stone would disappear in ignominy if not for Europeans finding it
@@maxpis4412 damn
The British Museum stole a lot of artifacts so yeah this real though
We live in such a Western-centric world that everything is discovered by ‘Europeans’ but I’m glad the Arab/Islamic scholars were credited as contributing to this. In fact it may have been ‘cracked’ well before the French/English did. We just don’t have those texts in full, as there wasn’t wide-spread desire to preserve it. Also the sacking of Baghdad and its libraries by the Mongols may have lost us many texts. 😢
Because almost everything is discovered by Europeans or Westerns. Anyway, middle east also has an amazing ancient History, mostly before the rise of islam. And Europeans also enjoy to explore and discover that region, in the name of science
Wondering how much the guy who carved that was payed...
“We”?
Sorry, it was me, I dropped it......
It is an honour for the Muslim/Arab people that the arabic language has playing a significant role as the bridge to understand and deciphered the hieroglyphs
I'm very intrigued, could you enlighten me some more on the connection between these please
Pls give me more info ir places I can research more pls as I am studying Islam n fascinated by what u said
Muslim rulers attacked the Coptic, Egyptian, language and cut out the tongues of anyone who spoke it including women and children .
@@dr.banoub9233 became he'll hole now
They not even related u do potatoe
ALL those finds need to be returned to Egypt
Imagine if you make a mistake... They had to bin it and start from scratch 🙉
Where’s the rest of the stone. Wouldn’t the other pieces be found laying close by?
1. There are not a lot of bronzes unearthed in Egypt. The latest archeology proves that they were built by construction workers, not slaves. Slaves can eat high-quality beef and can be buried near the pyramids. 2. There is no history of bronze wares in Europe, only a very small amount of bronze is fished out of the water or bought from the antique market, so it is impossible to measure carbon 14 (compared with Sanxingdui in China to see what bronze wares can be measured by carbon 14) 3. There is no such thing in Europe Astronomical calendar (there are many observatory sites in China, there are no such sites in Europe, and it takes hundreds or thousands of years of continuous observation, calculation, and accumulation to have a calendar) 4. There is no unified weights and measures in Europe, and China has unified weights and measures for more than 2,000 years. Many instruments related to measurement have been unearthed in China. There is no unified weights and measures in Europe, so where does advanced arithmetic come from? History cannot be recorded until there has been no change for thousands of years. For the above points, can anyone overthrow it? If it cannot be overthrown, then ancient Babylon (someone obtained a cuneiform dictionary and translated clay tablets?), ancient Egypt, and ancient Greece are all false. Ancient Rome was a very small place not a great empire, let alone a civilization. If you look at the technology of the Song Dynasty in China and the Sanxingdui site, you will know the reason. Note that the first steam engine-driven car was also in China, but it is a pity that the Ming Dynasty, the creator of civilization, was stolen by barbarian Manchus and European missionaries, and rewritten the real history. 6. If Babylonian civilization is as great as described in textbooks, why is writing still written on clay tablets? Why not use noble sheepskin? 7. There is no such a grammatical dictionary for cuneiform, which can allow ordinary people to translate these clay tablets into modern characters. If there is no such dictionary, then they can make fakes at will.
The ancient nautical chart of ancient Egypt is marked as Babylon, which is the map of China 600 years ago（it was codified by European missionaries to 1601）：
www.loc.gov/item/2010585650/
This is a map of Europe：commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Geographia_by_Ptolemy,_Aphricae_Tabula_III,_1540_Basel_edition_-_Maps_of_Africa_-_Robert_C._Williams_Paper_Museum_-_DSC00625.JPG
Great video, but one mistake... What do you mean "a Greko Macedonian King"? Macedonians have been Greeks since ancient times. Do you mean that there were Macedonians who were not Greeks? It is like saying Greek Athenians or Greek Spartans. It makes no sense to a professional historian. Thank you.
It's about time you admitted how you broke it.
I thought someone broke it when I first read the title.
0:20 my ears decides to malfunction
With a sledgehammer...
They still denied Quran after this founding
I'll save you 20 minutes more than one language and they used Greek to translate hyroglphics easy.
So basically the guy was a tool that didn't acknowledge others contributions to help solve the ultimate puzzle. Nice :P
The word "incredible" means the opposite of how the host uses it many times.
Fascinating. (I'm using that word with its opposite meaning.)
Stop interrupting her! Jeez
They have time limits dart head
We didn't crack it. We used it, since it contained languages that HAD been successfully translated to decipher hieroglyphics.
It's too bad we'll never know what was on the missing pieces...
We kinda do. Since we can now translate from greek and demotic into hieroglyphs.
Also, there's been other versions of stones found with the same text that retains some parts of the hieroglyph part missing on the Rosetta stone. And more may turn up in the future.
there is actually a version of the Rosetta stone which only includes the hieroglyphs, this same presenter was actually talking about it in some of her videos
WOW!!! Great subject, sadly you had the equivalent of paint drying as a host Lol the guest was great..... I couldn't understand the low like count until I forced myself through 10 mins of this Haha I remember now why I stopped watching HistoryHit! Definitely not a hit with this guy!!
why is this not in egypt? pyramids are not in england
You could make the argument that it should be where it can be studied and shown to the most people.
I've been to the exhibition, and it's awful. It looks nice, beautifully lit, but is soooo very wordy and dense, you can't follow the time line properly, only a specialist could really understand it (and there were a few in there to be fair).
Try: on You Tube…. Cymroglyphics 01 Overview (30 min video)
Who's "we"? Got a frog in your pocket?
Close. A heteropagus ("parasitic") twin in the abdomen.
Why isnt she english 🤔🤔🤔
Oulalalalla pas honnête mais bon c’est comme toujours les hommes ou femmes qui prétendent décider quelques chose ne sont jamais seuls! JAMAIS
why would you intentionally crack the stone?!? that seems counter-productive...
or was it before they realized its importance?
For such an 'important' message, they sure wrote it in small text. Lol, was that due to lazy workers told to "put one in each temple?"