An Event So Deadly it Makes Parts of the Galaxy Inhospitable
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- Опубліковано 17 тра 2024
- Space is a bleak, hostile environment. Asteroid strikes, supernovae and gamma ray bursts could wipe us out at any moment. But could certain parts of the galaxy be more dangerous than others? And could this explain why we live, when and where we live?
Written and presented by Prof David Kipping, guest starring Jackson Kipping and edited by Jorge Casas.
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::Music::
Music licensed by SoundStripe.com (SS) [shorturl.at/ptBHI], Artlist.io, via Creative Commons (CC) Attribution License (creativecommons.org/licenses/..., or with permission from the artist
::References::
► Spinelli & Ghirlanda, 2023, The Impact of GRBs on Exoplanetary Habitability, Universe, 9, 60: www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/9/2/60
► Gehrels et al., 2003, Ozone Depletion from Nearby Supernovae, ApJ, 585, 1169: arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0211361
► Thomas et al., 2006, Gamma-ray bursts and terrestrial planetary atmospheres, New. J. Phys., 8, 120: iopscience.iop.org/article/10...
► Fisher & Valenti, 2005, The Planet-Metallicity Correlation, ApJ, 622, 1102: iopscience.iop.org/article/10...
► Buchhave & Latham, 2005, The Metallicities of Stars with and without Transiting Planets, ApJ, 808, 4: arxiv.org/abs/1507.03557
► Wang & Fisher, 2005, Revealing A Universal Planet-Metallicity Correlation For Planets of Different Sizes Around Solar-Type Stars, AJ, 149, 7: arxiv.org/abs/1310.7830
::Music::
► Chris Zabriskie - Music from Neptune Flux 0:00
► Falls - Ripley 6:06
► Chris Zabriskie - Music from Neptune Flux 9:32
► Brad Hill - A Slowly Lifting Fog 13:53
► Joachim Heinrich - Y 16:58
::Chapters::
00:00 Introduction
02:28 Galactic Habitable Zone
05:09 Supernovae
10:26 GRBs
15:31 Multi-Threats
16:43 Planet formation
18:53 Planet retention
20:11 The Final Picture
22:56 Outro & Credits
#GalacticHabitableZone #Supernovae #GammaRayBursts - Наука та технологія
Super job making this _layman-accessible._
You're a highly effective science communicator.
🙌
Jackson already has a better understanding of the Universe than 50% of the adults I know. Thank you, Doctor! You've never put out a video from which I've not learned something. Always enjoyable, Sir.
Misogynist.
@@synchc where is the misoginy? why do you think he is speaking about the gender of the adults?
Jackson makes me remember the day our teacher of phisics (phisics 102?) brought her middle school daughter to class, she had better answers than us to the exercises :D.
I'd put that number at 90%
@@philipa902 Agreed. I need to revise my estimates. 😅
When I first heard of galactic habitable zones, I remember it being about background radiation from the stars in an area so dense, that it would be difficult for life to begin.
More like there’s a background rate of supernovae/GRBs producing high energy radiation
@@CoolWorldsLab What kind of a distribution would be implied for both supernovae and GRBs? Normal?
If you mean cosmic background radiation, remnant of the big bang, it is too less energetic to be a danger to life.
@@CoolWorldsLab isn't ETA Carine a possible GRB candidate along with WR 103 ore something
If I remember correctly they're both whit in 7000 lightyears?
And if so would they be dangerous to us ?
Or am I completely wrong about this 🤔
Just wondering 🇧🇻
@@RlmorganInSC Poisson; lambda to be determined.
I love Dr. Kipping's attitude when experts say something can't be done because it's too ambitious or unrealistic. Whether it's childhood dreams, finding exomoons or using the solar gravitational lens as a telescope, the only appropriate response to doubters who tell you not to pursue these grand ventures is "well, bollocks to that" as he said in a previous video. Keep up the amazing content, sir.
This is my favourite comment. Totally agree ❤
in a legends book, i remember Anakin Skywalker getting existential chrisis when he came across a black dwarf in the star wars galaxy
it was only mentioned in passing through
@@madcircle7311 how interesting my friend but I know how blessed I was to share your wife's insistence
@@aprilvereen3169 lol wat
How is the exomoon work doing?
You’re telling me there are inhabitable parts of the galaxy right now?
Reminded me of Jim Carrey. So you're saying there's a chance? 😂
😂 😂
To be honest most of space is inhabitable, this just makes it even worse
@@theOrionsarms you have no clue what you are talking about
Actually, almost all of the universe is basically uninhabitable.
The inhabitable parts of it are so uncommon that they're statistically insignificant.
Therefore, life doesn't exist.
I have to admit, I'm not the brightest when it comes to astrophysics, quantum mechanics, and the science realm in general. But channels like yours have really helped me to pique my interest and keep me updated on various topics about the universe. It's respectable and something that all of us want - to make a difference.
Oh, wow, there are OTHER latvians besides me, who watch this kind of stuff?
It’s wonderful so many of you love watching our nerdy astronomy videos!
@@CoolWorldsLab When someone who could probably brag about being the 5-10 % of the smartest people on the planet can call himself/his videos nerdy, you know it's a person to relate with and respect. Love it.
I totally agree. Dr. Kipping just has a way of explaining things so well, and covers great topics.
Agreed. In high school, the only class I dreaded more than physics was astronomy. And now here I am, eating up every video for the past two years. The teacher makes all the difference.
Thank you Jackson for breaking down the Habitable Zone for us!
Baby Kipping is my new favorite astronomer.
"I'm not a baby, I'm four and a half!"😤
@@stanislavstoimenov1729 My youngest is still saying something similar at 36. :-)
I thought I was gonna get eaten by a random dinosaur he was riding NGL 🦖
I'm about halfway through _buuuuut_ I'm gonna have to rewind back to the beginning. Because everything after David showing off how clearly proud he is of his son, Jackson, has gone through one ear and out the other.
It was just so sweet, and I know I'd be beyond proud too 🩵
Jackson is Cool Worlds' son? That was a cute cameo!
I actually took an elective course in college called “Searching for Life in the Universe.” I absolutely love things like this, absolutely fascinating! We covered many of these same concepts, albeit on a more entry level.
The only thing better than these informative and fascinating cosmological subjects is that they're so scholarly, professionally and stylistically covered and presented by Dr. David Kipping and his _Cool Worlds_ lab!!
Please do carry on Dr. Kipping!! We never tire of your information, explorations and presentations.
I like our quiet neighborhood out here in the suburbs of the Orion-Cygnus galactic spiral arm. The core is too busy for me...
G'day Prof. Kipping! 👋 I'm currently completing my BA of Archeology. As part of my archaeology degree, I'm doing some electives in Astronomy, as not only is it a personal passion, but ties into archaeoastronomy; which can be used in some regards to give further insight into ancient cultures. The other week I was privileged to take part in a public lecture with Dr. Jessie Christiansen, who is also researching exoplanets and who I believe you may be familiar with. I just wished to express my heartfelt gratitude for people such as yourself and Dr Christiansen who share this knowledge and passion with the rest of us in our pursuit of understanding our cosmos. The idea of supernovae playing a part in extinction events is something I also consider as a budding archaeologist. When i hear your sign off words in these videos, I am always reminded of the late Carl Sagan and the same values of knowledge, curiosity and love he shared with the world. Thank you 🙏
Do you know what the most frustrating thing is...? Being able to recognize and understand what is being discussed...but at the same time...being unable to remember what you have just heard. It is my unfortunate privilege to have once had a capable mind...but before I was able to do anything useful with it my brain came down with an extremely rare form of tumor that was about 1/5th my total brain in size. I had some incredible doctors...but there are some things that even skill can not overcome. The most frustrating aspect for myself though...the loss of languages. I used to be able to read and speak in...I think...eight different languages. Now I am down to only portions of english. Even food items in exotic tongues have lost meaning for me. Being aware of the incredible pace of advancement...but being unable to contribute to it myself. Even so, thank you for sharing these videos even if I will forget in short order having watched it.
I have the same problem without any brain tumour. Unless I view and review multiple times I have little chance retaining even a small amount of the information presented. There is a LOT of interrelated information. Missing any piece and whole does not hold together in my mind.
@@frankkolmann4801 I don't remember typing this or the video it was on...but I am sorry for your difficulties. It is very difficult to proceed through life with such problems. We have but two choices we can either live with our difficulties as they are while making the best of them...or we can just give up. I prefer to make the best of what I can even though I wont remember. For what it is worth...I consider it to be a great privilege to bear witness to the incredible advancements even if I wont remember them. One day I fear I will wake up and a driverless car will go past me and I wont know what is going on. My refrigerator is absolutely loaded with things that I consider important that I read several times everyday. It is an incredible time to be alive even if I wont remember it.
I really appreciate your calm, level-headed approach to this stuff. I am SO tired of channels making the dumbest clickbait titles full of lies and spreading a bunch of nonsense to people who don't know any better. So, thank you.
I wonder if we could scale this up to Universal Habitable Zones. Some galaxies are too big and have too many dangers, high rates of supernovae, and close encounters with other stars. Some galaxies are too small, with a low percentage of heavier elements needed for life. Some Galactic clusters have too many members that collide with each other, which could disrupt stars within each galaxies. Too few members might be a problem, with few galactic encounters that would not add new gas to existing galaxies. Just a thought, thanks for another great video.
On a fully universal scale the universe looks basically identical and symmetrical no matter how you look at it. If there’s calculable zones of habitability it likely can’t stretch any further than galactic clusters
It could also be that there is also a habitable time when looking at the entire universe. Obviously life could not have formed at the moment of the big bang, and probably it could not have for quite some time afterwards either. Also, the more the universe expands, the more diffuse it should become, which would mean that eventually rocky planets would not be able to form. It's entirely possible that we are not only in a Goldie Locks zone, but also in a Goldie Locks time.
@@Chompchompyerded nothing about the moment of the big bang is '"obvious"
@Damon Edrington You are correct. However, on the scale of Galaxy Clusters, there might be some rules similar to my original comment.
@@Chompchompyerded Very good point, I had not thought of that.
Thank you for introducing us to Jackson! He seems super bright and even more curious. Jackson, you could be the first person to step foot on Mars! Keep looking up and wondering!
Love your guest expert, Jackson Kipping! ❤
This was a really cool video! When I was taking a senior level astrophysics course I did a project where I calculated metallicity changes in the sun if it was placed at the current location of the ejecta from SN 1987a using some basic assumptions. Even then the change was relatively small compared to the mass of the sun, so I’m not surprised that most of the galaxy is habitable in that regard. Seeing the galactic habitable zone when considering gamma ray events was quite terrifying in contrast to be honest.
I am so tired that I only catch every few words, but that voice is just so relaxing and beautiful, I expect to be asleep in minutes. I will enjoy it again tomorrow when I can really listen.
If only I had people like him teaching me! hung on every word Dr Kipping you're a master communicator.
Please don't stop making these wonderful videos, Professor. I almost go into a trance while watching them. You are a gift to humanity.
Running out of words to describe how great this channel is. The fact this was over 20 minutes truly boggles my mind. Feels like time travelling every time
I feel that my friend, lol. I've taken to just trying to get as many of my like-minded friends to also subscribe to the channel instead. I figure that's the best thing I can do to show my love for their efforts.
There's also the possibility that we as a species are quite weak - a gamma ray burst could wipe us out by stripping our atmosphere, but as you pointed out, species developing under water would be unaffected by this, or species that evolve in spite of gamma ray bursts would be much hardier than us - if that is actually possible of course.
The universe still has much to teach us.
Thank you for the amazing content, and for taking the time to explain complex science to people like me - an unacademic charity worker! Your tagline is stay curious, but channels like your help us to stay curious already!
Great video! Your guest host knows his stuff. And I'm so happy to see work from Dr. McTier. Thanks!
Always fantastic to wake from your hyperbunk to a new Cool Worlds video from Dr Kipping.
Perfect cure for the extended hyper-sleep hangover.
This guy does a great job threading the needle between popular accessibility and substantive to enthusiasts, with a delivery on par with Sagan. Great videos, keep it up, don't dumb it down.
New and fresh ways to look at the data is why I love this channel so much.
So GOOOOD ! You have answer many questions I have asked myself for long time now. Thank you for this huge and so nice work !
Now this right here, this is the best space channel on UA-cam. I'm tired of all of those Elon-worshipping clickbait thumbnails popping up on my recommended. Thank you, Dr. Kipping, for being optimistic yet factual! These are the scientists the world needs.
LMAOO right though. It’s always a thumbnail of a photoshopped Elon on a stage with some clickbait ass “announcement” he’s about to make.
As always well done!!!
Love that quote from Q. "It's wondrous, with treasures to satiate desires both subtle and gross. But it's not for the timid."
Thank you Dr. Kipping. Your videos are of a fantastic quality, informative and all round engaging. Keep up the great work for Science communication.
I appreciate the explanatory graphics of habitable zones in respect of supernovae and GRBs. Very interesting explanation and easy to understand. I really loved that episode!
Thank you! Amazing as always!
Such a fantastic deep and thoughtful video by Prof. Kipping!
I always love when the Cool Worlds videos come out. Very nicely done as always Prof. Kipping and team!!
We’ve learned about the Rare Earth and Rare Sun Hypothesis… is it possible we also live in a rare galaxy?
🧐 Possibly even a rare universe.... 😋
Sorry, I could not resist... 😂
A rare universe is also a possibility… provided there is a multiverse for which there is growing evidence for. Strange how if the speed of light were only a little different life couldn’t exist or if the gravitational constant was ever so slightly different that too wouldn’t permit life so you may be correct even while poking fun at my comment (which I’m not offended at just surprised to see that on this board).
Possible, surely, there might be something special about Milky Way, some parameter important for life that we dont know about. But why would do you give that possibility any attention when there is no evidence for it? Same for multiverses.
@@LG-hp5wh It's been a rough week for philosophy, language, and critical thinking. I think that has broken me a little. I wasn't trying to be offensive. I like the idea of a multiverse, I just personally think that it tends to be leading us more into the depths of the already accepted Copenhagen interpretation... Where the infinite possibility, pre wave function collapse, is exactly the multiverse. I find it harder to imagine divergent world line multiverses.
Fascinating and engaging, as always. Keep up the good work, I love this channel!! ♥✌
What do I have to do to get you to make more videos in the same vein as "watching the end of the world"? I would give you literally ALL of the money if I could. I've listened and/or watched it multiple times since I found your channel a few weeks ago. I've recommended it to my partner, friends, family... I've literally fallen asleep to it a couple times even. I find myself wondering how one man possesses that much talent. You are an amazing scientist... But also have this beautiful, poetic creative streak running through you that just leaves me in awe and sometimes even tears.
Dr. Kipping, thank you so much for the beautiful content you put here for public enjoyment. I'm always thrilled when you release a new video and my love for astrophysics always go up. I'd love to have a way to study these objects/phenomena either on my own or in a company that does so, although my area of expertise is vastly different. Thank you for showing us the wonder of the universe and I'm immensely thankful for your work. I wish you a great life and to succeed in all things you consider essential. Much love.
Excellent video. Very interesting, informative and worthwhile video. Many thanks for the links to the papers.
An intelligent race has evolved under the ice in a free-floating planet in the galactic core. They've got their first atomic powered drill, and can finally see what's above the ice. Imagining the look on their faces has me giggling.
I have this concept for at least one species in a sci-fi story I'm working on.
For aquatic species, even exploring the land masses will be like space travel. And for species living underneath ice, it'll be even more mindblowing.
And I think Andy Weir had something like this in his "Project Hail Mary". The aliens the protagonist meets come from a planet covered in thick clouds, so they did not know about the universe for a long time. (If I remember correctly.)
@@johannageisel5390 It's easy to imagine a species like that believing there's just nothing above the ice/clouds. We did a roadtrip once where we took an 18YO kid who had never been out of the middle of a big city, he slept for hours, then at 2 in the morning we stopped for a piss. The stars were out like you can only see from 35 degrees south in semi-desert. He stumbled out and started pissing then looked up . . . and got this ! holy ! fucking ! mother ! of ! fucking ! GOD ! look on his face. Even shed a few tears. Never seen the other 99.9999% of everything before.
Love it!
I love how calm and nonchalant the video is so far- i have only seen less than 1/8th of the video but the tng clip was enough for me to sub
Thanks so much. Always appreciate the tranquil enlightening videos.
Yay! It’s my daughter’s tenth birthday today and she LOVES these videos. It’s like the universe is saying happy birthday ❤❤
Maybe she could end up living on the Moon and Mars? Keep encourage the child!
This is why I don't understand when people say the universe is finely tuned for us. It's a mess of radiation and protons
I think they mean Earth. Though it's us that have been finely tuned to Earth.
@@n-steam Bless particle interaction, and selection. What an amazing fine tuning device.
I suspect that you know what it means. If you change the strength of any of the fundamental forces even a small amount, a universe would exist that would be nothing like ours.
@@shantiescovedo4361 Then they wouldn't be very fundamental for this universe, I guess, would they... But sure... I had a dream last night too... 🙃
@@shantiescovedo4361 but we're adapted to the forces of our universe
Good video. These ideas have been kicking around for a while and your explanations were thought-provoking.
The most underrated youtube channel. Thank you for these videos, and making astronomy less confusing.
We live in a boring suburb. Makes sense, I live in a boring suburb and my garden is full of life, whereas my daughter lives in exciting, energetic London and all she has is a dead plant on a windowsill.
absolutely flawless logic /s
@@rhael42 Thanks, I'm thinking of submitting it to the Nobel committee.
2003: "I'm highly optimistic that humanity will populate other solar systems."
2023: "I seriously doubt humans will leave Earth's orbit ever again."
2024: “Yeah we’re not making it through the great filter”
Christianity went HARD after the youth in the 00's and we're starting to see that play out
@@miamisasquatch we're either bound for a Dominionist theocracy or a anti-capitalist post-scarcity revolution. Or both at once.
@@miamisasquatchthe Bible describes how everything right now is and will play out despite being wrote thousands of years ago. God bless you.
We've created so much metal debris in our atmosphere that in another 20 years we'll have literally moored ourselves to this rock. It's sad, really.
Stumbled across this, as a student of many subjects (including space/astronomy), but master of very few - this was amazing to watch! Thanks!
fantastic channel, thank you for your work ❤
Good evening from the UK to all my fellow space enthusiasts 🙌🏻 and you too David.
I'd love a deeper dive into planet retention in binary and 2+ star systems, and also in clusters. I know that more close stars mean higher chances of wonky orbits, but also that we've found planets in binary systems... I'd be curious to know the state of research on the likelihood of multiple-star systems and stellar clusters to retain planets over time.
First of your videos I've come across. Great explanation of the topics you discussed. I enjoyed it and great job.
Love your videos! Keep up the great work
My day wasn't going well but now is, thanks to this masterpiece
Thank you David, happy easter.
I'm curious how an active galactic nuclei (a Quasar) would play into the equation.
I have the same question.
And a little hint: Nucleus is the singular and nuclei the plural.
I just find it difficult to understand how someone like Prof Kipping doesn't have more subs! Plus, he's just so very good to listen to.
I don’t find it difficult. A very small minority of humans carry the rest forward. Everyone else is more focused on celebrity gossip and spiderweb tattoos.
Happy Easter Cool Worlds 👍
#LetsGoProfessorKipping ❤️
Thank you for the video CWL
Now, about that last statement, I see the galactic habitable zone as something worth looking into. No matter how much mediocre we are, the fact is, we are so far, alone in the universe, and that is weird... why is a very important question, and that could be one of the several hundreds or thousands of pieces of the puzzle to aswer that... so, if jovian world is needed to shield an smaller rocky planet, sure, metallicity is important. If too much GRBs or SNs are bad for life development, again, better be away from them.
I don't think that any priciple, even the mediocracy principle, should be too relevant when trying to undestand what is going on... I mean, to say, facts are more important, and we need to gather more data... and when you have nothing or close to nothing, any leads are good to be followed, right?
well, I'm probably all wrong for a variety of reasons... have a nice day everyone.
Wait but what’s the chance that those pencil beams hit your system/planet exactly?
Didn't we just record such an event recently? Albeit the beam must have come from extremely far away, and I guess it might not have been a direct hit, but it did occur... Meep!
I find this in a search:
GRB 221009A - swept over Earth on Oct. 9, 2022. It saturated gamma-ray detectors on multiple space telescopes, earning the nickname the BOAT, short for "brightest of all time."
2 degree arc but 6500 LY long, it depends on how frequently they occur.
I was totally lost until Jackson Kipping explained it. Thank you, excellent explanation!! Thank you too David
Such a good video omg. I loved how u questioned your own teams research.
Kipping is smart. He can make us strong. We need their computer things
Are U a turkey?
Doctor, your clarity of thought and communication of complex ideas simply is incomparable.
Note: The Chicxulub asteroid strike is now thought to be a shotgun of several strikes, including one off the coast of west Africa.
More likely a comet strike then ?
My favorite science communicator. Thank you for your work, Doctor Kipping.
Hyper-precision, thank you, your explanations are easy to follow🙌🏼
As always from my favourite UA-cam channel by far, this is a fascinating and beautifully and clearly presented dive into cosmic majesty and mystery.
Jackson is extremely fortunate to have such an inspiring dad.
What seems most incomprehensible to me is that one beam of gamma radiation from a core-collapsing supernova can produce 10 THOUSAND TIMES more energy in a short burst than the entire Milky Way does continuously!
It would have helped me to 'wrap my head around' this brain-searing fact if the professor had explained the mechanism whereby such intense gamma radiation is produced.
Thanks for all your hard work
Thank you for citing sources for further reading
Thank you as always 😊
New subscriber. Love that you take for granted your audience is well educated - and do not waste (my) time explaining ie the origin of the Hubble space telescope - as so many other science videos to - before you tell me of the discoveries. Fascinating stuff, good show. Thank you.
I only have like ten subs because I'm picky but yours is my absolute favorite to get notifications from. Your approach is fantastic! Keep up the great work!
I love that you included sources for the B-Roll clips.
Beautiful video, thank you!
Just found this channel. I'm impressed by your rather thoughtful manner of exploring. Subbed I'll be digging through anything else you have. 🙂
You won't be disappointed
@Cool Worlds
As always a wonderful video!
You say in the video about the metal enriched regions and not metal enriched regions of the galaxy forming gamma ray bursts.
I never thought about the distribution of elements in the galaxy before. I wonder if there could be a correlation of the potential of intelligent live based on the availability of certain elements.
I love your content! Absolutely incredible
Thank you, Awesome video. Thank you for all your work.
🙌
It's always treat when you drop a video, and a cameo appearance from Kipping Junior no less. 🎉
When Jackson says “frozen” and smiles, it’s adorable!
Thank you for the video.
It's illegal for a video to this good yet this easy to understand
But nice work
One of the few channels that i wait a new video from
Awesome video!! Wow, maybe 1000 years from now, we will have an alert system strung about the Oort Cloud to warn us on inbound cosmic events.
Very cool. I’d be interested to see a video on how quasars effect their galaxy and neighboring galaxies. Anton just did a video on a radio galaxy just had its black hole flip it’s axis 90 degrees and is now pointed at is. A video on the effects of that type of event would also be cool to cool to know. Since some of these create some of the largest structures in the universe, I’m sure the impact would be unimaginably devastating to potential life out there. Again, very good video.
Good job explaining that, Jack! 👍
That was sooo cute! Please keep the JR. explain staffs in future as well.
Best cool worlds in a long time. No one presents super novas as a non threat - this was refreshing to hear 😅
This channel is a GEM in UA-cam!
I watch this with mixed feelings, but for reasons different than you might think. I'm close to seventy, and when younger I thought my edge in brainpower was compensation for my weak physique. Now, looking at you, I'm thinking I could have been blessed with both! (Great video, BTW)
Nicely done! Like it.
This combined graph is a really great way to easily dismiss the fine tuning argument and its various neighbors. It so clearly shows how it's a confluence of factors in the right combinations and magnitudes that gives rise to higher probability of life, rather than life itself generating these finely-tuned factors. It's like thinking it rains because grass grows rather than the reverse.
Translation: We in the astrophysics community have a lot of conflicting theories about the layout of habitual zones of our galaxy, but most of them are essentially just conjecture till we know more, and we don't know a lot about it at this present time.
Excellent, thank you!
I only gave this video a like because of Jackson explaining Thermal Energy - great job, Jackson!
I love to sit down with a nice hot cup of tea and watch a Cool Worlds video. Thank you. But I was wondering what the arc angle of a gamma ray burst would be. What would be the probability of it being lined up with Earth?
Absolutely excellent presentation. Thank you for the taking the time to make such a thorough insight as to what is going on in our universe, and how fortunate and fragile we are, considering what is happening in our universe. We definitely take out existence for granted. Without the ozone layer, plate tectonics, the extinction events, the suns size and distance, its magnetic field, the earth's magnetic field, the earth's core, our oceans, volcanism, our placement in the galaxy, Jupiter, as well as so many other permutations of occurrences, we would not exist today. Thank you for sharing. You should be paid for making a quality presentation like this. Thank you for sharing.