@@alext8828 Probably finding any excuse it can to leave. My guess is if for some chance this did happen to exist it would immediately fall apart and make two O2 molecules
"If helium is so rare, why are we filling party balloons with it?" And that, RCE, is an actual, honest to god issue. Helium reserves were nationalized decades ago but our (US) companies forced the feds to open up the reserves for their own interest and subsidize the cost of helium prices, otherwise the cost of helium would be astronomical. Also because of that, we're slowly running out of helium that is needed for vital uses.
Ah yes. Capitalism at its finest. Wasting a rare and value resource on frivolous things just to make a quick buck. Why do I suddenly hear the song "How Bad Can I Be" playing in my head?
Helium is not rare outside of earth. The issue is that there is no way (yet) to create helium, it’s produced as a byproduct of radioactive breakdown. The thing is that every Helium molecule wants to go to space - it’s always it’s final destination. We are just trying to make that path longer
13:30 A degree in chemistry gets you to the point where you start turning cotton balls into cotton candy, your own urine into artificial sweetener, toilet paper into moonshine, vinyl gloves into hot sauce, paint thinner into cherry soda, and calling that a meal!
Atom 4: Shouldn't You Be Happy? I mean, You Cl atoms always Want to get One more. By the way, Anyone wants 2 Of my Electrons? They Just Make Me Unstable Being there.
Two guys walks into a bar, the bartender asks "what can I get ya?" the first guy goes "I'll take a glass of H20" the other guy goes "I'll take a glass of H20 too". The second guy died.
Some notes for those interested about Matt's questions 1:20 Bonds sort of like that exist, but you probably mean the 1.5 (actually 1.33) _bond order_ in CO3(2-) or molecules like that. 1:35 Some elements are rare on Earth, some in the universe, and some in both. Some elements are also not in large amount on the surface of Earth, but may be in larger amounts on asteroids or under a planet's surface. Some elements occur naturally in rocks and minerals that are hard to refine into the element. Some elements are the combination of several or all of the above. That makes them hard to obtain, expensive to mine, extract, and use, and so they are "endangered" in that they are hard mine, extract, and their ores are in limited amounts on Earth. 3:45 Helium is not made by a lot of natural or artificial processes on Earth. It is mostly made by nuclear reactions (fissions and fusions), only some of which can happen on Earth, so much of Earth's helium still comes from the sun and universe around us. As it is a very light and small (almost as much as hydrogen) element and chemically practically inactive (it comes from the group noble/inert gases on the right of the periodic table), so it can be used in a lot of ways, but it also easily slips through all of atmosphere (and all sorts of other materials, even solid) to the edge and then out of it. It is also quite easy to find still, and to make in some smaller quantities. But you are right, it still does not make much sense. Similar to indium and other elements and chemicals. But humans often don't make too much sense. 4:14 Formaldehyde (systematically methanal). Similar to methane (hence the systematic name), but 2 hydrogens are replaced with 1 double bond to 1 oxygen. 6:50 Water is technically systematically named dihydrogen monoxide (but even in systematic nomenclature the mono- prefix is often omitted). This molecule is called peroxide and not dioxide, because the prefixes express the number and types of bonds present. A per-oxide has a O-O bond, a di-oxide is just oxide twice, and oxides have always 2 O-X bonds (X being any other element, but O). It helps chemists to imagine the molecule, even if there are no alternative bonding structures really possible/probable. 7:35 Some of the most efficient molecules to bond with many metals are found in biochemistry, so often even in our bodies. That is also part of the reason, why are so many metals toxic (like cadmium, lead, or mercury). They change some molecules they bond to well, which then harm us, or they displace those metals we need (like iron or calcium) from molecules, that bond to those beneficial metals. 8:00 Close. That would need one more oxygen atom. This is nitrous acid. A less stable and more dangerous acid of nitrogen. 8:50 Hydrazine is similar to and derived from ammonia. Its use in rocket fuels is partly because of the stability of N2 molecules and the reactivity of N-H bonds. 11:40 Iron(III) oxide gets easily hydrated by water, even just the moisture in the air. It makes iron(III) hydroxide, which is also reddish brown and quite similar in many ways to the oxide. In fact, iron(III) compound are often red, brown, or orange-yellow. 12:05 The plus probably means it's a hydrogen atom without one electron, thus a cation H+. As a matter of fact, hydrogen has only one proton and one electron, so a hydrogen cation is often (except for the isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium, which have a proton and some neutrons) just a lone proton. 12:20 As with the 1.33 bond order in CO3(2-), electrons can be shared in a bond between 2 atoms in all sorts of weird ways. Technically, one such bond could between a hydrogen atom and a hydrogen cation, a bond consisting of one electron of the bond order 0.5. 13:30 Ions, and ionic bonds specifically, seem relatively easy on the elementary or high school level, but is in fact quite more complex to the extent, that some aspects of them are still not fully understood and are still a bit debated today. 14:55 Cat-ions, an-ions. You say it like it's built - _ion_ plus the prefix cat- or an-, which you say like you say _cat_ or _an_ 17:20 A very odd (ironically) molecule that. Very unstable too. You would call this specifically a cycle - a cyclic chain molecule of oxygen. The previous attempt would be called a linear chain molecule (or just a linear molecule/chain v cycle/cyclic molecule). As oxygen tends to react and combine with most atoms of most elements around it, this molecule is not very likely to exist unless in very special environments with high oxygen concentration (such as pure oxygen atmosphere or in liquid oxygen, maybe). 20:30 Another quite unstable and unlikely to be found in nature molecule, trioxidane
4:00 I know this one, America has been liquidating its supply of helium for quite some time, selling it at a very low price because the government simply has no use for it anymore (Idk what they even needed it for in the first place), which means that due to supply and demand things like helium balloons for birthdays were a viable product. Once they sell it all though then helium balloons will be super expensive. Also that fact about helium on the moon is worded pretty poorly. The only reason why we would want to go to the moon for helium is because theres lots of helium-3 there. The helium we use normally is He-4, which coincidentally makes up 99.99% of helium on earth. The only practical use for lunar He-3 would be as a fusion feedstock (right now we use tritium, which is radioactive and apparently quite difficult to work with), but considering we haven't even solved sustainable fusion yet, its a moot point to mine it on the moon
Helium is actually vital for hospitals because it's needed to cool MRI machines and the US government selling off the stocks is to the detriment of healthcare. Helium should be strictly controlled and not allowed to escape, because most Helium that escapes into the environment is lost and can't be recovered
@@fsociety6983 I didn't say that they struggle, I just said it's bad to just sell it off. It's one of those things that is not allowed to run out, like petrol and diesel. When supply is low, you won't not be able to get it if you need it, it will just be very expensive and it's the same for gas. If you allow people to waste it for pointless things, they will do just that
@@philippzander6494 Opus Magnum is one of the only Zachtronics games I was able to finish the _entire_ main campaign of without using a guide... Those games are crazy-go-nuts hard past the midpoint, but in a fun way!
What do acid and the military have in common? They both neutralize bases Two chemists walk into a bar, the first asks for h2o, the second asks for h2o too, and dies
Reminds me of a more simplistic version of the game SpaceChem... which started out fun and interesting, then very quickly got to a level of mind boggling mad.
Helium is rare on earth because its so light it escapes our atmosphere when released. In our lab we use a lot of liquid helium. We have a recovery system, so we pay 25 euro per litre of liquid. If we hadn't, we would have to pay 45.
I might suggest this to my chemistry teacher this looks very fun to do if it’s available for free. And here’s a fun fact that wasn’t mentioned yet: Certain elements have to be diatomic meaning they can’t exist in nature without it being bonded to itself. The best way to learn it is with the acronym: Br.I.N.Cl.H.O.F (Brinklehof). Bromine, Iodine, Nitrogen, Chlorine, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Flouride.
*Fluorine The -ide suffix is used when referring to ionic bonds. A common example of this with another of those elements is Sodium + Chlorine = Sodium Chloride.
12:05 you used the wrong formula to get the correct answer. Plus sign means it's positively charged, i.e missing an electron. And hydrogen atom without electron is just a proton.
@@BenziLZK as someone who took interest in chemistry and biology in highschool(Finnish) the organic chemistry was quite nice and then came the aminoacids TAC AGA GAA TAG AAA TCG GGC ATC(first and last are intentional rest random)
@@randommixes7615I am studying biological sciences (yes, that’s the name of the major) and I can also feel the pain of remembering the 20 amino acids, though my major is obviously more lean towards the “biology” part. At this point, I can safely say that biology stands side by side with chemistry and physics as being the most confusing subject.
When I did A-level chemistry, the first thing the teacher said was “everything we taught you about before, forget it, we lied”. Obviously it’s good to know the basic concepts but a lot of stuff you basically have to relearn
Me: **Already Knowing About The Beta Capture (Idk How it's Called in English but the thing where the Electron Falls on a Proton and they Make a Neutron and happens in Atoms with too Many Protons compared to neutrons) while the Teacher explains that Electrons orbit the Nucleus** My Brain: Those are 3.2 Terabytes. You sure you want to delete. Me: No.
A lot of the facts are just not quite enough information for me.. why does copper treat drinking water? I can’t tell if that’s designed to encourage you to look into it yourself but it is mildly frustrating
I discovered you last year and can quite honestly say that your videos help me laugh every aingle time, during quite a rough moment I am going through. Thank you for being so genuine.
6:41 Made me think of an actual technical term in biochemistry: disulfide bridges. Sulfur loves making extra bonds, so some amino acids with sulfur in them will bond to each other inside a protein adding structural integrity to the whole protein. Edit: 13:30 I did my undergrad in chemical engineering and biochemistry and between the two covered about 3/4ths of the chemistry degree requirements. TBH the most confusing part of chemistry is the beginning because there are tons of rules and you don't have a foundation or framework to piece everything together. Organic chemistry is fairly straightforward, there's just a ton of it. Same thing with biochemistry. Physical Chemistry is a lot of backfilling the "why" of the rules from gen chem. Quantum mechanics of bonding is admittedly a bit crazy but in an undergrad degree you don't really explore it at all.
7:25 - It is called hydrogen peroxide because of the oxygen's oxidation number (NOX) of -1. Oxides have a NOX of -2, peroxides have a NOX of -1, and superoxides have a NOX of -1/2. NOX is the difference between the electrical charge of an atom in its neutral state and its bonded state.
18:40 That's also why some people will put older copper pennies (actual copper content) into their small pet water dishes, as it combats bacteria growth and stops it getting scummy as quickly
The "bond and a half" thing you were thinking of might have been hydrogen bonds. There is a covalent bond between the oxygen and hydrogen of the same molecule, but there are additional bonds (hydrogen bonds) between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms of separate water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are a lot weaker than covalent bonds, but they're a lot stronger than normal intermolecular forces, and they're the reason why water is a liquid at room temperature rather than a gas despite its low molecular weight. The molecule with 2 oxygens, 1 nitrogen, and 1 hydrogen is actually called nitrous acid. Nitric acid has 3 oxygen atoms. The positive charges on ions aren't extra protons, they're just missing electrons (often called "holes" in electronics). If an atom had extra protons, it would be a different element - e.g. oxygen with 2 extra protons would be neon. This game reminds me a lot of THE CODEX OF ALCHEMICAL ENGINEERING, which is a cool game that I think you should play (especially since it has engineering in the name). You have to build and program a machine to manipulate the alchemical elements (how people previously understood elements before modern chemistry) and make them bond together into specific structures. It was originally built in Flash, but can still be played on a website called numuki using emulation (it used to work in Kongregate with the ruffle emulator, but doesn't seem to any more).
Not only is rust responsible for Mars red hues, it was also a key player in the early earth and life's earliest days. See, the atmosphere was largely made up of inert gasses, such as diatomic nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane, common components of volcano outgassing. Life at the time was anaerobic, meaning it didn't use oxygen in it's metabolism in any way, but the oceans were *rich* with iron. Just floating around in the water, chillin. Suddenly these new bacteria come along and start photosynthesis proper, using sunlight to break apart CO2 molecules and turning them into sugar and O2. And boy oh boy did they pump out a LOT of O2. So much so that it started seeping into the oceans, and in turn binding with all that free floating iron. This kept the atmospheric levels of O2 at low enough levels that life was able to adapt to the oxygen entering the atmosphere, but scientists estimate it could have wiped out up to 80% of any life that existed up to that point. It's called the Great Oxidation Event, if anyone wants to look into it. It's pretty neat.
*@Real Civil Engineer* If you liked that game, you will love: *SpaceChem* It is basically the same, but you can do many more things with the molecule creators.
I love doing chemistry puns but i never get a reaction 😢. 6:34 2 scientists walk into a bar, 1 ask for h2o and the other wanted some h2o too. The other died. Why? I am stealing ALL of these jokes and tell them to my science teacher.
4:58 surprisingly haven't found any comments about this, though I've scrolled down quiet a bit. It is interesting. Not all elements are created directly by stars, both through their lifetime on a main sequence (when they "burn" stuff "normally" via fusion) and when they explode. A lot of elements are produced only via fission, proton capture, neutron capture, etc. outside of stars. Also you may think, that stars produce all the elements up to iron during their lifetime. But in reality there are gaps. For example a gap between helium and carbon - if a star is big enough to create lithium, it is also big enough to create beryllium, boron, and carbon. So Li, Be, B are always just intermediate products, that are either used up for carbon, or decay. All of those three we have outside stars were produced outside of them by heavier elements decay. Except some trace amounts of lithium that was created with hydrogen and helium before stars. Even from carbon to iron it is mostly even elements, because each subsequent step is an element + helium. There are odd elements in this range too, but in small amounts - they are mostly products of decay outside of stars. And, sure, supernovae. Processes here are violent and pretty complex, and you can say they produce almost everything heavier than iron, but a lot of them are as very short-lived isotopes. IIRC pretty stable isotope composition in those processes have nickel, cobalt, cooper, silver, gold, platinum, zinc, and some actinoids like uranium and thorium. Everything else we can find is rather a product of non-stellar fission and proton capture. So, only about half of all _naturally occurred_ elements is from stars more or less directly, maybe slightly more. Another half has pretty complicated paths outside of stars and supernovae for most atoms. And then there are 28 synthetic elements (meaning they are too unstable to be found in nature in meaningful amounts or at all). Including promethium and technetium, that are not that heavy, but they just have unfortunate configurations. And, of course, hydrogen is not created in stars at all, because no stars are capable of fusing quarks) P.S. for me the most fascinating part is that unevenness. For a very long time I thought, that you can just split all elements in sections by their atomic number like "primordial elements", "created in stars", "created in supernovae", "synthetic", but reality decided it would be to easy and boring))0) And, of course, not all atoms even below iron are from stars - they also could easily be fission products.
Fun fact about helium: helium is rare due to two factors 1) the rapid depletion of sources by humans, and 2) due to helium being lighter than air it just keeps going once released into atmosphere until it disperses into space
It's not that it's lighter than air that's the problem - it's the fact that it's light enough that its escape velocity is a speed that it can obtain in our atmosphere - meaning that it is able to complete depart earths gravitational field, unlike other gasses, such as O2 or O3.
@UKMonkey I'm confused are you agreeing with me or not, you say it's not that it's lighter than air than proceed to say that it's so much lighter than air that it reaches escape velocity.
@@forgewolfgames Maybe what they're saying is that a gas can be lighter than air and stay in the top layers of the atmosphere, but Helium gains enough velocity on the way up that it just shoots off into space. I wouldn't know if it's possible or not but I think it is.
@@nbboxhead3866 That's how I'm reading it as well. As far as I know it's the only gas that is light enough to do that, I've seen it referred to as the only truly non-renewable resource because of it. Presumably there are quite a few gases that are lighter than air, but heavy enough that they'd rise slower than helium does and therefore never get fast enough to escape the gravity of the Earth.
@@littlebear274 Hydrogen is also light enough to, but reacts with oxygen to make water before escaping I think. All things lighter than Carbon apart from those two are metals/metaloids, and are solid at earth temperatures.
Answering the important questions: The He we use for party balloons and other "common uses" is different to the "rare" one we need for specific lab uses (like cooling MRI machines). Different isotopes.
@@alext8828 because he's wrong, they use "just" ordinary liquid helium which is primarily helium 4. Helium 3 is used in much more exotic things and it is extremely expensive.
That’s completely untrue- helium in balloons and helium in MRI machines is the same thing, 4He. It’s used in balloons as it’s lighter than air, and elsewhere because it liquefies at a temperature best described as “marginally above the cold dark vacuum of interstellar space” and so keeps things like superconducting electromagnets nice and superconduct-y and electromagnet-y. It’s formed naturally from alpha decay of radioisotopes in the ground and because it’s so light it just floats off the top of Earth’s atmosphere and gets blown away by the solar wind, so using it for stupid things like balloons is a complete waste of a valuable and finite resource. The far rarer 3He is what they’re looking for on the Moon as it’s potentially usable in fusion reactors.
@@eredaane4656 Helium is pretty common *in the universe*. Earth is much too weak to stop helium from escaping into space, so there's not much holding it here. Be glad about that, if gravity was strong enough to keep in helium, we wouldn't be here.^
Great video. Nice game. 😊 I don’t know what’s worse: Matt telling chemistry puns or no, no, that’s the worst. 😂 You can call the plus circles orbiting the atom “holes” as they are just the absence of electrons. Then you can do all kinds of hole related innuendos. 😂
Time Stamps: 0:20 making dihydrogen 0:59 making water 1:43 making ammonia 2:34 making methane 4:13 making formaldehyde 5:14 making water again 6:20 making hydrogen peroxide 7:41 making nitrous acid 8:31 making hydrazine 10:33 making nitrous acid again 12:03 making dihydrogen again 13:35 making water again 14:18 making water again 15:09 making nitrous acid again 16:03 making tetraoxygen 17:55 making nitroxyl 18:52 making methane again 20:06 making trioxidane 21:13 making ammonia again
3:42 I'm a PhD student in Physics who does experimental research at low temperatures. Liquid helium is EXTREMELY EXPENSIVE now because we are running out. It's so expensive that it's affecting how many experiments I can do for the rest of my degree.
We figured this out some years ago. What we devised was: you can either be good at quant chem or orgo. There is no in-between, and PCC majors wanted nothing but pain(t) from life (and well money obviously). - Biochem students et. al. circa 2013.
3:50 rce: hang on if it is so rare that we thinking going to the moon to mine it why are we just filling balloons with it?' Me: HAHAHAHAHAHAHHA hey what about the balloon carrying the human *i forgot what its call 💩*
The name Hydrogenperoxide comes from the charge of the Oxygen Atoms. Normally they are 2x negative charged, forming normal oxides. But when they are only 1x negative charged the form an Peroxide like Hydrogenperoxide.
If you like this, then the next level of Chem games would be the old "SpaceChem" on steam from 2011, it was legendary on doing this, but also somewhat more difficult. 😉
I died on the inside when I heard him say... cations (cash-ions) and anions (onions)... it's supposed to be cations (cat-ions(as in ion)) and anions (an-ions). 💀😂
3:59 Some types are far rarer than others. There is almost no helium 3 here but plenty on the moon. Fun fact about helium 3: it's a candidate for elements useful in nuclear fusion. I think at least. I know helium 3 is very valuable when other helium isotopes aren't.
Also the bond between H and O is strong as the oxygen is highly electronegative, attracting the electrons more, so the O becomes slightly -, the H becomes slightly +
The + near "atoms" (they're actually called ions now) still means the atom has lost an electron, not gain a proton. If it gained a proton, then that would make another element.
>>"What is just four oxygens stuck together?"
As a chemist, the answer is 'a very very angry molecule'
O3 being ozone, what's the 4th O doing?
surely not as angry as 14 Nitrogens stuck together with only a couple of Carbons to _"stabilize"_ it
@@alext8828 Probably finding any excuse it can to leave. My guess is if for some chance this did happen to exist it would immediately fall apart and make two O2 molecules
O-O-O-O.....
Isn't that the Orgasm molecule?
@@MidlandMarkit's going to squirt all over the place alright
"If helium is so rare, why are we filling party balloons with it?"
And that, RCE, is an actual, honest to god issue. Helium reserves were nationalized decades ago but our (US) companies forced the feds to open up the reserves for their own interest and subsidize the cost of helium prices, otherwise the cost of helium would be astronomical. Also because of that, we're slowly running out of helium that is needed for vital uses.
well it mainly comes downto helium actually being rare in the first place. It is only really found in underground pockets next to radioactive sources.
Look, just because you need an MRI doesn't mean i should have to forego my squeaky voice.
Ah yes. Capitalism at its finest. Wasting a rare and value resource on frivolous things just to make a quick buck. Why do I suddenly hear the song "How Bad Can I Be" playing in my head?
you tell rce thatjeff7550
Helium is not rare outside of earth. The issue is that there is no way (yet) to create helium, it’s produced as a byproduct of radioactive breakdown. The thing is that every Helium molecule wants to go to space - it’s always it’s final destination. We are just trying to make that path longer
13:30 A degree in chemistry gets you to the point where you start turning cotton balls into cotton candy, your own urine into artificial sweetener, toilet paper into moonshine, vinyl gloves into hot sauce, paint thinner into cherry soda, and calling that a meal!
I see we watch the same psychotic chemist.
The NileRed slander 🤣🤣🤣
and styrofoam into cinnamon now
Styrofoam into SPICY **ILLEGAL** Cinnamon, if combined with other chemicals @anarchosnowflakist786
@@uribove is it slander if it's true? 🤔 I mean let's be real, the worst smell experiment really proves the point.
Two atoms are talking about their recent experiences.
Atom 1: "I think I've lost an electron!"
Atom 2: "Are you sure?"
Atom 1: "I'm positive!"
ha ha how funny, you get it, cuz an electron is negative hahahahahahahhahahahahahajahahahahajhahahahahhahahahahaha
Atom 3: "I think someone has lost an electron because I'm negative."
Atom 4: Shouldn't You Be Happy? I mean, You Cl atoms always Want to get One more. By the way, Anyone wants 2 Of my Electrons? They Just Make Me Unstable Being there.
Two guys walks into a bar, the bartender asks "what can I get ya?"
the first guy goes "I'll take a glass of H20"
the other guy goes "I'll take a glass of H20 too".
The second guy died.
I think it would be more fun if it told you the name of the molecule you just made, and the fun fact was about that molecule.
Yeah exactly!
One of the common molecules you make is formaldehyde. Formaldehyde fun!
No doubt. I thought the premise of the game could be really neat but it doesn't seem to have very much actual science.
This.
The first game did that, it's very confusing to see they no longer do that here.
Some notes for those interested about Matt's questions
1:20 Bonds sort of like that exist, but you probably mean the 1.5 (actually 1.33) _bond order_ in CO3(2-) or molecules like that.
1:35 Some elements are rare on Earth, some in the universe, and some in both. Some elements are also not in large amount on the surface of Earth, but may be in larger amounts on asteroids or under a planet's surface. Some elements occur naturally in rocks and minerals that are hard to refine into the element. Some elements are the combination of several or all of the above. That makes them hard to obtain, expensive to mine, extract, and use, and so they are "endangered" in that they are hard mine, extract, and their ores are in limited amounts on Earth.
3:45 Helium is not made by a lot of natural or artificial processes on Earth. It is mostly made by nuclear reactions (fissions and fusions), only some of which can happen on Earth, so much of Earth's helium still comes from the sun and universe around us. As it is a very light and small (almost as much as hydrogen) element and chemically practically inactive (it comes from the group noble/inert gases on the right of the periodic table), so it can be used in a lot of ways, but it also easily slips through all of atmosphere (and all sorts of other materials, even solid) to the edge and then out of it. It is also quite easy to find still, and to make in some smaller quantities. But you are right, it still does not make much sense. Similar to indium and other elements and chemicals. But humans often don't make too much sense.
4:14 Formaldehyde (systematically methanal). Similar to methane (hence the systematic name), but 2 hydrogens are replaced with 1 double bond to 1 oxygen.
6:50 Water is technically systematically named dihydrogen monoxide (but even in systematic nomenclature the mono- prefix is often omitted). This molecule is called peroxide and not dioxide, because the prefixes express the number and types of bonds present. A per-oxide has a O-O bond, a di-oxide is just oxide twice, and oxides have always 2 O-X bonds (X being any other element, but O). It helps chemists to imagine the molecule, even if there are no alternative bonding structures really possible/probable.
7:35 Some of the most efficient molecules to bond with many metals are found in biochemistry, so often even in our bodies. That is also part of the reason, why are so many metals toxic (like cadmium, lead, or mercury). They change some molecules they bond to well, which then harm us, or they displace those metals we need (like iron or calcium) from molecules, that bond to those beneficial metals.
8:00 Close. That would need one more oxygen atom. This is nitrous acid. A less stable and more dangerous acid of nitrogen.
8:50 Hydrazine is similar to and derived from ammonia. Its use in rocket fuels is partly because of the stability of N2 molecules and the reactivity of N-H bonds.
11:40 Iron(III) oxide gets easily hydrated by water, even just the moisture in the air. It makes iron(III) hydroxide, which is also reddish brown and quite similar in many ways to the oxide. In fact, iron(III) compound are often red, brown, or orange-yellow.
12:05 The plus probably means it's a hydrogen atom without one electron, thus a cation H+. As a matter of fact, hydrogen has only one proton and one electron, so a hydrogen cation is often (except for the isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium, which have a proton and some neutrons) just a lone proton.
12:20 As with the 1.33 bond order in CO3(2-), electrons can be shared in a bond between 2 atoms in all sorts of weird ways. Technically, one such bond could between a hydrogen atom and a hydrogen cation, a bond consisting of one electron of the bond order 0.5.
13:30 Ions, and ionic bonds specifically, seem relatively easy on the elementary or high school level, but is in fact quite more complex to the extent, that some aspects of them are still not fully understood and are still a bit debated today.
14:55 Cat-ions, an-ions. You say it like it's built - _ion_ plus the prefix cat- or an-, which you say like you say _cat_ or _an_
17:20 A very odd (ironically) molecule that. Very unstable too. You would call this specifically a cycle - a cyclic chain molecule of oxygen. The previous attempt would be called a linear chain molecule (or just a linear molecule/chain v cycle/cyclic molecule). As oxygen tends to react and combine with most atoms of most elements around it, this molecule is not very likely to exist unless in very special environments with high oxygen concentration (such as pure oxygen atmosphere or in liquid oxygen, maybe).
20:30 Another quite unstable and unlikely to be found in nature molecule, trioxidane
cool
cool
Tetraoxygen is real. The name is Oxozone and its V E R Y A N G R Y
cooler
Ngl watching your brain fall apart at naming h2o2 had me in pieces 😂
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
dihydrogen dioxide
4:00 I know this one, America has been liquidating its supply of helium for quite some time, selling it at a very low price because the government simply has no use for it anymore (Idk what they even needed it for in the first place), which means that due to supply and demand things like helium balloons for birthdays were a viable product. Once they sell it all though then helium balloons will be super expensive.
Also that fact about helium on the moon is worded pretty poorly. The only reason why we would want to go to the moon for helium is because theres lots of helium-3 there. The helium we use normally is He-4, which coincidentally makes up 99.99% of helium on earth. The only practical use for lunar He-3 would be as a fusion feedstock (right now we use tritium, which is radioactive and apparently quite difficult to work with), but considering we haven't even solved sustainable fusion yet, its a moot point to mine it on the moon
Helium is actually vital for hospitals because it's needed to cool MRI machines and the US government selling off the stocks is to the detriment of healthcare. Helium should be strictly controlled and not allowed to escape, because most Helium that escapes into the environment is lost and can't be recovered
@@Dragongaga It is, but obviously hospitals get access to it first. It's necessary for hospitals, doesn't mean that hospitals struggle to get it.
@@fsociety6983 I didn't say that they struggle, I just said it's bad to just sell it off. It's one of those things that is not allowed to run out, like petrol and diesel. When supply is low, you won't not be able to get it if you need it, it will just be very expensive and it's the same for gas. If you allow people to waste it for pointless things, they will do just that
"What do we do when chemists tell their final joke and pass on?" "We barium."
🥲🥲😭😭😂😂😭😭
What do you do with a sick chemist?
Try and curium.
I haven't studied chemistry in over 30 years...wish the game would tell us what molecules you are building...learning opp lost 🙁
later in the game or an update, you can kinda!
You can Google them
@@kingofnothing2260 that's not the point though...
@@jakejager I get it. Wishing it was better, I agree, but still possible with a little extra on your part or use godot to build a better one.
@@kingofnothing2260 if you can name them. Plus, you can google everything, why don't you know everything?
SpaceChem was the ultimate chemistry based puzzle game
Molek-Syntez and Opus Magnum are also two very interesting Zach games, highly recommend👌
Atomix on the Amiga was good.
Thank you!
@@philippzander6494 Opus Magnum is one of the only Zachtronics games I was able to finish the _entire_ main campaign of without using a guide... Those games are crazy-go-nuts hard past the midpoint, but in a fun way!
What do acid and the military have in common?
They both neutralize bases
Two chemists walk into a bar, the first asks for h2o, the second asks for h2o too, and dies
Why do the words "face palm" suddenly come to mind? 😀
Timmy had a tummt ache,
But he aent no more!
What he thought was H²O,
Was H²SO⁴
H2O-hno
Reminds me of a more simplistic version of the game SpaceChem... which started out fun and interesting, then very quickly got to a level of mind boggling mad.
That's just Zachtronics games in a nutshell.
Which is perfect reason why Matt should play that game xd
Helium is rare on earth because its so light it escapes our atmosphere when released. In our lab we use a lot of liquid helium. We have a recovery system, so we pay 25 euro per litre of liquid. If we hadn't, we would have to pay 45.
0:11 My chemical Engineer soul just cried up hearing that! Chemical industry is a big part of the industry and they need engineers!!
I might suggest this to my chemistry teacher this looks very fun to do if it’s available for free.
And here’s a fun fact that wasn’t mentioned yet:
Certain elements have to be diatomic meaning they can’t exist in nature without it being bonded to itself. The best way to learn it is with the acronym:
Br.I.N.Cl.H.O.F (Brinklehof). Bromine, Iodine, Nitrogen, Chlorine, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Flouride.
"Brinklehof" sounds like a ridiculous swear and I love it. I'm tempted to use it as another word for "buffoon" lol
*Fluorine
The -ide suffix is used when referring to ionic bonds. A common example of this with another of those elements is Sodium + Chlorine = Sodium Chloride.
12:05 you used the wrong formula to get the correct answer. Plus sign means it's positively charged, i.e missing an electron. And hydrogen atom without electron is just a proton.
As a chemistry major in college currently, I can confirm. Chemistry is confusing and hard
it was all fun and game until bio part comes in, I can't see carbon the same way ever again 💀
@@BenziLZK as someone who took interest in chemistry and biology in highschool(Finnish) the organic chemistry was quite nice and then came the aminoacids TAC AGA GAA TAG AAA TCG GGC ATC(first and last are intentional rest random)
@@randommixes7615I am studying biological sciences (yes, that’s the name of the major) and I can also feel the pain of remembering the 20 amino acids, though my major is obviously more lean towards the “biology” part.
At this point, I can safely say that biology stands side by side with chemistry and physics as being the most confusing subject.
I did know the part about birds and capsacin, apparently there is a species of shrew that has evolved to not be effected either.
When I did A-level chemistry, the first thing the teacher said was “everything we taught you about before, forget it, we lied”. Obviously it’s good to know the basic concepts but a lot of stuff you basically have to relearn
Me: **Already Knowing About The Beta Capture (Idk How it's Called in English but the thing where the Electron Falls on a Proton and they Make a Neutron and happens in Atoms with too Many Protons compared to neutrons) while the Teacher explains that Electrons orbit the Nucleus**
My Brain: Those are 3.2 Terabytes. You sure you want to delete.
Me: No.
Relatable
Engineering has nothing on chemistry.
*Chemical Engineers have entered chat*
meme'd
A lot of the facts are just not quite enough information for me.. why does copper treat drinking water? I can’t tell if that’s designed to encourage you to look into it yourself but it is mildly frustrating
Helium-4 on earth is so rare, there was a shortage not long ago. Helium-3 is present on the moon and has a lot of potential for fusion.
I discovered you last year and can quite honestly say that your videos help me laugh every aingle time, during quite a rough moment I am going through.
Thank you for being so genuine.
17:11 That's a square, Matt.
I was about to bring it up !
Yes, a four sided circle is a square.
I was a Chemical Engineering student later changed to Psychology, but this part of Chemistry just tingles my mind and I miss balancing chemicals now
1:46 " Do I need to worry that their spinning" 😂they have been spinning the whole time Matt lmao
6:41 Made me think of an actual technical term in biochemistry: disulfide bridges. Sulfur loves making extra bonds, so some amino acids with sulfur in them will bond to each other inside a protein adding structural integrity to the whole protein.
Edit: 13:30 I did my undergrad in chemical engineering and biochemistry and between the two covered about 3/4ths of the chemistry degree requirements. TBH the most confusing part of chemistry is the beginning because there are tons of rules and you don't have a foundation or framework to piece everything together. Organic chemistry is fairly straightforward, there's just a ton of it. Same thing with biochemistry. Physical Chemistry is a lot of backfilling the "why" of the rules from gen chem. Quantum mechanics of bonding is admittedly a bit crazy but in an undergrad degree you don't really explore it at all.
7:25 - It is called hydrogen peroxide because of the oxygen's oxidation number (NOX) of -1. Oxides have a NOX of -2, peroxides have a NOX of -1, and superoxides have a NOX of -1/2.
NOX is the difference between the electrical charge of an atom in its neutral state and its bonded state.
18:40 That's also why some people will put older copper pennies (actual copper content) into their small pet water dishes, as it combats bacteria growth and stops it getting scummy as quickly
The "bond and a half" thing you were thinking of might have been hydrogen bonds.
There is a covalent bond between the oxygen and hydrogen of the same molecule, but there are additional bonds (hydrogen bonds) between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms of separate water molecules. Hydrogen bonds are a lot weaker than covalent bonds, but they're a lot stronger than normal intermolecular forces, and they're the reason why water is a liquid at room temperature rather than a gas despite its low molecular weight.
The molecule with 2 oxygens, 1 nitrogen, and 1 hydrogen is actually called nitrous acid. Nitric acid has 3 oxygen atoms.
The positive charges on ions aren't extra protons, they're just missing electrons (often called "holes" in electronics). If an atom had extra protons, it would be a different element - e.g. oxygen with 2 extra protons would be neon.
This game reminds me a lot of THE CODEX OF ALCHEMICAL ENGINEERING, which is a cool game that I think you should play (especially since it has engineering in the name). You have to build and program a machine to manipulate the alchemical elements (how people previously understood elements before modern chemistry) and make them bond together into specific structures. It was originally built in Flash, but can still be played on a website called numuki using emulation (it used to work in Kongregate with the ruffle emulator, but doesn't seem to any more).
There is also a sequel to The Codex Of Alchemical Engineering called "Opus magnum" available on Steam.
21:54 "Capskin" 😂😂
XD maybe it's a British thing?
Not only is rust responsible for Mars red hues, it was also a key player in the early earth and life's earliest days. See, the atmosphere was largely made up of inert gasses, such as diatomic nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane, common components of volcano outgassing. Life at the time was anaerobic, meaning it didn't use oxygen in it's metabolism in any way, but the oceans were *rich* with iron. Just floating around in the water, chillin. Suddenly these new bacteria come along and start photosynthesis proper, using sunlight to break apart CO2 molecules and turning them into sugar and O2. And boy oh boy did they pump out a LOT of O2. So much so that it started seeping into the oceans, and in turn binding with all that free floating iron. This kept the atmospheric levels of O2 at low enough levels that life was able to adapt to the oxygen entering the atmosphere, but scientists estimate it could have wiped out up to 80% of any life that existed up to that point. It's called the Great Oxidation Event, if anyone wants to look into it. It's pretty neat.
15:00 I was always taught that cations were positive since cats->pawsitive
I was taught that the t in cation looks like a plus sign and anion has the letter n which stands for negative
@@cloverisfan818 I was taught that 'cat'ions 'cat'ch the metal in electroplating.
I just hard memorise cations and anions.
06:35 RCE nerd sniping himself with the "Hang on, I need to google this" :D
6:23 RCE: "THERE'S A BRIDGE!" me: "Bridge review??"
No...
@@leearmstrong3885 no...?
@@jefmoechars4967 no :(
HAHAHAHA Laughs in SPACE-chem at this puny game
CHEMICAL ENGINEER>CIVIL ENGINEER>ARCHITECT?
Chemical Engineer > Civil Engineer > Everyone else > Architect
FIFY
This is exactly right. Did you heard about Chemical Architects, no? Because chemistry is so hard, no architect will ever try to figure it out.
Irony when you're doing chemistry battery jokes then say you're running out...
more like "FERRO"ny
1:37 endangered means something where there is not many of them left
"Ohh we unlocked epsilon levels!"
"I'm not actually feeling the brown, poo levels"
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
The new "Fun Fact with Matt" is amazing. Really love it 🤯
I adored this video!
I’m a chemistry professor! Watching you play it and talk about chemistry just delighted me!
Thanks for this!
Day 41 of notifying people that the Discord server's Suggestions forum is a better place to suggest new games to Matt. (Just don't ping him!)
11:48 Wait until Matt learn that the same reaction (iron oxide/rust) also happens in our blood and that's why blood is red.
Poorly worded, but yes, Fe(III) compounds are red and hemoglobin is an Fe(III) compound
@@broklondwell, technically it can be Fe(ll) or Fe(lll), depending on whether it is oxygen bound or not.
how do you tell the difference between an engineer and an chemist? ask them to pronounce "unionised"
Union-ised vs Un-ion-ised
7:52 i just begun chemistry, but i believe it is called nitrous acid
Matt: (reading caption) "No cling-ons under this boat."
Me: Cling-ons? What about Romulans? 😀 (I know, stupid joke.)
And are they on the starboard-bow?
@@stylesrj I take it that's a reference to the old Star Trekkin' song.
@@BennyLlama39
Yes.
*@Real Civil Engineer*
If you liked that game, you will love: *SpaceChem*
It is basically the same, but you can do many more things with the molecule creators.
I love doing chemistry puns but i never get a reaction 😢.
6:34 2 scientists walk into a bar, 1 ask for h2o and the other wanted some h2o too. The other died. Why?
I am stealing ALL of these jokes and tell them to my science teacher.
17:40 Don't let your editors fool you, RCE, your humorous jokes and intriguing insights are much appreciated.
4:58 surprisingly haven't found any comments about this, though I've scrolled down quiet a bit.
It is interesting. Not all elements are created directly by stars, both through their lifetime on a main sequence (when they "burn" stuff "normally" via fusion) and when they explode. A lot of elements are produced only via fission, proton capture, neutron capture, etc. outside of stars.
Also you may think, that stars produce all the elements up to iron during their lifetime. But in reality there are gaps.
For example a gap between helium and carbon - if a star is big enough to create lithium, it is also big enough to create beryllium, boron, and carbon. So Li, Be, B are always just intermediate products, that are either used up for carbon, or decay. All of those three we have outside stars were produced outside of them by heavier elements decay. Except some trace amounts of lithium that was created with hydrogen and helium before stars.
Even from carbon to iron it is mostly even elements, because each subsequent step is an element + helium. There are odd elements in this range too, but in small amounts - they are mostly products of decay outside of stars.
And, sure, supernovae. Processes here are violent and pretty complex, and you can say they produce almost everything heavier than iron, but a lot of them are as very short-lived isotopes. IIRC pretty stable isotope composition in those processes have nickel, cobalt, cooper, silver, gold, platinum, zinc, and some actinoids like uranium and thorium. Everything else we can find is rather a product of non-stellar fission and proton capture.
So, only about half of all _naturally occurred_ elements is from stars more or less directly, maybe slightly more. Another half has pretty complicated paths outside of stars and supernovae for most atoms.
And then there are 28 synthetic elements (meaning they are too unstable to be found in nature in meaningful amounts or at all). Including promethium and technetium, that are not that heavy, but they just have unfortunate configurations.
And, of course, hydrogen is not created in stars at all, because no stars are capable of fusing quarks)
P.S. for me the most fascinating part is that unevenness. For a very long time I thought, that you can just split all elements in sections by their atomic number like "primordial elements", "created in stars", "created in supernovae", "synthetic", but reality decided it would be to easy and boring))0) And, of course, not all atoms even below iron are from stars - they also could easily be fission products.
Fun fact about helium: helium is rare due to two factors 1) the rapid depletion of sources by humans, and 2) due to helium being lighter than air it just keeps going once released into atmosphere until it disperses into space
It's not that it's lighter than air that's the problem - it's the fact that it's light enough that its escape velocity is a speed that it can obtain in our atmosphere - meaning that it is able to complete depart earths gravitational field, unlike other gasses, such as O2 or O3.
@UKMonkey I'm confused are you agreeing with me or not, you say it's not that it's lighter than air than proceed to say that it's so much lighter than air that it reaches escape velocity.
@@forgewolfgames Maybe what they're saying is that a gas can be lighter than air and stay in the top layers of the atmosphere, but Helium gains enough velocity on the way up that it just shoots off into space. I wouldn't know if it's possible or not but I think it is.
@@nbboxhead3866 That's how I'm reading it as well. As far as I know it's the only gas that is light enough to do that, I've seen it referred to as the only truly non-renewable resource because of it. Presumably there are quite a few gases that are lighter than air, but heavy enough that they'd rise slower than helium does and therefore never get fast enough to escape the gravity of the Earth.
@@littlebear274 Hydrogen is also light enough to, but reacts with oxygen to make water before escaping I think. All things lighter than Carbon apart from those two are metals/metaloids, and are solid at earth temperatures.
Answering the important questions: The He we use for party balloons and other "common uses" is different to the "rare" one we need for specific lab uses (like cooling MRI machines). Different isotopes.
And helium is pretty common, its just a pain to get out of the fossil fuel gases. It originates from radioactive decay (alpha-decay).
Why is it that He4 isn't used in MRIs, if you know?
@@alext8828 because he's wrong, they use "just" ordinary liquid helium which is primarily helium 4. Helium 3 is used in much more exotic things and it is extremely expensive.
That’s completely untrue- helium in balloons and helium in MRI machines is the same thing, 4He. It’s used in balloons as it’s lighter than air, and elsewhere because it liquefies at a temperature best described as “marginally above the cold dark vacuum of interstellar space” and so keeps things like superconducting electromagnets nice and superconduct-y and electromagnet-y. It’s formed naturally from alpha decay of radioisotopes in the ground and because it’s so light it just floats off the top of Earth’s atmosphere and gets blown away by the solar wind, so using it for stupid things like balloons is a complete waste of a valuable and finite resource.
The far rarer 3He is what they’re looking for on the Moon as it’s potentially usable in fusion reactors.
@@eredaane4656 Helium is pretty common *in the universe*. Earth is much too weak to stop helium from escaping into space, so there's not much holding it here.
Be glad about that, if gravity was strong enough to keep in helium, we wouldn't be here.^
Your bond with editors is showing really well in this one, Matt.
Great video. Nice game. 😊 I don’t know what’s worse: Matt telling chemistry puns or no, no, that’s the worst. 😂
You can call the plus circles orbiting the atom “holes” as they are just the absence of electrons. Then you can do all kinds of hole related innuendos. 😂
i am unreasonably annoyed by the fact that they made a chemistry game on a square grid instead of a hexagon one
There is no cyclopropane or cyclopentane
6:28 needs a bridge review 😂
4:13 That would be formaldehyde.
7:46 is nitrous acid. Nitric acid has one extra oxygen atom.
Time Stamps:
0:20 making dihydrogen
0:59 making water
1:43 making ammonia
2:34 making methane
4:13 making formaldehyde
5:14 making water again
6:20 making hydrogen peroxide
7:41 making nitrous acid
8:31 making hydrazine
10:33 making nitrous acid again
12:03 making dihydrogen again
13:35 making water again
14:18 making water again
15:09 making nitrous acid again
16:03 making tetraoxygen
17:55 making nitroxyl
18:52 making methane again
20:06 making trioxidane
21:13 making ammonia again
I wish i knew about this game when I took chem in high school. I bet my old high school teacher would've loved this.
3:42 I'm a PhD student in Physics who does experimental research at low temperatures. Liquid helium is EXTREMELY EXPENSIVE now because we are running out. It's so expensive that it's affecting how many experiments I can do for the rest of my degree.
8:16 Matt's best Star Trek joke
matt deserves a chemistry degree at this point
no. no he doesn't.
No, he doesn't, by faaaaaaar not
Im not sure what was worse, organic or inorganic chemistry. Learning the chemistry of medicines was a ballache
We figured this out some years ago. What we devised was: you can either be good at quant chem or orgo. There is no in-between, and PCC majors wanted nothing but pain(t) from life (and well money obviously). - Biochem students et. al. circa 2013.
My school bookstore sold bumper stickers with "Honk if you passed P-Chem" on them.
As a first sokobond game and spacechem fan this game is just perfect :>
Your jokes are so insanely great, I am having a blast every single time.
Real engineers can distinguish between a level physics (which they have taken) and a level chemistry (which they have not)
I didn't take a level physics, I took a level chemistry... thanks for trying to educated me about my past though... 🙂
@@RealCivilEngineerGamingI am afraid that makes you not a real engineer 😮
You’ve been an architect all along :(
@@RealCivilEngineerGamingon a serious note, what were your other a levels out of curiosity?
This is awesome. As many have mentioned, based on another great old game
Pretty sure that the amount of dots circling it has something to do about chemistry itself, though I could be wrong.
So sounds like Matt has mad respect for us Environmental Engineers, since we’re basically civil engineers + chemistry (and biology) 😊
Imagine you could connect them differently and it makes a different elements it'll take forever to figure out all the combinations
3:50 rce: hang on if it is so rare that we thinking going to the moon to mine it why are we just filling balloons with it?' Me: HAHAHAHAHAHAHHA hey what about the balloon carrying the human *i forgot what its call 💩*
Genius Video! Thanks a lot! 🥰🤗
HELP- "we'll take your dandelions, we'll make tyres out of it." 😭
The name Hydrogenperoxide comes from the charge of the Oxygen Atoms. Normally they are 2x negative charged, forming normal oxides. But when they are only 1x negative charged the form an Peroxide like Hydrogenperoxide.
Helium fits though the ozone layer and just floats off into space as far as I can remember
If you like this, try project chemistry! It's a bit more difficult though
If you like this, then the next level of Chem games would be the old "SpaceChem" on steam from 2011, it was legendary on doing this, but also somewhat more difficult. 😉
I think I've seen a documentary once about Helium3 on the moon, called "Iron Sky"
I died on the inside when I heard him say... cations (cash-ions) and anions (onions)...
it's supposed to be cations (cat-ions(as in ion)) and anions (an-ions). 💀😂
My favorite part of these videos is when Matt’s editors make fun of him 😂
Came to the channel for the games, bridges and Pad, staying for the chemistry puns.
Hey Matt! Endangered means that there are not many left of that material 😊
If I had this game in college, maybe I wouldn't have failed organic chemistry. 😅
21:03 you have summoned the whole fandom
This game reminded me of SpaceChem! What a game that one is
Fun fact the helium on the moon is helium 3, a possible source for cheap and easy fusion
15:00 And the opposite is cat-ions which is positive because cats make people happy.
Laughs in Chemical Engineering.
19:56 what do they mean by that?
i've never separated laundry in my life
and nothing ever happend XD
In an alternate timeline, RCE will stand for Real Chemical Engineer
3:59 Some types are far rarer than others. There is almost no helium 3 here but plenty on the moon. Fun fact about helium 3: it's a candidate for elements useful in nuclear fusion.
I think at least. I know helium 3 is very valuable when other helium isotopes aren't.
Also the bond between H and O is strong as the oxygen is highly electronegative, attracting the electrons more, so the O becomes slightly -, the H becomes slightly +
The + near "atoms" (they're actually called ions now) still means the atom has lost an electron, not gain a proton. If it gained a proton, then that would make another element.
Those chemistry puns were amazing! you certainly out-punned me.
So you're out of your element? 😀 (I'll see myself out.)
🤣@@BennyLlama39
I am watching this at 23:30 (irl time), my brain is not braining no more
Chem student here, I’ve been waiting for this day for so long
Is it just me or are the dogs in his facts grafic the dogs from Barbie and the Diamond Castle? If so, what a fun little reference xD
“Civil engineers make targets” -my pops the petrochemical engineer