American, speaking English, a Germanic language: "I can't get over it how similar the (Dutch/German) words are to English - I guess they are all Latin based?"
english is based of the romans time (germans) thats why german dutch english and some other languages are simulair. french and italien are based of another language group. also many english words are based on dutch and the other way around.
They are not latin based. French, spanish, italian and romanian for example are the latin based languages. The similarity between englisch, dutch und german comes from the fact that germanic tribes (anglo-saxons) had an important influence in the english language, together with some older latin influences (braught by the romans) and french influences (brought by the normans). For example in english you have the word "swine" which is similar to the german "Schwein" and you have "pork" which comes from the latin "porcus". The original language of the anglo-saxons was very near to dutch. In fact you can say that dutch is the link between german and englisch ;-) There is a video on youtube where an english man, talking "middle english" (an older version of english) with a frisian living in germany and is able to understand what the other says.
That’s how the school system fails them respectfully, they don’t even teach them where their language originates, that the force the entire world to learn and speak 😂
@@tommol7314 germanic and Latin based are not the same. Latin based languages are basically romances ones like Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan, Romansh, Romanian (not the same, not even close geographically) and French.
4:25: No, most of the words displayed in this video aren't latin based, but have Germanic roots, just like the English equivalents when they are almost the same. English is a Germanic language, although it has a stronger romanic/french influence than the other Northern Germanic languages due to the Norman conquest of England. This is e.g. the reason why English sometimes has entirely different words for farm animals and for the meat that comes from them (which most languages don't have). The Anglo-Saxon farmers were still talking about their farm animals in their Germanic language, while the new Norman nobility talked about their dishes in Old French (pig/pork, cow/beef, calf/veal etc.).
An interesting example might be the word fee and Vieh! Vieh means cattle in German and as people were trading or "paying" with cattle, the Anglo-Saxons still use the word for "Gebühren" etc. Btw, you can speak English with only Germanic words, but won't be able to do the same with Latin based words. So English is just downgraded easier German.
Dutch has quite a lot of French influence as well. At one point the low countries have also been part of France. There is more influence in English however.
3:40 - The animal is called a "Kuh", but the sound it makes is "muh" in German, which is pronounced basically the same as in English. There is a nice play on words with this as the plural for "Kuh" is "Kühe". It says: "Eine Kuh macht muh, viele Kühe machen Mühe." The idea is, that it sounds like "One cow says moo, many cows say moos." or something along those lines, but the noun "Mühe" translates to "effort" or "work", so the sentence means "One cow says moo, many cows are a lot of work.". I love this one.
And "machen" is "make" - the cow makes a moo noise, and many cows make for a lot of work. This play on words also involves that there is no plural for animal sounds. One "Kuh" makes "Muh", and many "Kühe" would still make "Muh", not "Mühe". But this is irregular behaviour and might leave people nonplussed for a second or two when they just have this saying thrown at them randomly.
The english word "cow" comes from old english "cu" which phonetically sounds like the german word "Kuh" or Old Frisian "ku" or Middle Dutch "coe". Because "cow" in latin is called "vacca" or "bos femina" the origin is probably from the sumerian "gu".
@@auldfouter8661 Agree kye is from old English "cy" (genitive "cyna"). The origin of "kine" is quite unknown. hae=have twa=two what is yin? yin=one? or a ?
As a Dutchman: throw in a little French and you’re there. I say this jokingly, but Dutch is really a hodgepodge of English, German and French. Glaasje jus d’orange, iemand?
Eigentlich ist es quasi plattdeutsch ohne Hochdeutsch Einfluss über die letzten Jahrzehnte. Wir verstehen unsere nachbar hier in Holland alle ohne Übersetzung 😆
It is i am half-german and half-dutch and its really hard for me to speek dutch. Whenever i want tomsay something inthink of english words. But understanding and reading is easy.
Calling the language "Dutch" in english always confuses me, too, as in Germany we call our language "Deutsch" and the language of the Netherlands "Niederländisch" and while the Dutch call their language "Nederlands" and german "Duits".
@@HappyBeezerStudios There are a LOT of Dutch people really don't like to be called a Hollander, or if you say they're from Holland. I do say Holland as well, even though I'm from a completely different part of the Netherlands, but a lot of people hate that
Long time ago, there was only 'Dietsc' or 'Duutsc'. Then, the Dutch people called their native tongue 'Nederduytsch'. Around 1860s appeared 'Nederlandsch'. After World War II, they changed the spelling, and we have 'Nederlands' now...Standard Dutch.
I’m a native Polish speaker and it also was confusing to me, as „Dutch” sounds similar to Polish „duński”, which is Danish (Dutch is „holenderski/niderlandzki”).
You're right. Even though they're similar, I find it nearly impossible to understand spoken Dutch as a German. When seeing it written, you can at least guess some words. By the way, the Netherlands are also a beautiful place for a visit! They have a lot to offer, including great food.
Which is weird to me, I come from the Low Rhine and understanding Dutch is not that much of a problem, especially if it is written. I studied in the Netherlands for a while, and we also got a few German students from The Bergische Land which didn't get anything of the Dutch language.
@@vHindenburg The same to me. But I raised in the north with the local Plattdeutsch. Since living in NRW I got sometimes in contact to our neighbors and I'm surprised how similar english, platt and dutch are
Dutch is something that Germans tend to almost understand but in effect don’t really (except for those having grown up in roughly north western Germany where the local dialects are somewhat similar). It’s like listening to a conversation in a noisy room, you make out words and short phrases but mostly it’s like too many words are drowned out. Listening to Dutch with German subtitles will make you understand Dutch much more. It’s like listening to a strong dialect, spend some time listening to it and you’ll start to understand more of it.
Coming from the far west of Germany, I can understand 80-90% of spoken Dutch without ever having formally learned it. My grandparents spoke our regional (German) dialect which was quite similar to Dutch. I guess for someone coming from the southern or eastern part of Germany, it's a whole different story!
You're right, I grew up in Münsterland and my grandfather still spoke some Low German, which is very close to Dutch. As a result, I understand Dutch pretty well. Meanwhile, I've been living in Berlin for a long time and far fewer people here understand Dutch, if at all.
Simplified: the difference between Germanic languages and the rest of the western Indo-European languages is the first sound shift. The difference between the German languages and the remaining Germanic languages is the second sound shift. English and Dutch did not go through with the second sound shift, even if the Netherlands belonged to the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation for centuries. The second sound shift emanated from the German low mountain ranges and the Alps and spread to northern Germany and slowly displaced the German spoken there, which is quite similar to Dutch.
That is true except German wasn't spoken in what is now northern Germany, so there was no German there which could have been replaced. The languages that did get replaced and that are still in the process of being replaced are Low Saxon and the Frisian languages.
@@sarah8383 I agree with the Frisian. To this day it is not a German language. But Saxon is one of the Low German languages. How Rhenish Franconian is a Middle German language and Alemannic is an Upper German language.
@@danielmcbriel1192 That's simpy incorrect. Low Saxon is the descendant of Old Saxon, clearly a distinct language separate from OHG and part of the Northsea-Germanic language group. The name Low German is misleading and I argue against its use precisely for that reason. From a linguistic point of view there is no way to characterize Low Saxon (Low German) as a German dialect based on linguistic features that would not effectively subsume all West Germanic languages. The modern academic view reflects that as does its legal status as a recognized regional/minority language.
Funny thing is: whenever a dutchman speaks, most of us germans don't understand, except maybe a few words. However when I read a text written in dutch, I can understand the most part, cuz it's written similar but spoken very different. Fun fact No.2: in the Netherlands many people speak German quite fluently, whereas here in Germany (maybe we are a lazy bunch, no idea), only very few people can speak dutch, and I MEAN very. As for the capital letters, in german all substantives are written with a capital letter. Bad thing in this video is, they almost picked words that sound similar in both languages. Would be better, if they took whole sentences. That's all. Greets from Germany and have fun!
Plus a lot of Dutch people think its normal to learn a different language if you live close to another country. (It helps that our tv shows are not dubbed like in Germany, we just use subtitles.) I grew up near the German border, every Dutch person who went shopping in Germany thought it was normal to speak german in Germany, while all the Germans who came shopping in the Netherlands all kept speaking german, and then were annoyed that we wanted them to speak Dutch.
True, a Dutch person generally understands a German better than a German understands Dutch. Also, like the person above mentioned, Germans dub EVERYTHING foreign so that must have some effect on it as well.
The term "Dutch" was originally the "Old Saxon English" word for "Deutsch" (which means today "German") and was in the English language used for over 1000 years solely refering to the citizens of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1648 a part of the Netherlands splitted from the HRE and became independent and since then the Englsh had to distinguish those now 2 differnent citizens. So they decided to call the citizens of the independent Netherlands further "Dutch" and the citizens of the HRE from now on with the Latin term "German". Latin was the official "Language of Law" in the HRE and in that regard that decision seemed to be made by the English back then...BUT it took a very long time till that change of terms was also established in their british collonies... in fact that long that it wasn´t still a thing on the american continent as the USA got independent from the British Empire in 1776 and that´s why the US called people from Germany still Dutch even a very long time further after their Independence - and that´s the reason why for instance the "Pennsylvanian Dutch" are called "Dutch" although those are Germans originally from South West Germany.
To confuse everybody even more search for the dutch anthem ;) "Wilhelmus van Nassouwe ben ik, van Duitsen bloed [...]" (engl. "Wilhelmus van Nassouwe I am, of German blood [...]") That's all because language borders are also always drawn politically. In fact, the transitions are fluid. Back then it was more or less "all the same". The main distinction was between Romance/Germanic/Slavic.
Your pronounciation of Löwe was spot on! And with the Milch/milk one, remember from your video about ch pronounciation that there are different ch sounds, this is the soft one in the front of the mouth rather than the throaty ch sound in the back of the mouth after a, o and u (like Dach, doch, and Kuchen, for example)
Keep in Mind that English is a germanic language, and as well as dutch and modern german comes from the same ancient germanic languages origin. In fact if you look at old English like Shakespeare it is very close to german in sentence structure and words. Compare for example "Du hast" (Which you might know from the Rammstein song) with old English "Thou hast"
I wanted to joke that we (the Dutch) are only the Dutch in English to confuse other countries. Because in the Netherlands we just call ourselves 'Nederlanders' (Netherlanders). But after a Google search I learned that the English just used the word 'dutch' as a name for all the people from the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium and Germany. The German name for Germany (Deutschland) actually comes from the word dutch as well and dutch originally means 'people or nation'. But over time the Dutch started to only apply to the Netherlands folk and it just sticks. Learn something new everyday 👍
Until 1500s Netherlanders were referring themselves as Dietsch or Duutsch (a dialectal variant) and this is the exactly same word as Duitsch (as German call it Deutsch). Netherlanders identified themselves as exactly the same ethnicity as Germans , thus they referred tp themselves as Germans ( dietsch or duutsch in their local Low German dialect) and their language as German (Dietsch or Duutsch). Simply, Netherlanders were ethnic Germans and considered themselves so. English borrowed the word from Old Netherlanders who called themselves and their language as Duutsch. Gradually the word turned into Diets or Duuts. As differentiation from other Germans (especially High German speakers living in modern Germany and Austria) increase, Netherlanders started to refer to themselves as Nederdiets/Nederduuts/Nederduits (Low German, that is Lowland Germans) as opposed to Hoochdiets/Hoochduuts/Hoochduits (High German, that is Highland Germans, Modern natives of Germany). Only after early 1800s, national identity, separate from other Germans, Lowlander or Highlander, a separate Netherlandish identity established itself. The term Nederlander (for people) and Nederlands (for language) completely replaced the term Nederdiets/Nederduuts/Nederduits (Lowland German or Low German.) Once Netherlanders were simply Germans but by time ,through many historical developments, they developped their own identity. But simple word Dutch ( meaning German, a general term for all Germanic peoples in the continental Europe) stuck in English and by time it became reserved only for Netherlanders )
Learn more about Germanic languages, as English, Dutch and German are Germanic languages. All three languages are also descended from Indo-European languages. Even though only about 30% of the words (see 1) in English are of Germanic origin, these 30% are among the 90% most frequently used words in everyday conversation. 1) The rest derives from directly (Latin) or indirectly (through French as a descendant of the Latin). A small part also from Greek, whereby Latin itself is strongly influenced by Greek.
Many words also changed after the Viking invasion. The word egg for example came from the Vikings. The Anglo-Saxon word used to be the same as in German. Pretty much all the words with a soft G in it stem from old Norse like „ugly“ or „wrong“.
To answer some of your questions, no we can't really understand each other, although the closer you live to the border the more similar your regional dialect is to Dutch, so for those people it might be slightly easier to understand. Personally, whenever I hear someone speak Dutch I can usually make out 1 or 2 words per sentence and understand some of it through context, but I can't understand it word for word. You also asked why the German words are capitalized. That's because German is one of the few languages that capitalize all nouns. Btw, good job on the German pronunciation, it sounds like it's already getting better.
As a Dutch person, I can usually get the gist of what a German is saying pretty well. But I think it is easier for a Dutchman to understand a German than vice versa, also Dutch people have to learn German in school and Germans don't have to learn Dutch in school, so that influences that as well.
@@simianto9957 I would actually say it's mostly because german language in its written and spoken form is pretty close to identical. In contrast to dutch, which is pretty much the observation "Sa Rah" described as it being easier for germans to understand written dutch words, rather than spoken.
As a German growing up very near to the Dutch border I learned it at school and it was quiet easy for me because of my local dialect. Now after some years not using it I can still understand it well but speaking is not that easy anymore. But it will change because I am refreshing my skills right now
I understand German, but we used to go on vacation in Austria every year (I also spent, in total, about six months on the Seesegelschiff Alexander von Humboldt II)
When you see XX in German, pronounce as YY in English: Z>C(ts) S>Z V>F W>V EI>I (as in I am) IE>E(longer, as in easy) So for example 17, siebzehn, you pronounce zeeb-tsahn Hope it helps.a bit
You may have noted, or not, that German numbers 13 up are combining the low digit words with the term of ten. So Dreizehn is three and ten combined, that goes right to 19, then again at 21 to 29, 31 to 39 and so on, with addition of "und" (and) as seperator. This is actually so in old style English, where it was common to count as " Four and Twenty" instead of "Twenty Four" now for 24 as an example, That old style has been lost in past centuries.
I come from Germany nearby the dutch border. I speak both languages because I used to have many dutch customers in my old company. Most germans don't speak dutch because they are not interested and the Netherlands are much smaller . But if you're interested in languages you'll find out that it's not that different from german and english. All three languages originally come from the ancient german and latin and there are so many simiular words like stone-steen-Stein or beer-bier-Bier
True, if you really want to, it's easy to learn English and German when you are Dutch. I learnt German a long time ago by watching the Bundesliga for 1 hour on Saturdays and later reading a good German book. It's quite handy to be able to understand and read German perfectly and it takes 100x less effort then learning f.i. Portuguese or Polish. Writing in German is far more difficult, especially since Germans are very unforgiving for errors in written German. Reason is that German grammar is more complex than Dutch grammar, so more difficult to learn for Dutch persons.
From my perspective, as a german, Netherland speaks a mix of english, german and danish. (I am fluent in danish). And it makes perfectly sense to me, because they had/have to deal with both of us ;D
Well, there is a difference. But, as a Dutch, we learn German in highschool. So we're able to speak basic German. Then again, the eastern part of the country has this kind of dialect which is more similar to German, and Germans in the western part of the Germany speak kinda the similar dialect, so people from the eastern part of the Netherlands and the western region of Germany understand eachother.
English, German and Dutch are no Latin languages but Germanic languages. Dutch is very similar to German, but also the second similar language to English.
Long time ago, Dutch and German were called "Low Dutch" and "High Dutch" respectively in English. We can find this old terms in Jonathan Swift's novel titled "Gulliver's Travels" (1726). They were considered to be one language hundreds of years ago. In linguistics, we can find these terms for Dutch and German: "Low German" and "High German". There is a table comparing Low German (including Dutch) and High German in accordance with the so-called isogloss: maken - machen ik - ich eten - essen slapen - schlafen appel - Apfel dorp - Dorf setten - sitzen
Neither the Dutch, nor the German people gave themselves their English names. So for the confusing part why the people of the Netherlands and their language is called Dutch in English, which sounds nearly like Deutsch, how the Germans call their language is simply a problem self-made by English people.
All nouns are capitalized in German. Always. And congratulations, now you know enough to understand a little wordplay of mine. I have an old computer which was called an Elf. You know, pointy ears and stuff. Now I'm building a modernized version of it and needed a name. I called it Zwölf.
9:00 Dutch is the language of the Netherlands. What's spoken in South Africa is actually Afrikaans, a descendant of Dutch that has even simpler grammar.
What you noticed in the end of words with d (and also g and b) is the so-called "terminal devoicing". It is common in both, Netherlandish/Dutch, and German: Voiced consonants in the end of words become voiceless (b → p, d → t, g → k). This is why many Germans have this kind of accent while speaking English, e.g. pronouncing "God" more as "got".
Pferd derives from Late Latin "Veredus" where the "v" became a "pf" sound. But there is a synonym for "Pferd" in German, named "Ross", or shall I use its old spelling? "Hross" which is pretty close to horse.
9:21 If you are confused between Dutch and Deutschland and you would like to be confused even more, just open the wikipedia entry of Gemany and navigate to "In other languages: Edit links" There you will find a list of how Germany is called in other languages. Fun fact: Most of them are totally different. The reason for this is our history: 2000 years ago the people lived in small tribes. So all of our neighbours called us accordingly to the tribe's name living next to them.
4:45 - "Affe" translates to both "monkey" and "ape" and I guess, it would be similar in Dutch. The main translation would be "monkey". So, the root of "ape", "aap" and "Affe" is most likely the same, but the usage differs in the three languages.
Actually, as a German, if someone around me speaks Dutch I'm pretty much understanding everything. Grammar might be slightly different, but if you hear a conversation you can tell what someone is talking about because of the very similar words.
"Die Kuh macht: Muh!" that´s a saying about how we germans make the cow sound... AFAIK, languages like german, dutch and english are all based on the old germanic language. I personally for example have no problem understanding a dutch or belgian text, but only if I read it... if somebody talks to me in said languages, I have some troubles understanding them...
The video you reacted to didn't go into the grammar. If you are interested Langfocus has made a great video about the same topic. There were many examples of conversations and how different they both sound. Dutch for example always sounds like they got a rythm when they speak. Kind of how American Southerners speak
The Langfocus UA-cam channel is great resource looking at the differences and similarities of various (mostly European) languages, as well as several German dialects. I highly recommend it.
4:24 Wrong! Spanish, French and Italian are Latin based, while German, Swedish and Dutch are Germanic based. The Anglo Saxons were a german tribe establishing England. Later the French occupied parts of England for several hundred years. Thats why nowadays, English is a mixture of Germanic and Latin
I watch many videos like this, but you are by far the best when it comes to pronunciation. I heard so many english native speakers struggle with the german pronunciation, but you are really good. You should consider learning some German. 👍 If you do so, I'll be happy to help in any way I can.
2:20 yes, German capitalizes all nouns, it's just a thing German does As a native Dutch speaker, speaking and understanding German isn't too difficult (granted, the 6 months in total on the Alexander Von Humboldt II helps too)
Hi Rayn, I'm native German, I always enjoy your reactions to all your videos, they bring a smile to my face. The videos where you try to speak German are the best, I like them a lot because I feel the same way about other languages like Dutch. I understand Dutch but speaking it is a disaster for me. eggs is in German das.....ei..... so you can remember it easier. To make long words easier to pronounce, there is hyphenation, for example thirteen - three - ten, E- -le - -fant.... elephant Greetings from Ammerland (Lower Saxony) and have a wonderful day for you and your little family 8:12 is perfect 👍
german is pretty clear on pronounciation in most cases, the Letters are mostly exactly pronounced in the word as they are pronounced on there own. With some excaptions depending on combinations of letters like CH
Check out a video on old english. It's so frigging close to german mixed with celtic, norse and latin stuff. Anglo-Saxons came to england from an area that is now northern germany, after all.
You could create a discord or something so people could help you with you german or suggest videos or so on. Whatever people do on youtubers discord servers
Afrikaans is descended from Dutch (and a little German) with some other languages mixed in. Afrikaans and Dutch can be quite mutually intelligible if both speakers speak slowly.
The difference is that Dutch is the language that is spoken in Belgium, Suriname, and a couple of islands in the Caribbean while German is mostly spoken in Austria, Switzerland and a bit of northern Italy. I might forgot a couple of insignificant countries too.
4:07 not "completely different". High German just did one more sound shift than Low German (and Dutch), in which "P" would turn into "f" or "Pf". There are many other words where German has "Pf" of "f" where Dutch (and often English as well) have P. One example where you have both shifts in the same word would be "pepper" / "Pfeffer".
Fun fact, the closest relation to English (if we go by my country, the UK) is Frisian, which is a language spoken in the north of the Netherlands, which is also where Dutch is spoken.
Yes, Old Frisian and old Anglo Saxon were the same language in the 7th and 8th century. Dutch came into existence a century later (say after 850 AD) and is mixture of old-Salian Frankish (say 75%), influenced by Old Frisian (15%) and old Danish spoken by Vikings (10%), who occupied important parts of what is now Holland for roughly 50-80 years in the 9th century.
You could look into “low German” it’s in some ways more similar to Dutch and English. Kind of in between. The words shown here look like they have been specifically chosen to be similar between Dutch and German. There are many other words that aren’t anything alike though.
Watching these videos is basically watching somebody learn. As I'm a teacher and that's actually what I do all day, I don't quite understand why I enjoy watching them..
Remember the political map of central Europe before modern Germany was formed? It was more or less a random chance which regions ended up in Germany, which ones formed their own countries and which ones went to other countries. And so it happened that English uses the word "dutch" for the language of a region that didn't end up in the region that uses "Deutsch" for its name. Just as well the Netherlands could have ended up as part of Germany and the Alemannic region could have become its own country---in which case the French would have some major issues, as they call Germany Allemagne... And BTW: Consonants at the end of words are always hardened in German.
When it comes to "understanding each other", its less aboutthe language but about history and geography. The people on the coast from Belgium to basically Denmark can understand each other rather well and the local dialects in thouse regions/costal languages are very close. This is partly do to the geography and partly for historic reasons. Most people in thouse regions worked in fishery or naval trade so they "got around" a bit by the standarts of the time. The "Hanseatic league", a proto EU with member cities primarily in the coastal regions, is a good example of this. Meanwhile when you go north to south in Germany languages/dialects varied a LOT. People there lifed more to themselfs in their villages because traveling is harder on land, more dangerous and simply there are stuff like mountains in the way. So these areas have stronger dialects in very small geographical areas, sometimes basically a difference per village and valley, compared to the easy to travel northern german coastline and flat greenland. This resulted in Germans from the north having a far bigger challenge to understand germans from the middle or southern "landlocked" areas then neighbouring languages from the costal regions of other countries. I would bet a person from Hamburg has a far easier task understanding english, danish, dutch, etc. then understanding what is spoken in southern german regions like upper bavaria or swabia. So when the german language (or more accurately the 100+ dialects) were unified into somewhat of a standartised language (primarily do to Martin Luthers Bible translation, because it is the bible everyone read it and everyone needed to understand it making it a great starting point) it was more of a mix or a "reaching comman ground" from north to south in germany. Meaning standart german is significantly different from the "costal area" german. The standartization of german arguably made it harder for the north germans who no longer speak their former dialect to understand the dutch. But generally speaking most germans no matter from where are somewhat confident they could understand our dutch neighbours......until they have a proper conversation and you dont understand shit anymore. In slow motion a lot might sound similar andin written form you can partly read dutch, but in aquick spoken form its really hard to understand them. To most of us it just sounds a bid like gibberish or "idiot german" which resulted in the stereotype that the dutch language is just a german who is drunk as hell and tries to speak :D Also im not even 100% sure how much dutch is its own full on language because I could swear there are some german dialects that go under "german" that are so detached from standart german that makes it sound as if the dutch speak fluent german (looking at you swiss germans (dialects), you might as well speak in mongolian to me and I would understand the same, meaning absolutely nothing :D). I think dutch is considered a l,anguage because they have some vocal difference compared to german and are one step ahead on the language advancemeant leader :D But I will die on a hill before I ever recognize Luxembourgish as a language, you guys are just palatine germans that love the french language to much for your own good :D
Yes there are alot of words that sound similair like most words in the video you were reacting to, but there are also alot of words that sound different like aardappel (dutch) kartoffeln (german) potato (english) or fietsen (dutch) radfahren (german) cycling (english)
9:30 as a german kid i was always confused that english calls the language of the nederlands "dutch" ... but the word IS from the same origin as german "deutsch", its a old word for folk-ish/"of the people"/native, and obviously every nation means THEIR OWN people if they something is of the people. middle english still had their version of the word too, thedish, but it did not got carried over into modern english
Counting in German after 12 is a little strange, its the two numbers but in reverse order: 13 = drei-zehn 3-10, 14 = vier-zehn 4-10 ... til 20 zwanzig with is one word but its continues with 21 = ein-und-zwantig = 1 and 20 and so on. :)
P/b and f/v/w are very close. So in a lot of similar languages they change. Ape = Affe to have = haben Ship = Schiff Seven = sieben to hope = hoffen open = offen T and s/z also change to sit = sitzen Foot = Fuss (Fuß) Cat = Katze White = weiss Two = zwei
9:30 oh yeah, I forget that American always are confused by Dutch and deutsch. Dutch is the languages of the Netherlands and principality. Deutsch is the german word for well German. The confusion is very old back in the early middle Ages. When the English speaker asked the coastle people beside France what language they speaking. They answered "duitsch" what is old low germanic for deutsch and Dutch way back then this two were one language (in the north) with some dialects. Later High German and modern Dutch developed, which are different but have similarities. Some people in North Germany can still speak low German (mostly elderly) what is still very close to Dutch, but even closer to Hollandish a Dutch language at the region of Holland at the Dutch German boarder
There didn't use to be such a separation between Dutch and German, it used to be all just one big dialect continuum without standardization. The English used the word "Dutch" to refer to the Germanic people on the continent, and over time it narrowed down to only meaning those from the Netherlands.
At our work, it often happens that Dutch lorry drivers come by and have to unload something. Many of them can speak German, but you can hear the typical Dutch dialect.
How many channels to you have? I saw you in your reacting Channel about the uk an the one about australia. whh don't you combine them to one channel? Also I think the quality of your content would improve, if the videos would be shown fullscreen with your face inside the video.
English comes originally from Anglo-Saxon, a West Germanic language, but it's been heavily influence by Old Norse and French. Dutch is a West Germanic language too, but the nearest to English is the Frisian dialect. They all descend from Low German. Modern German descends from High German (the language of the Alpine regions).
Of course every German can pronounce "Brot". I think the ability to speak letters like rolling the R in German is something you learn as a kid by listening and imitating. It may be difficult to learn it as an adult as language ability is laid down sometime during childhood. But when I think back to my schooldays learning english. Pronouncing the "th" was quite difficult too.
I understand a part of written texts in dutch, but I don't understand a word at all, if someone is speaking Dutch. But almost every Dutch person understand German and can speak G. also.
English German and Dutch are Germanic languages they come from the same family so some words are similar. Spanish, french, Portuguese, Italian and Romanian come from Latin.
The "eu" diphtong in German is actually pronounced like "oy", as in Oyster. So "deutsch" and "Deutschland" would be pronounced like "doych". We also pronounce for example europe = Europa as "Oyropa". Also, and you may know that already, but "ei" makes an english "i" sound, like in "I am". Whereas "ie" is called "long i" and makes a sound similar to "ee" in the word "sleep"
Hey, just some small hints for reading German more correctly: 1. the letter "Z" is pronounced like "TS", it is very often a sharp sound. 2. V and W can be confusing, in German you will often find that a "V" is pronounced like "F" while "W" sounds like the English "V"(the German brand VW is therefore pronounced like "Fau Vay"). Anyway, from what I have seen so far you really got a talent for the German language 😉😉. I like your format, it is entertaining👍👍
English is germanic based dude :D Latin based languages are french, spanish, italian and portuguese... English has actually 60% french words and just 40% germanic words as its base. You can't build an english sentence without germanic words, but you can build a sentence without any french words! Anglo-Saxons brought german to england and after William the Bastard conquered England, French became court language and merged into english.
2:15 In German all nouns are capitalized, not just proper names. I think, this is a great advantage for language learning, because you can easily distinguish the nouns from the rest of the words and thus get the topic of a text pretty fast. But when producing proper German sentences, the capitalization can be a pain, because the rules are pretty confusing and in the end many more words than just nouns are capitalized. Basically, if any word is used as a noun (even though, it might be a verb), you need to write it with a capital letter.
"verbs used as nouns" are called gerunds. They are grammatically nouns, not verbs, so the capitalization is always applied. Therefore it stays simple: You capitalize all nouns, plus the first letter in a sentence starting after a dot or colon, even if it is not a noun. And German does not capitalize headlines differently, as English often does.
> in the end many more words than just nouns are capitalized Many? I can think of the pronouns Sie and Ihr, but otherwise? > if any word is used as a noun (even though, it might be a verb) If it’s a noun, you capitalise it; if it’s a verb, you don’t capizalise it.
That's actually the part of numbering that even bugs me as a German, that we deviate from the actual order of the digits. It stays that way up to hundred: 23 - drei_und_zwanzig, 42 - zwei_und_vierzig, … That can become confusing for foreign learners when trying to read larger numbers like 1.234.567,00 "Eine million, zwei hundert vier und dreißig tausend, fünfhundert sieben und sechzig komma null" (And yes, we switch commas with decimal points …)
Dutch people near the German border most likely understand and know German. The Germans on the other side were not always like this, but also started to learn Dutch at schools, because we often hop borders. The more west you go the higher the chances the Dutch person doesn't know German that well. But this also in parts has to do with the sentiment after WWII towards the Germans and German, but this is also part of the past. But Dutch people are known for speaking multiple languages, and often as one of the best English/American speakers that are not born into that language/linguistics. Trader's mentality - of a small but powerful nation.
They are almost identical! Most of my Deutsch🇩🇪 friends are saying that Dutch is German with a funny accent. Dutch comes from German, even the word German is a Latin term given by the Romans. The language is called Deutsch Deutsch > Dutch Dutch is a branch of the Germanic languages tree. Deutschland eu > oi So, it’s pronounced like doi-ch-land Meaning the land of the Deutsch/the people. English is a Germanic language. English also adopted vocabulary from German🇩🇪 French🇫🇷 Latin Hellenic🇬🇷
I'm german and it's extremely difficult to understand a person from the Netherlands. Maybe I hear a few familiar words in a sentence but a whole conversation would be very difficult.
@@sternchen6414 pronunciation makes them a bit different I think. But if you see the words written like this video the similarities are very obvious. Dutch derived from German.
eeuwenoude=alt ontij=Dämmerung jutten=Strandwandern ambachtelijke=handwerklich I have no idea how i should derive these words from each other no matter how often I would read them. And this is just out of a text with three sentences. Yes its possible to guess the context but you don't really understand it. It would be very nice if I didn't have to learn the language :)
Dutch doesn't come from German: Dutch, German and Old-English have a common predecessor: West-proto germanic from which German deviated more than Dutch. Google langfocus dutch
As a german, and you are good in englisch you can barely understand the signs in the netherlands and with a lot of thinking you can understand simple sentences in dutch For us germans, the dutch language is like a mix of english, german and a bit france We thinknit sounds funny In the netherlands many people speak dutch, english and german, i guess for them its easy to learn those two languages, because of the similaritys
There are several reasons why many Dutch people speak English and several also German. - The three languages have the same roots - Our movies, television shows etc. are not dubbed, but subtitled increasing exposure to these languages - lots of exposure to both languages because of trade, foreign tourists, travelling, internet, music songs etc. - We have a small country but a long border with Germany. Dutch shop in Germany and vice versa - textbooks at the university are mostly in English or German. It would be far too expensive to write Dutch textbooks because of the relatively low volume of Dutch students. - Both languages are taught in high school and English is required for the final exams - Our economy needs employees who speak more languages than Dutch. Our economy is very internationally oriented. - Advantage is that you have access to a lot more untranslated literature, newspapers
I don’t think it sounds funny. But I live close to the border, so it’s normal for. I’m able to speak enough to get by well and think it’s easier to understand than dialects from southern or eastern Germany.
@@claudiakarl7888 du findest als deutsche es leichter hölländisch zu verstehen, statt bayrisch oder den sachsen/berliner akzent? Interessant, für mich ist es wie ein rate spiel, wenn ich versuche holländer zu verstehen
@@pierremertscheit4206 bin recht nah an der grenze aufgewachsen und habe das genauso. Süddeutsche Dialekte verstehe ich fast nix aber Holländisch kann ich ganz gut raushören. Nicht alle Wörter aber ich verstehe auf jeden Fall grob was der gegenüber mir sagen will. Die Dialekte hier in der Gegend sind halt von den Wörtern und Tönen ähnlicher
@@DonDadda45 ja gut wo ich mal bischen mehr nachdenke, bayrisch, wenn bayern unter sich jeden versteh ich als nrw'er auch garnicht Aber vorallem die jüngeren bayern sprechen dann halt auch hochdeutsch
At east frisia in lower saxony at the border to the netherlands people speak low german and high german i think the low german language often sounds like dutch.😍
Dutch, Duits, Deutsch used to refer, generically, to the Germanic dialects spoken in western-central Europe (literally "of the people"), as opposed to the Romance language varieties to the west and south, and later to the regions where such languages were spoken. This is why Dutch can refer to the Netherlands and Deutsch to Germany.
The words that are similar in English, Dutch and German are for the most time Germanic based. English is considered a Germanic language just as German, Dutch, Afrikaans, Swedish etc.
![American reacts Top German Memes This Week [#82]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/SgR6pthfdrg/mqdefault.jpg)
American, speaking English, a Germanic language: "I can't get over it how similar the (Dutch/German) words are to English - I guess they are all Latin based?"
english is based of the romans time (germans) thats why german dutch english and some other languages are simulair. french and italien are based of another language group. also many english words are based on dutch and the other way around.
They are not latin based. French, spanish, italian and romanian for example are the latin based languages. The similarity between englisch, dutch und german comes from the fact that germanic tribes (anglo-saxons) had an important influence in the english language, together with some older latin influences (braught by the romans) and french influences (brought by the normans). For example in english you have the word "swine" which is similar to the german "Schwein" and you have "pork" which comes from the latin "porcus". The original language of the anglo-saxons was very near to dutch. In fact you can say that dutch is the link between german and englisch ;-) There is a video on youtube where an english man, talking "middle english" (an older version of english) with a frisian living in germany and is able to understand what the other says.
That’s how the school system fails them respectfully, they don’t even teach them where their language originates, that the force the entire world to learn and speak 😂
@@tommol7314 germanic and Latin based are not the same. Latin based languages are basically romances ones like Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan, Romansh, Romanian (not the same, not even close geographically) and French.
@@Dirrly for me Dutch always sounds like talking to a drunk English person 😂
4:25: No, most of the words displayed in this video aren't latin based, but have Germanic roots, just like the English equivalents when they are almost the same. English is a Germanic language, although it has a stronger romanic/french influence than the other Northern Germanic languages due to the Norman conquest of England. This is e.g. the reason why English sometimes has entirely different words for farm animals and for the meat that comes from them (which most languages don't have). The Anglo-Saxon farmers were still talking about their farm animals in their Germanic language, while the new Norman nobility talked about their dishes in Old French (pig/pork, cow/beef, calf/veal etc.).
Yes, the difference between meadow and plate, as my linguistics Prof. said.
An interesting example might be the word fee and Vieh! Vieh means cattle in German and as people were trading or "paying" with cattle, the Anglo-Saxons still use the word for "Gebühren" etc. Btw, you can speak English with only Germanic words, but won't be able to do the same with Latin based words. So English is just downgraded easier German.
Dutch has quite a lot of French influence as well. At one point the low countries have also been part of France. There is more influence in English however.
I just wrote out the exact same comment and then saw that you’d beaten me to it 😅
I didn't know about the origin of the cow/beef etc phenomena. Very interesting. Thanks for sharing!
German, English and Dutch have mostly a common germanic origin.
All were mutually intelligible until the 9th to 10th century depending on the region and that is only Old English vs Dutch/German.
Not mostly, they are Germanic by origin.
All of them share the saxons
How?
@@hanskotto8630 The language are all descended from Proto-Germanic, and subsequently underwent different sound changes
3:40 - The animal is called a "Kuh", but the sound it makes is "muh" in German, which is pronounced basically the same as in English. There is a nice play on words with this as the plural for "Kuh" is "Kühe". It says: "Eine Kuh macht muh, viele Kühe machen Mühe." The idea is, that it sounds like "One cow says moo, many cows say moos." or something along those lines, but the noun "Mühe" translates to "effort" or "work", so the sentence means "One cow says moo, many cows are a lot of work.". I love this one.
boe
And "machen" is "make" - the cow makes a moo noise, and many cows make for a lot of work.
This play on words also involves that there is no plural for animal sounds. One "Kuh" makes "Muh", and many "Kühe" would still make "Muh", not "Mühe". But this is irregular behaviour and might leave people nonplussed for a second or two when they just have this saying thrown at them randomly.
The english word "cow" comes from old english "cu" which phonetically sounds like the german word "Kuh" or Old Frisian "ku" or Middle Dutch "coe". Because "cow" in latin is called "vacca" or "bos femina" the origin is probably from the sumerian "gu".
@@ichbinmenschlich7936 The old english plural of cow is kine. Likewise in Scotland we hae yin coo and twa kye.
@@auldfouter8661 Agree kye is from old English "cy" (genitive "cyna"). The origin of "kine" is quite unknown. hae=have twa=two what is yin? yin=one? or a ?
When you write German all nouns need to be written with a capital letter.
"What's the capital of Germany?"
"Errm...Berlin?"
"Wrong! It's G!"
@@cg6511
Wahaha, that's a good one 😂
I once read an e-mail written in perfect Dutch. I could still tell it was written by a German because he capitalized all nouns.
For me as a German. Dutch sounds like a mixture of German and English :)
And for native English speakers, Dutch also sounds like a mixture of German and English!
for me as Czech, Dutch sounds like German trying to speak English 😀
As a Dutchman: throw in a little French and you’re there. I say this jokingly, but Dutch is really a hodgepodge of English, German and French. Glaasje jus d’orange, iemand?
Eigentlich ist es quasi plattdeutsch ohne Hochdeutsch Einfluss über die letzten Jahrzehnte. Wir verstehen unsere nachbar hier in Holland alle ohne Übersetzung 😆
It is i am half-german and half-dutch and its really hard for me to speek dutch. Whenever i want tomsay something inthink of english words. But understanding and reading is easy.
Germanic = English, German, Swedish, Dutch, ....
Romanic(/Latin) = French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, ....
Slavic = Polish, Russian, Czech, Ukrainian, ....
Calling the language "Dutch" in english always confuses me, too, as in Germany we call our language "Deutsch" and the language of the Netherlands "Niederländisch" and while the Dutch call their language "Nederlands" and german "Duits".
But then in both we often call the country holland, despite that being only part of it.
@@HappyBeezerStudios There are a LOT of Dutch people really don't like to be called a Hollander, or if you say they're from Holland. I do say Holland as well, even though I'm from a completely different part of the Netherlands, but a lot of people hate that
The word dutch/duits/teutsch/deutsch etc. means "of the people" and was used as a distinction from Latin languages.
Long time ago, there was only 'Dietsc' or 'Duutsc'. Then, the Dutch people called their native tongue 'Nederduytsch'. Around 1860s appeared 'Nederlandsch'. After World War II, they changed the spelling, and we have 'Nederlands' now...Standard Dutch.
I’m a native Polish speaker and it also was confusing to me, as „Dutch” sounds similar to Polish „duński”, which is Danish (Dutch is „holenderski/niderlandzki”).
You're right. Even though they're similar, I find it nearly impossible to understand spoken Dutch as a German. When seeing it written, you can at least guess some words. By the way, the Netherlands are also a beautiful place for a visit! They have a lot to offer, including great food.
Which is weird to me, I come from the Low Rhine and understanding Dutch is not that much of a problem, especially if it is written.
I studied in the Netherlands for a while, and we also got a few German students from The Bergische Land which didn't get anything of the Dutch language.
The Netherlands has a lot to offer, food however is not one of those things lol. While there are some very "Dutch" type foods, culinary we are not.
@@vHindenburg The same to me. But I raised in the north with the local Plattdeutsch. Since living in NRW I got sometimes in contact to our neighbors and I'm surprised how similar english, platt and dutch are
Dutch is something that Germans tend to almost understand but in effect don’t really (except for those having grown up in roughly north western Germany where the local dialects are somewhat similar). It’s like listening to a conversation in a noisy room, you make out words and short phrases but mostly it’s like too many words are drowned out.
Listening to Dutch with German subtitles will make you understand Dutch much more. It’s like listening to a strong dialect, spend some time listening to it and you’ll start to understand more of it.
@@forkless Well the Dutch do pancakes.
Coming from the far west of Germany, I can understand 80-90% of spoken Dutch without ever having formally learned it. My grandparents spoke our regional (German) dialect which was quite similar to Dutch. I guess for someone coming from the southern or eastern part of Germany, it's a whole different story!
You're right, I grew up in Münsterland and my grandfather still spoke some Low German, which is very close to Dutch. As a result, I understand Dutch pretty well. Meanwhile, I've been living in Berlin for a long time and far fewer people here understand Dutch, if at all.
Until you go down South even further, Swiss German has an overlap in tonality with Dutch.
@@norbertkuhn4072 Grüße ausm Kreis Borken ins Exil :D
Yy
That's interesring. I am from southern Germany and I understand like 5% of spoken dutch😅
FYI: German substantives are always capitalized.
btw your pronunciation of "ö" in Löwe was on spot.
It's amazing nouns are called substantives, but it kinda makes sense. To substantiate. Kinda like something that has substance.
Simplified:
the difference between Germanic languages and the rest of the western Indo-European languages is the first sound shift.
The difference between the German languages and the remaining Germanic languages is the second sound shift. English and Dutch did not go through with the second sound shift, even if the Netherlands belonged to the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation for centuries.
The second sound shift emanated from the German low mountain ranges and the Alps and spread to northern Germany and slowly displaced the German spoken there, which is quite similar to Dutch.
Thanks, that explains a lot. Dutch always sounded to me like the perfect in-between between english and german.
@@anashiedler6926 It is!
That is true except German wasn't spoken in what is now northern Germany, so there was no German there which could have been replaced. The languages that did get replaced and that are still in the process of being replaced are Low Saxon and the Frisian languages.
@@sarah8383 I agree with the Frisian. To this day it is not a German language. But Saxon is one of the Low German languages. How Rhenish Franconian is a Middle German language and Alemannic is an Upper German language.
@@danielmcbriel1192 That's simpy incorrect. Low Saxon is the descendant of Old Saxon, clearly a distinct language separate from OHG and part of the Northsea-Germanic language group. The name Low German is misleading and I argue against its use precisely for that reason. From a linguistic point of view there is no way to characterize Low Saxon (Low German) as a German dialect based on linguistic features that would not effectively subsume all West Germanic languages. The modern academic view reflects that as does its legal status as a recognized regional/minority language.
Funny thing is: whenever a dutchman speaks, most of us germans don't understand, except maybe a few words. However when I read a text written in dutch, I can understand the most part, cuz it's written similar but spoken very different. Fun fact No.2: in the Netherlands many people speak German quite fluently, whereas here in Germany (maybe we are a lazy bunch, no idea), only very few people can speak dutch, and I MEAN very. As for the capital letters, in german all substantives are written with a capital letter. Bad thing in this video is, they almost picked words that sound similar in both languages. Would be better, if they took whole sentences. That's all. Greets from Germany and have fun!
I don't think that has anything to do with being lazy. Basically every Dutch person learns German in school.
@@wvd07 ok, didnt know that. Thx for the info
Plus a lot of Dutch people think its normal to learn a different language if you live close to another country. (It helps that our tv shows are not dubbed like in Germany, we just use subtitles.)
I grew up near the German border, every Dutch person who went shopping in Germany thought it was normal to speak german in Germany, while all the Germans who came shopping in the Netherlands all kept speaking german, and then were annoyed that we wanted them to speak Dutch.
True, a Dutch person generally understands a German better than a German understands Dutch. Also, like the person above mentioned, Germans dub EVERYTHING foreign so that must have some effect on it as well.
It's natural. Bigger neighbour never wants to learn the language of the smaller neighbour.
The term "Dutch" was originally the "Old Saxon English" word for "Deutsch" (which means today "German") and was in the English language used for over 1000 years solely refering to the citizens of the Holy Roman Empire.
In 1648 a part of the Netherlands splitted from the HRE and became independent and since then the Englsh had to distinguish those now 2 differnent citizens. So they decided to call the citizens of the independent Netherlands further "Dutch" and the citizens of the HRE from now on with the Latin term "German". Latin was the official "Language of Law" in the HRE and in that regard that decision seemed to be made by the English back then...BUT it took a very long time till that change of terms was also established in their british collonies... in fact that long that it wasn´t still a thing on the american continent as the USA got independent from the British Empire in 1776 and that´s why the US called people from Germany still Dutch even a very long time further after their Independence - and that´s the reason why for instance the "Pennsylvanian Dutch" are called "Dutch" although those are Germans originally from South West Germany.
To confuse everybody even more search for the dutch anthem ;) "Wilhelmus van Nassouwe ben ik, van Duitsen bloed [...]" (engl. "Wilhelmus van Nassouwe I am, of German blood [...]") That's all because language borders are also always drawn politically. In fact, the transitions are fluid. Back then it was more or less "all the same". The main distinction was between Romance/Germanic/Slavic.
@@c.r.6196 Or rather, language standardization wasn't a thing yet. It was a dialect continuum.
Your pronounciation of Löwe was spot on! And with the Milch/milk one, remember from your video about ch pronounciation that there are different ch sounds, this is the soft one in the front of the mouth rather than the throaty ch sound in the back of the mouth after a, o and u (like Dach, doch, and Kuchen, for example)
Yea well, they are the 3 most widely spoken Germanic languages!
Keep in Mind that English is a germanic language, and as well as dutch and modern german comes from the same ancient germanic languages origin. In fact if you look at old English like Shakespeare it is very close to german in sentence structure and words. Compare for example "Du hast" (Which you might know from the Rammstein song) with old English "Thou hast"
Shakespeare spoke early modern English..old English was spoken about a thousand years ago
The Dutch: German is drunk Dutch.
The Germans: Dutch is drunk German.
I wanted to joke that we (the Dutch) are only the Dutch in English to confuse other countries. Because in the Netherlands we just call ourselves 'Nederlanders' (Netherlanders).
But after a Google search I learned that the English just used the word 'dutch' as a name for all the people from the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium and Germany. The German name for Germany (Deutschland) actually comes from the word dutch as well and dutch originally means 'people or nation'. But over time the Dutch started to only apply to the Netherlands folk and it just sticks.
Learn something new everyday 👍
Until 1500s Netherlanders were referring themselves as Dietsch or Duutsch (a dialectal variant) and this is the exactly same word as Duitsch (as German call it Deutsch). Netherlanders identified themselves as exactly the same ethnicity as Germans , thus they referred tp themselves as Germans ( dietsch or duutsch in their local Low German dialect) and their language as German (Dietsch or Duutsch). Simply, Netherlanders were ethnic Germans and considered themselves so. English borrowed the word from Old Netherlanders who called themselves and their language as Duutsch. Gradually the word turned into Diets or Duuts. As differentiation from other Germans (especially High German speakers living in modern Germany and Austria) increase, Netherlanders started to refer to themselves as Nederdiets/Nederduuts/Nederduits (Low German, that is Lowland Germans) as opposed to Hoochdiets/Hoochduuts/Hoochduits (High German, that is Highland Germans, Modern natives of Germany). Only after early 1800s, national identity, separate from other Germans, Lowlander or Highlander, a separate Netherlandish identity established itself. The term Nederlander (for people) and Nederlands (for language) completely replaced the term Nederdiets/Nederduuts/Nederduits (Lowland German or Low German.)
Once Netherlanders were simply Germans but by time ,through many historical developments, they developped their own identity.
But simple word Dutch ( meaning German, a general term for all Germanic peoples in the continental Europe) stuck in English and by time it became reserved only for Netherlanders )
Learn more about Germanic languages, as English, Dutch and German are Germanic languages. All three languages are also descended from Indo-European languages. Even though only about 30% of the words (see 1) in English are of Germanic origin, these 30% are among the 90% most frequently used words in everyday conversation.
1) The rest derives from directly (Latin) or indirectly (through French as a descendant of the Latin). A small part also from Greek, whereby Latin itself is strongly influenced by Greek.
The 3 Scandinavian languages (Danish, Norwegian and Swedish) are also Germanic. 🙂
Many words also changed after the Viking invasion. The word egg for example came from the Vikings. The Anglo-Saxon word used to be the same as in German. Pretty much all the words with a soft G in it stem from old Norse like „ugly“ or „wrong“.
@@kristena9285 Don't forget Icelandic and Faroese
@@lumethecrow2632 Absolutely. And so is Afrikaans and Yiddish.. Also Norn (related to Norse) used to be spoken in Orkney and Shetland islands..
To answer some of your questions, no we can't really understand each other, although the closer you live to the border the more similar your regional dialect is to Dutch, so for those people it might be slightly easier to understand. Personally, whenever I hear someone speak Dutch I can usually make out 1 or 2 words per sentence and understand some of it through context, but I can't understand it word for word.
You also asked why the German words are capitalized. That's because German is one of the few languages that capitalize all nouns.
Btw, good job on the German pronunciation, it sounds like it's already getting better.
As a Dutch person, I can usually get the gist of what a German is saying pretty well. But I think it is easier for a Dutchman to understand a German than vice versa, also Dutch people have to learn German in school and Germans don't have to learn Dutch in school, so that influences that as well.
Yeah, I'm from Austria and I can understand some dutch words, but not that well, compared to like, someone who grew up in north-western Germany.
@@simianto9957 I would actually say it's mostly because german language in its written and spoken form is pretty close to identical. In contrast to dutch, which is pretty much the observation "Sa Rah" described as it being easier for germans to understand written dutch words, rather than spoken.
As a German growing up very near to the Dutch border I learned it at school and it was quiet easy for me because of my local dialect. Now after some years not using it I can still understand it well but speaking is not that easy anymore. But it will change because I am refreshing my skills right now
I understand German, but we used to go on vacation in Austria every year (I also spent, in total, about six months on the Seesegelschiff Alexander von Humboldt II)
When you see XX in German, pronounce as YY in English:
Z>C(ts)
S>Z
V>F
W>V
EI>I (as in I am)
IE>E(longer, as in easy)
So for example 17, siebzehn, you pronounce zeeb-tsahn
Hope it helps.a bit
You may have noted, or not, that German numbers 13 up are combining the low digit words with the term of ten. So Dreizehn is three and ten combined, that goes right to 19, then again at 21 to 29, 31 to 39 and so on, with addition of "und" (and) as seperator. This is actually so in old style English, where it was common to count as " Four and Twenty" instead of "Twenty Four" now for 24 as an example, That old style has been lost in past centuries.
I wonder if Ryan reads the comments, too, you can learn a lot, they are so informative!
3:42 a thick Scottish accent sounds like that
2:15 all nouns are capitalised in German
I come from Germany nearby the dutch border. I speak both languages because I used to have many dutch customers in my old company. Most germans don't speak dutch because they are not interested and the Netherlands are much smaller . But if you're interested in languages you'll find out that it's not that different from german and english. All three languages originally come from the ancient german and latin and there are so many simiular words like stone-steen-Stein or beer-bier-Bier
True, if you really want to, it's easy to learn English and German when you are Dutch. I learnt German a long time ago by watching the Bundesliga for 1 hour on Saturdays and later reading a good German book. It's quite handy to be able to understand and read German perfectly and it takes 100x less effort then learning f.i. Portuguese or Polish. Writing in German is far more difficult, especially since Germans are very unforgiving for errors in written German. Reason is that German grammar is more complex than Dutch grammar, so more difficult to learn for Dutch persons.
Simply said,
English decided to call it Dutch and therefore made everyone think germans should understand it.
In dutch, last letter is always unvoiced so D -> T but when you add a vowel; for instence when you pluralise if, it changes back to a d sound.
From my perspective, as a german, Netherland speaks a mix of english, german and danish. (I am fluent in danish).
And it makes perfectly sense to me, because they had/have to deal with both of us ;D
Well, there is a difference. But, as a Dutch, we learn German in highschool.
So we're able to speak basic German.
Then again, the eastern part of the country has this kind of dialect which is more similar to German, and Germans in the western part of the Germany speak kinda the similar dialect, so people from the eastern part of the Netherlands and the western region of Germany understand eachother.
There is no twal border between German and Dutch
Germans sometimes are joking about dutch. They say
"dutch isn't a language. It's a condition. It's the way we talk when we 're drunk"
3:56 well do you make the sound „cowwwwwww“?
English, German and Dutch are no Latin languages but Germanic languages. Dutch is very similar to German, but also the second similar language to English.
Im from Germany, but I like to watch your videos
Your subs are going up fast💨💨
Long time ago, Dutch and German were called "Low Dutch" and "High Dutch" respectively in English. We can find this old terms in Jonathan Swift's novel titled "Gulliver's Travels" (1726). They were considered to be one language hundreds of years ago. In linguistics, we can find these terms for Dutch and German: "Low German" and "High German". There is a table comparing Low German (including Dutch) and High German in accordance with the so-called isogloss:
maken - machen
ik - ich
eten - essen
slapen - schlafen
appel - Apfel
dorp - Dorf
setten - sitzen
Neither the Dutch, nor the German people gave themselves their English names. So for the confusing part why the people of the Netherlands and their language is called Dutch in English, which sounds nearly like Deutsch, how the Germans call their language is simply a problem self-made by English people.
All nouns are capitalized in German. Always.
And congratulations, now you know enough to understand a little wordplay of mine. I have an old computer which was called an Elf. You know, pointy ears and stuff. Now I'm building a modernized version of it and needed a name. I called it Zwölf.
9:00 Dutch is the language of the Netherlands. What's spoken in South Africa is actually Afrikaans, a descendant of Dutch that has even simpler grammar.
What you noticed in the end of words with d (and also g and b) is the so-called "terminal devoicing". It is common in both, Netherlandish/Dutch, and German: Voiced consonants in the end of words become voiceless (b → p, d → t, g → k). This is why many Germans have this kind of accent while speaking English, e.g. pronouncing "God" more as "got".
Omg that sounded so adorable when you sad "one Katze" 😄
Pferd derives from Late Latin "Veredus" where the "v" became a "pf" sound. But there is a synonym for "Pferd" in German, named "Ross", or shall I use its old spelling?
"Hross" which is pretty close to horse.
as you asked about the sound the cow makes, the most recent easy german video from yesterday or so is exactly about that, animal noises in german.
9:21 If you are confused between Dutch and Deutschland and you would like to be confused even more, just open the wikipedia entry of Gemany and navigate to "In other languages: Edit links" There you will find a list of how Germany is called in other languages. Fun fact: Most of them are totally different.
The reason for this is our history: 2000 years ago the people lived in small tribes. So all of our neighbours called us accordingly to the tribe's name living next to them.
4:45 - "Affe" translates to both "monkey" and "ape" and I guess, it would be similar in Dutch. The main translation would be "monkey". So, the root of "ape", "aap" and "Affe" is most likely the same, but the usage differs in the three languages.
Ape translates into Dutch as mensaap (human monkey) as a subgroup of apen (monkeys).
Fun fact: Dutch (next to Frisian, a language spoken in the Netherlands) are linguistically closest to the English language.
For me it sounds like german with an english accent.
Don't forget Low Saxon.
Actually, as a German, if someone around me speaks Dutch I'm pretty much understanding everything. Grammar might be slightly different, but if you hear a conversation you can tell what someone is talking about because of the very similar words.
That depends on the region you live in. There are some german dialects that are pretty similar to Dutch, but also some completely different
On the other hand, as a northern German, if someone around me speaks Bavarian/Swabian/Thuringian I won't understand a word.
i just completely understand dutch due to my dad being from the netherlands lol
"Die Kuh macht: Muh!" that´s a saying about how we germans make the cow sound...
AFAIK, languages like german, dutch and english are all based on the old germanic language. I personally for example have no problem understanding a dutch or belgian text, but only if I read it... if somebody talks to me in said languages, I have some troubles understanding them...
The video you reacted to didn't go into the grammar. If you are interested Langfocus has made a great video about the same topic. There were many examples of conversations and how different they both sound. Dutch for example always sounds like they got a rythm when they speak. Kind of how American Southerners speak
The Langfocus UA-cam channel is great resource looking at the differences and similarities of various (mostly European) languages, as well as several German dialects. I highly recommend it.
4:24 Wrong!
Spanish, French and Italian are Latin based, while German, Swedish and Dutch are Germanic based.
The Anglo Saxons were a german tribe establishing England.
Later the French occupied parts of England for several hundred years.
Thats why nowadays, English is a mixture of Germanic and Latin
well, the angles and the saxons were germanic tribes, but close enough.
Does south Africa speak Dutch or is any Germanic languages spoken their primarily Africaans or English
I watch many videos like this, but you are by far the best when it comes to pronunciation. I heard so many english native speakers struggle with the german pronunciation, but you are really good. You should consider learning some German. 👍 If you do so, I'll be happy to help in any way I can.
2:20 yes, German capitalizes all nouns, it's just a thing German does
As a native Dutch speaker, speaking and understanding German isn't too difficult (granted, the 6 months in total on the Alexander Von Humboldt II helps too)
Hi Rayn, I'm native German, I always enjoy your reactions to all your videos, they bring a smile to my face.
The videos where you try to speak German are the best, I like them a lot because I feel the same way about other languages like Dutch. I understand Dutch but speaking it is a disaster for me.
eggs is in German das.....ei..... so you can remember it easier. To make long words easier to pronounce, there is hyphenation, for example thirteen - three - ten, E- -le - -fant.... elephant
Greetings from Ammerland (Lower Saxony) and have a wonderful day for you and your little family 8:12 is perfect 👍
This was hilarious, you should do the easy phrases next and try to speak them!
german is pretty clear on pronounciation in most cases, the Letters are mostly exactly pronounced in the word as they are pronounced on there own.
With some excaptions depending on combinations of letters like CH
2:15 In German, every noun is capitalized! So names, places, objects, etc... all start with a capital letter.
Check out a video on old english. It's so frigging close to german mixed with celtic, norse and latin stuff. Anglo-Saxons came to england from an area that is now northern germany, after all.
You could create a discord or something so people could help you with you german or suggest videos or so on. Whatever people do on youtubers discord servers
Afrikaans is descended from Dutch (and a little German) with some other languages mixed in. Afrikaans and Dutch can be quite mutually intelligible if both speakers speak slowly.
Ryan we have two CH sounds in german. /χ/ is the "scratchy" one like in "ach", /ç/ is the "soft" one like in "ich" (or "Milch")
The difference is that Dutch is the language that is spoken in Belgium, Suriname, and a couple of islands in the Caribbean while German is mostly spoken in Austria, Switzerland and a bit of northern Italy. I might forgot a couple of insignificant countries too.
4:07 not "completely different". High German just did one more sound shift than Low German (and Dutch), in which "P" would turn into "f" or "Pf". There are many other words where German has "Pf" of "f" where Dutch (and often English as well) have P. One example where you have both shifts in the same word would be "pepper" / "Pfeffer".
its a bit like understanding swiss german. it is not too far off but hard to understand as well at least if you are not used to it.
Fun fact, the closest relation to English (if we go by my country, the UK) is Frisian, which is a language spoken in the north of the Netherlands, which is also where Dutch is spoken.
Yes, Old Frisian and old Anglo Saxon were the same language in the 7th and 8th century. Dutch came into existence a century later (say after 850 AD) and is mixture of old-Salian Frankish (say 75%), influenced by Old Frisian (15%) and old Danish spoken by Vikings (10%), who occupied important parts of what is now Holland for roughly 50-80 years in the 9th century.
You could look into “low German” it’s in some ways more similar to Dutch and English. Kind of in between. The words shown here look like they have been specifically chosen to be similar between Dutch and German. There are many other words that aren’t anything alike though.
Watching these videos is basically watching somebody learn. As I'm a teacher and that's actually what I do all day, I don't quite understand why I enjoy watching them..
My hypothesis is you like to watch someone learn who WANTED to learn it. 😉
@@Cornu341 That might be it 🤔. Although I can't complain. At least two thirds of all my students are generally quite motivated to learn 😁.
Remember the political map of central Europe before modern Germany was formed? It was more or less a random chance which regions ended up in Germany, which ones formed their own countries and which ones went to other countries.
And so it happened that English uses the word "dutch" for the language of a region that didn't end up in the region that uses "Deutsch" for its name. Just as well the Netherlands could have ended up as part of Germany and the Alemannic region could have become its own country---in which case the French would have some major issues, as they call Germany Allemagne...
And BTW: Consonants at the end of words are always hardened in German.
When it comes to "understanding each other", its less aboutthe language but about history and geography.
The people on the coast from Belgium to basically Denmark can understand each other rather well and the local dialects in thouse regions/costal languages are very close. This is partly do to the geography and partly for historic reasons. Most people in thouse regions worked in fishery or naval trade so they "got around" a bit by the standarts of the time. The "Hanseatic league", a proto EU with member cities primarily in the coastal regions, is a good example of this.
Meanwhile when you go north to south in Germany languages/dialects varied a LOT. People there lifed more to themselfs in their villages because traveling is harder on land, more dangerous and simply there are stuff like mountains in the way. So these areas have stronger dialects in very small geographical areas, sometimes basically a difference per village and valley, compared to the easy to travel northern german coastline and flat greenland.
This resulted in Germans from the north having a far bigger challenge to understand germans from the middle or southern "landlocked" areas then neighbouring languages from the costal regions of other countries. I would bet a person from Hamburg has a far easier task understanding english, danish, dutch, etc. then understanding what is spoken in southern german regions like upper bavaria or swabia.
So when the german language (or more accurately the 100+ dialects) were unified into somewhat of a standartised language (primarily do to Martin Luthers Bible translation, because it is the bible everyone read it and everyone needed to understand it making it a great starting point) it was more of a mix or a "reaching comman ground" from north to south in germany. Meaning standart german is significantly different from the "costal area" german. The standartization of german arguably made it harder for the north germans who no longer speak their former dialect to understand the dutch.
But generally speaking most germans no matter from where are somewhat confident they could understand our dutch neighbours......until they have a proper conversation and you dont understand shit anymore. In slow motion a lot might sound similar andin written form you can partly read dutch, but in aquick spoken form its really hard to understand them. To most of us it just sounds a bid like gibberish or "idiot german" which resulted in the stereotype that the dutch language is just a german who is drunk as hell and tries to speak :D
Also im not even 100% sure how much dutch is its own full on language because I could swear there are some german dialects that go under "german" that are so detached from standart german that makes it sound as if the dutch speak fluent german (looking at you swiss germans (dialects), you might as well speak in mongolian to me and I would understand the same, meaning absolutely nothing :D). I think dutch is considered a l,anguage because they have some vocal difference compared to german and are one step ahead on the language advancemeant leader :D
But I will die on a hill before I ever recognize Luxembourgish as a language, you guys are just palatine germans that love the french language to much for your own good :D
Yes there are alot of words that sound similair like most words in the video you were reacting to, but there are also alot of words that sound different like aardappel (dutch) kartoffeln (german) potato (english) or fietsen (dutch) radfahren (german) cycling (english)
9:30 as a german kid i was always confused that english calls the language of the nederlands "dutch" ... but the word IS from the same origin as german "deutsch", its a old word for folk-ish/"of the people"/native, and obviously every nation means THEIR OWN people if they something is of the people. middle english still had their version of the word too, thedish, but it did not got carried over into modern english
Counting in German after 12 is a little strange, its the two numbers but in reverse order: 13 = drei-zehn 3-10, 14 = vier-zehn 4-10 ... til 20 zwanzig with is one word but its continues with 21 = ein-und-zwantig = 1 and 20 and so on. :)
Klasse! Gut gemacht! Du hast eine sehr gute Aussprache. Kompliment!
P/b and f/v/w are very close. So in a lot of similar languages they change.
Ape = Affe
to have = haben
Ship = Schiff
Seven = sieben
to hope = hoffen
open = offen
T and s/z also change
to sit = sitzen
Foot = Fuss (Fuß)
Cat = Katze
White = weiss
Two = zwei
9:30 oh yeah, I forget that American always are confused by Dutch and deutsch.
Dutch is the languages of the Netherlands and principality.
Deutsch is the german word for well German.
The confusion is very old back in the early middle Ages. When the English speaker asked the coastle people beside France what language they speaking. They answered "duitsch" what is old low germanic for deutsch and Dutch way back then this two were one language (in the north) with some dialects. Later High German and modern Dutch developed, which are different but have similarities.
Some people in North Germany can still speak low German (mostly elderly) what is still very close to Dutch, but even closer to Hollandish a Dutch language at the region of Holland at the Dutch German boarder
There didn't use to be such a separation between Dutch and German, it used to be all just one big dialect continuum without standardization. The English used the word "Dutch" to refer to the Germanic people on the continent, and over time it narrowed down to only meaning those from the Netherlands.
At our work, it often happens that Dutch lorry drivers come by and have to unload something. Many of them can speak German, but you can hear the typical Dutch dialect.
How many channels to you have? I saw you in your reacting Channel about the uk an the one about australia. whh don't you combine them to one channel?
Also I think the quality of your content would improve, if the videos would be shown fullscreen with your face inside the video.
youre doing so good :D its so fun
English comes originally from Anglo-Saxon, a West Germanic language, but it's been heavily influence by Old Norse and French. Dutch is a West Germanic language too, but the nearest to English is the Frisian dialect. They all descend from Low German. Modern German descends from High German (the language of the Alpine regions).
Your "Milch" sounded a bit like Tyrolean dialect 😄 We pronounce the "ch" more roughly than most German speakers.
Of course every German can pronounce "Brot". I think the ability to speak letters like rolling the R in German is something you learn as a kid by listening and imitating. It may be difficult to learn it as an adult as language ability is laid down sometime during childhood.
But when I think back to my schooldays learning english. Pronouncing the "th" was quite difficult too.
not every German can roll their Rs though.
@@chrstiania there are differences of course, but I never met one who couldn't pronounce "Brot" 😆
It's a uvular R, like in French.
Idk, if anyone already explained it, but all these words are nouns and in german all nouns are written with a capital letter...
I understand a part of written texts in dutch, but I don't understand a word at all, if someone is speaking Dutch. But almost every Dutch person understand German and can speak G. also.
English German and Dutch are Germanic languages they come from the same family so some words are similar.
Spanish, french, Portuguese, Italian and Romanian come from Latin.
The "eu" diphtong in German is actually pronounced like "oy", as in Oyster. So "deutsch" and "Deutschland" would be pronounced like "doych". We also pronounce for example europe = Europa as "Oyropa".
Also, and you may know that already, but "ei" makes an english "i" sound, like in "I am". Whereas "ie" is called "long i" and makes a sound similar to "ee" in the word "sleep"
Hey, just some small hints for reading German more correctly: 1. the letter "Z" is pronounced like "TS", it is very often a sharp sound. 2. V and W can be confusing, in German you will often find that a "V" is pronounced like "F" while "W" sounds like the English "V"(the German brand VW is therefore pronounced like "Fau Vay"). Anyway, from what I have seen so far you really got a talent for the German language 😉😉. I like your format, it is entertaining👍👍
Zucker ausgesprochen wie tsucker , What?
@@melodypatrice Zucker is more like TSOOKER ;-)
English is germanic based dude :D Latin based languages are french, spanish, italian and portuguese... English has actually 60% french words and just 40% germanic words as its base. You can't build an english sentence without germanic words, but you can build a sentence without any french words! Anglo-Saxons brought german to england and after William the Bastard conquered England, French became court language and merged into english.
6:55 Wow, your "Sieben" was spot on!
2:15 In German all nouns are capitalized, not just proper names. I think, this is a great advantage for language learning, because you can easily distinguish the nouns from the rest of the words and thus get the topic of a text pretty fast. But when producing proper German sentences, the capitalization can be a pain, because the rules are pretty confusing and in the end many more words than just nouns are capitalized. Basically, if any word is used as a noun (even though, it might be a verb), you need to write it with a capital letter.
"verbs used as nouns" are called gerunds. They are grammatically nouns, not verbs, so the capitalization is always applied.
Therefore it stays simple: You capitalize all nouns, plus the first letter in a sentence starting after a dot or colon, even if it is not a noun.
And German does not capitalize headlines differently, as English often does.
> in the end many more words than just nouns are capitalized
Many? I can think of the pronouns Sie and Ihr, but otherwise?
> if any word is used as a noun (even though, it might be a verb)
If it’s a noun, you capitalise it; if it’s a verb, you don’t capizalise it.
drei-zehn or 13 is just three-ten... just take the number three and add the ten behind. Same as the following number: sechs-zehn for six-ten
That's actually the part of numbering that even bugs me as a German, that we deviate from the actual order of the digits.
It stays that way up to hundred: 23 - drei_und_zwanzig, 42 - zwei_und_vierzig, …
That can become confusing for foreign learners when trying to read larger numbers like 1.234.567,00
"Eine million, zwei hundert vier und dreißig tausend, fünfhundert sieben und sechzig komma null"
(And yes, we switch commas with decimal points …)
Dutch people near the German border most likely understand and know German. The Germans on the other side were not always like this, but also started to learn Dutch at schools, because we often hop borders. The more west you go the higher the chances the Dutch person doesn't know German that well. But this also in parts has to do with the sentiment after WWII towards the Germans and German, but this is also part of the past.
But Dutch people are known for speaking multiple languages, and often as one of the best English/American speakers that are not born into that language/linguistics. Trader's mentality - of a small but powerful nation.
They are almost identical!
Most of my Deutsch🇩🇪 friends are saying that Dutch is German with a funny accent.
Dutch comes from German, even the word
German is a Latin term given by the Romans.
The language is called Deutsch
Deutsch > Dutch
Dutch is a branch of the Germanic languages tree.
Deutschland
eu > oi
So, it’s pronounced like doi-ch-land
Meaning the land of the Deutsch/the people.
English is a Germanic language.
English also adopted vocabulary from
German🇩🇪
French🇫🇷
Latin
Hellenic🇬🇷
for me it is impossible to say is a person just from a dialect spoken region in Germany or from Netherlands, if I just hear it . :)
I'm german and it's extremely difficult to understand a person from the Netherlands. Maybe I hear a few familiar words in a sentence but a whole conversation would be very difficult.
@@sternchen6414 pronunciation makes them a bit different I think. But if you see the words written like this video the similarities are very obvious.
Dutch derived from German.
eeuwenoude=alt
ontij=Dämmerung
jutten=Strandwandern
ambachtelijke=handwerklich
I have no idea how i should derive these words from each other no matter how often I would read them. And this is just out of a text with three sentences. Yes its possible to guess the context but you don't really understand it. It would be very nice if I didn't have to learn the language :)
Dutch doesn't come from German: Dutch, German and Old-English have a common predecessor: West-proto germanic from which German deviated more than Dutch. Google langfocus dutch
2:20 in German nouns are capitalised
As a german, and you are good in englisch you can barely understand the signs in the netherlands and with a lot of thinking you can understand simple sentences in dutch
For us germans, the dutch language is like a mix of english, german and a bit france
We thinknit sounds funny
In the netherlands many people speak dutch, english and german, i guess for them its easy to learn those two languages, because of the similaritys
There are several reasons why many Dutch people speak English and several also German.
- The three languages have the same roots
- Our movies, television shows etc. are not dubbed, but subtitled increasing exposure to these languages
- lots of exposure to both languages because of trade, foreign tourists, travelling, internet, music songs etc.
- We have a small country but a long border with Germany. Dutch shop in Germany and vice versa
- textbooks at the university are mostly in English or German. It would be far too expensive to write Dutch textbooks because of the relatively low volume of Dutch students.
- Both languages are taught in high school and English is required for the final exams
- Our economy needs employees who speak more languages than Dutch. Our economy is very internationally oriented.
- Advantage is that you have access to a lot more untranslated literature, newspapers
I don’t think it sounds funny. But I live close to the border, so it’s normal for. I’m able to speak enough to get by well and think it’s easier to understand than dialects from southern or eastern Germany.
@@claudiakarl7888 du findest als deutsche es leichter hölländisch zu verstehen, statt bayrisch oder den sachsen/berliner akzent?
Interessant, für mich ist es wie ein rate spiel, wenn ich versuche holländer zu verstehen
@@pierremertscheit4206 bin recht nah an der grenze aufgewachsen und habe das genauso. Süddeutsche Dialekte verstehe ich fast nix aber Holländisch kann ich ganz gut raushören. Nicht alle Wörter aber ich verstehe auf jeden Fall grob was der gegenüber mir sagen will. Die Dialekte hier in der Gegend sind halt von den Wörtern und Tönen ähnlicher
@@DonDadda45 ja gut wo ich mal bischen mehr nachdenke, bayrisch, wenn bayern unter sich jeden versteh ich als nrw'er auch garnicht
Aber vorallem die jüngeren bayern sprechen dann halt auch hochdeutsch
To me as a latin speaker, english, Dutch or German are so similar.
At east frisia in lower saxony at the border to the netherlands people speak low german and high german i think the low german language often sounds like dutch.😍
Dutch, Duits, Deutsch used to refer, generically, to the Germanic dialects spoken in western-central Europe (literally "of the people"), as opposed to the Romance language varieties to the west and south, and later to the regions where such languages were spoken. This is why Dutch can refer to the Netherlands and Deutsch to Germany.
The words that are similar in English, Dutch and German are for the most time Germanic based. English is considered a Germanic language just as German, Dutch, Afrikaans, Swedish etc.
Why do you use the posh r, instead of the r the men from The Netherlands and Germany are using?