Freakish One-Offs in Astronomy
Вставка
- Опубліковано 14 тра 2024
- Signup for your FREE trial to The Great Courses Plus here: ow.ly/x8l230rIoRs - thank you to our sponsors!
New research! One-offs... there's something about them, whether it be the first interstellar asteroid or a star behaving in an unprecedented way. These "black swans" capture our attention and imagination but interpreting them is challenged by the inherent scarcity of data. Perhaps no case encapsulates this more than the famous 1977 Wow Signal. Join us today as we discuss our new paper on Black Swan Theory with consequences for the Wow signal.
You can support our research program and the Cool Worlds Lab at Columbia University: www.coolworldslab.com/support
Get Stash here! teespring.com/stores/cool-wor...
Thank-you to our supporters T. Widdowson, D. Smith, M. Sloan, L. Sanborn, C. Bottaccini, D. Daughaday, A. Jones, S. Brownlee, M. Lijoi, Z. Star, T. Zanjonc, C. Wolfred, F. Rebolledo, L. Skov, E. Wilson, M. Elliot, B. Daniluk, J. Patrick-Saunders, M. Forbes, S. Vystoropskyi, S. Lee, Z. Danielson, C. Fitzgerald, V. Alexandrov, L. Macchia, C. Souter, M. Gillette, T. Jeffcoat, H. Jensen, F. Linker, J. Rockett, N. Fredrickson, B. Mlazgar, D. Holland, J. Alexander, E. Hanway, A. Rao, E. Crump & J. Bergman.
Correction at 10:19 - the hydrogen line is 1420 MHz not kHz
::Links::
► Kipping, D. (2021), "Black Swans in Astronomical Data", MNRAS, in press: arxiv.org/abs/2104.07693
► Harp, G., Gray, R., et al., (2020), "An ATA Search for a Repetition of the Wow Signal", AJ, 160, 162: doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aba58f
► Event Horizon interview with Dr Jerry Ehman: • The Wow! Signal with D...
► Our previous video about BLC-1: • Did We Just Detect a N...
► Breakthrough Listen live-stream about BLC-1: • Day 1: Breakthrough Di...
::Music::
Music licensed by SoundStripe.com (SS) [shorturl.at/ptBHI], or via Creative Commons (CC) Attribution License (creativecommons.org/licenses/..., or with permission from the artist
► Brad Hill - Replicant [open.spotify.com/track/39M7dd...]
► Joachim Heinrich - Y
► Brad Hill - A Slowly Lifting Fog [open.spotify.com/track/0GgkyL...]
► Chris Zabriskie - Cylinder Five
► Indive - Lightyears Away
► Chris Zabriskie - Cylinder Four
► Falls - Life in Binary
► Falls - Ripley
► Kevin MacLeod - Long Note Two
► Joachim Heinrich - Horizon
::Video clips::
► LHC footage and animations by CERN: home.cern/resources
► Pulsar animation I by NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center: svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13058
► Pulsar animation II by NASA/Fermi/Cruz deWilde • Pulsar Animation
► Oumuamua animation I by ESO/M. Kornmesser/L. Calcada: www.eso.org/public/videos/eso...
► Oumuamua animation II by ESA/Hubble/NASA/ESO/M. Kornmesser: www.eso.org/public/videos/eso...
► Parker probe animation by NASA/JHUAPL: svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12729
► Footage of Mayor & Queloz by NCCR PlanetS: • The discovery of the f...
► Douglas Vakoch footage by TEDx talks: • The search for extrate...
► Gaia animation by ESA/C. Carreau: • Gaia scanning the sky
► APEX timelapse by ESO/B. Tafreshi (twanight.org): www.eso.org/public/usa/videos...
► Orbital debris animation by NASA/ODPO/JSC: orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/ph...
► Outro video by ESO/L.Calçada/spaceengine.org
::Film clips used::
► Contact (1997) - Warner Bros
► Independence Day (1996) - 20th Century Fox
► Ad Astra (2019) - 20th Century Fox
::Chapters::
00:00 Discovery
02:50 Black Swans
07:53 Sponsorship
09:08 The Wow Signal
11:59 Black Swan Theory
17:09 Wow as a Black Swan
23:48 Credits
#BlackSwanTheory #WowSignal #CoolWorlds - Наука та технологія
I held the Wow! printout in my hand back in the late 80's when I was a volunteer at OSU Big Ear in Delaware OH.
um... Wow! 😎
You're like some kinda folk hero!
That’s fucking rad
Wow 😮
That'll explain the smudge marks.
"why would an alien civilization send a one time signal?"
Carl Sagan:. "......"
Aliens: "😏"
Always my thought. Never could figure out why that question came about when thats exactly what we did.
"Do not respond"
12:41 that's not impossible to imagine. We've sent one off signals ourselves at random stars just hoping for a reply. I can imagine an alien civilization receiving a wow signal from us and not knowing what to make of it.
That’s a great point. We always seem to assume that other intelligent life-forms are infinitely more organized and competent than we are, or we forget, like you say, that we might look like bumbling, belligerent bumpkins.
Actually, uh, I think I made both profiles sound dead-on target.
The issue isn’t when they’d emit one offs but whether we’d detect them. It’s incredibly improbable that Big Ear would have swept across that precise correct position at the exact right moment to observe it.
But the signals weren't repeated so they were rejected?
@@Graeme_Lastname yep, it’s the scientific method. If you discovered something outstanding but cannot repeat or replicate it the scientific community tends to look down on it. A good example is cold fusion.
@@user-fy5sg9rg7d I remember when that was going on. The amount of total BS was incredible.
I hoped it would work but knew that it wouldn't. :)
I think it's really cool that David makes an effort to highlight prominent women in the history of science, many of whom were never given the credit they deserved and/or passed over for their male counterparts. Just a small but nice detail I've noticed in his videos that I appreciate.
Wdym? That's not cool or based at all. Your way of life, rituals, opinions, beliefs will die with you. People like you have terrible fertility rates and your end will be the same as your peculiarities, a grave.
@@cahinton. Cope.
tbf in most cases assistants don't deserve such awards. I mean she could have been replaced by any other competent assistant. The end result would have been the same.
Disagree just an assistant. The results would be the same.
It is nice he is making mention, but this was par for the course especially back in the day. Like having the advisor or program head take credit for work or discoveries that people beneath them (academically) actually make.
I think it's so cool how you recognize your patrons as executive producers. Shows how much you appreciate the community
Oh man I wish my college professor was like this guy. I feel like Im being serenated with poems while I learn Physics. This channel is awesome! The production value is just superb.
YT's most underrated statement ..this guy's voice/delivery is nothing short of mesmerizing
I don’t get why you downplay the wow signal being an one off signal, when that’s the only type of signals humans have sent into space.
That's not correct. There is a slurry of radio signals leaking out on the same frequency for decades.
Hands down the best channel on YT next to Event Horizon. Thanks David!
Check out ‘SEA’.
:)
Check out Red Letter Media.
I just have to get out of my system now. I have always had a deep interest in physics, mainly astrophysics. David are the one that inspired me to take up studies the university again to pursue a deeper understanding of the subject and to follow my passion. You are a true inspiration and keep up the amazing work!
Wow-that’s great, Daniel!
Physics is the ultimate journey for "why" and you'll see at the bottom of physics is the similar behaviors of everything fundamental is self similar. The whole universe changes constantly in magnitude whenever you practice this deep internal meditation once you have learned so much of the math and how it relates to reality. You "check" these proofs internally to help build your depth of knowledge, over and over. If you ever find anything that just bothers you, please do look into it. That is how we advance our universal knowledge in all respects.
Awesome dude!
I'm drunk and feel the need to express how much I love your channel despite being extremely new to it. Your work is amazing. Thank you.
I love guys like you who know how to play the "dramatic passion" effect to the max. I'm sure you aren't just faking it, mind you. But to be able to present like that on-demand takes a special talent. You have to be able to sound convincingly passionate even at times when you're not fully feeling it, and you manage to sound that convincing all the time. You make it fun to learn. You make it interesting by sounding interested, yourself, which again I'm sure you are, but nobody can be that passionate 100% of the time. Life makes sure of that. so good job!
I love research and topics like this. There’s certainly ups and downs each day but the days when I make a breakthrough, write up the paper, or share it with you is always very exciting for me!
@@CoolWorldsLab me too!
Carl Sagan was a true prophet of astronomy. He sparked my imagination as a kid. This channel, and Parralax Nick, keep the fire burning.
I can't even begin to properly explain just how much I love Parallax Nick. I have watched his entire catalog of videos several times over. He's one of the channels that keeps me company while I'm busy doing homemaker activities, and helps distract me during the worst of times. John Michael Godier is also right up there with Parallax Nick as well as this channel. They all educate, entertain, and inspire.
My favourite YT channel atm. The paradox of wanting more frequent videos, but knowing videos of this quality take longer to make. Bravo!
Wow.. You deserve millions of subscriptions and views. This channel deserve so much more than this. Keep up the excellent work! Thank you so much for the great content!
This was exactly what I needed to end this day on a high note. Thank you. I look forward to reading your paper.
This Channel is so great, I love when you explain something such an underrated channel.
You should check Isaac Arthur's channel.
Always creating and uploading the best material on UA-cam. Thanks, Cool Worlds! 😃😃👍
People like you make me think that internet was a great thing
Content like this is what I search for everyday. There seems to be so little. And for that I appreciate it ever more
@To Release is To Resolve It certainly is what introduced me to a new fetish, that's for sure
@@frenchexpat5601 Yuck.
I’d like to think that except it’s allowed extreme losers to find each other and ruin it for everyone instead of becoming normal and contributing to society. If I could ax the Internet I think I would
@@adamc1278 If you think pathetic people have power over others, you're not only pessimistic, but wrong. When we say "focus on the positive side of internet", it really is: "you SHOULD focus on it, because the bad side is irrelevant and good content will always exist, if not thrive".
Amazing vid, thank you x its a fundamental part of humanity to keep questioning, so glad you are on the job. Heartily support your brilliant work
1997 movie contact was really an epic one...very close to reality
You've met aliens, have you?
@@SuperTonyony yes, Biden last year
The book is so much better, it made me hate the movie
@@Bildgesmythe yes book had 7 travellers maybe
Love your uploads.
Love the shoutout to Event Horizon!
I had no idea what this channel really is. You're always informative and more importantly precise. I just went to your website because of the paper you mentioned at 4:00 and got my mind blown lol. Not least because i found that your channel name "Cool Worlds" is quite literal haha. Cheers, and thanks for what you do!
I love your videos. Some of the best and most interesting on youtube that really do give realistic food for thought. Great work.
The more I learn about how the universe works... The more I wish we weren't limited to our human timeline.... Even tho the universe functions on much greater timelines and distances and lifespans it doesn't stop me from utterly loving it and wanting to explore every inch of places I visit. I have this passion that anyone can discover something even if other people have been there already, all you have to do is look in a new or different way...
Thats what meditation is for
Please teach me this skill, I've been with my wife for 10 years now!
Great video. Guys, I recommend you to check out the paper "An approximation to determine the source of the Wow signal".
Thanks Alexander - Ye we know it, the actual specific star from this signal originated isn’t really relevant for the discussion of repeatability though
Interesting comment.
I recommend you check out the recent statements by the Pentagon stating the fact that they have in their possession crashed vehicles from another planet.... And has released the videos just recently of alien spacships visiting our planet right now
@@christopherfields2015 can you link to the press release where the Pentagon talks about having recovered an alien space craft?
@@PhiltheMoko I'm gonna take a wild guess that by "Pentagon" he means yet another retired general looking for attention
These videos are amazing because the team making them is actually putting out their own papers and research!
Professor Kipping youvare an amazing teacher. I listen to anything astronomy/physics almost every night before sleep, and no other UA-cam channel comes even close to Cool Worlds! Every video covers the topics in way that is easy to follow and understand…and always invoking deep thought. Thanks for sharing your knowledge! When Netflix series😁
I truly wish I'd had a professor like you in college. Thank you for sharing your curiosity and knowledge.
Thanks for the shout out to event horizon
I wouldn't know your Chanel exists if it wasn't for JMG
JMG's channels and this one are my 3 favorite youtube channels.
I have always been incredibly fascinated by space and the search for other life but lack the mathematical know how to get into the field. That’s why I love this channel so much. I can learn about this stuff from an actual scientist and have it presented in an easily digestible way!
The wonder and curiosity you have is epic. 😮❤
Dr. Kipping, you're a busy guy! We've been eagerly awaiting your return and discussions. I can't wait to read your paper!
Cool Worlds recommending a John Michael Godier video. My worlds are colliding!
I love that little nod to the Contact signal noise when you talked about the Wow! signal
Thanks, Excellent spending time watching the videos. I feel very good
Have you considered auditioning to be a James Bond or Bond Villain? Got the voice, charisma, looks, smarts
I can see him being a relatable supervillain who the audience is secretly hoping succeeds in his schemes.
Lol.If I remember right, Stephen Hawking suggested himself for the same role.
I like the story arc you manage too span while presenting the story of (your/an) actual paper.
Fascinating approach to this subject. Good stuff
Love your channel, thank you.
Even horizon knows a ton about Wow! Thank you for mentioning him!
Laymen question: Are there black swan events in geology that would speak to the statistics methods, or even evolutionary biology ?
Maybe I should check greatcourses for any series on statistics, but it bugs me that we can model probabilities for N=1 events, especially with scales being unknown.
Loving the vids as always, seems a fine balance between inspiration and skeptical prudence but the cool worlds studio/team/why seems to nail it.
Very nice channel! 😃 Great find. Thanks
Awesome on you for mentioning Mr. Godier.
I would like to thank you for many nights of restful sleep🌛🌛🌛
it helps with my anxiety
The problem begins when he starts looking more like Dracula as time goes by
One of my favourite YT channels. Thanks 🙏🏻👌🏻☄️🌎🪐💫☀️🌌🕳
Fast becoming one of my favorite channels.
Thank you for sharing your truth. For real.
I can already imagine this video being made by an alien talking about the arecibo signal. Or maybe on an extremely rare case both species, us and them, one recieving our signals and us recieving theirs, both doubting if the other exists.
You sir are a great communicator. An interesting follow up video would be on how a civilization might set up a repeating beacon of their own. Something that, presumably, would last past their civilization.
Check out the Cool Worlds video on ancient alien civilizations.
F yeah Event Horizon has the best video on the WOW! signal; JMG's personal interest and curiosity on the subject is phenomenally contagious. Great shout out.
I agree, I love Astrum & Cool Worlds. They're two of 12 channels I'm subscribed too. I just vehemently disagree with Alex on his views on SETI, more specifically, Fermi's paradox. For starters, an advanced alien civilization isn't going to be using radio to communicate over vast interstellar distances. It's ridiculously insecure to begin with (even encrypted, anyone in the broadcast path will be able to have a general idea of where it came from), but perhaps most importantly, it's insanely inefficient (read: inverse square law, SETI's kryptonite) - an advanced alien culture will be an efficient one so it won't be using radio, that would be like us using smoke signals. Heck, we lowly humans have already begun moving away from radio to lasers to communicate with our satellites in orbit due to the increased bandwidth it offers. Fun Fact: Our terrestrial radio signals (signals meant for consumption here on Earth, think FM/AM, TV, Cellular, etc) don't ever leave our solar system. Thanks to the inverse square law they become background noise before they even get close to leaving our solar system.
Thank you for the video.
Cool World is the best channel for learning the most Interestingly wonderful science facts.
He explains it in a way that everyone can grasp………..
It's not at all a science facts channel. It's a space related facts, philosophy and discussion channel. It's very specifically space, which is only a part of science, obviously. And it's very much not a "leaning about science facts" themed channel, that's a very different kind, like SciShow. This really shouldn't be hard to understand, or define. It's clear and simple. You've only managed to show idiocy with your comment.
@@MuscarV2 idiot I mean space science fool
@To Release is To Resolve I’m 46 you knob
This probability all depends on how focused the antennas are and as well as how focused the signal is. Say both sides are tightly focused, then chances of catching a repeat signal is very very small. Good example would be like going up in an small airplane to the ocean looking for someone missing out at sea. You take your camera with telescopic lens and scan record the ocean looking for that missing person. After a full day of searching, you review your video and find that at 2:37pm there is a very clear pulse of flash coming from some part of the sea. Seems likely it was that missing person floating aimlessly and desperately flashed the plane with a mirror. The next day you desperately fly back to where you guess that spot was, and scan again with your telescopic lens. What's the chance with a telescopic scope like lens looking for that missing person will you spot him? And what's the probability he'll be able to reflash his mirror to you just in time for you to see? Now the universe is way bigger than the Pacific Ocean and everything is in motion as well Just a few micrometers off and you are scanning a different area of the universe by milions of miles.
Boggling when you factor all the contingencies!
Wonderful vid! Cutting edge science!
Loved it. Especially the part at the end. Lol 😉
Even when it is proveably Aliens, to the astronomical community, it will never be Aliens.
Also if a highly advanced civilisation uses quaint modulated radio to communicate with us, we are definitely in their remedial class.
Fantastic channel! Prof. Kipping, would you please give a lecture on Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser and its implications ?
How is a 95% probability a 1 in 20 chance? (16:43)
@@thehassaankhalid because you don't listen. It's a 95% chance to catch a repeat in that timeframe, leaving a 5% chance that you missed it, 5% aka 1/20.
Makes perfect sense. 5% obv being the complementary probability of 95%
Great video, thanks for sharing this with us ! Now I want to do deep detailed research on the Wow signal 😃
You should!
Love that marker board!
Good job recommending John Michael Godier's channel! It's well worth a watch 👍
I actually found THIS channel because of Godier 3 years ago, so I guess Dr. Kipping is repaying the favor
@@stevencoardvenice Haha cool man me too :)
@@poisontoad8007
I think the interview with Kaku a couple weeks ago was pretty good.
You have of course seen Jim Benford's latest paper on the subject? He suggests that the Wow! signal is non-repeating, caused by our catching a random fragment of overspill from a microwave power beam used to drive a sail spacecraft.
Yes! I have a lot of thoughts on that. I think if it truly were non repeating then the chance that Big Ear looked at the right moment in the right place is so minuscule to the extent that I would reject the hypothesis. However, I think really he might just mean non-periodic, sporadic leakage, which means over some time frame it will happen again and then it’s really not different from an intermittent beacon.
You know, now that people are more seriously looking into concepts like Starshot, it might be possible to run a simulation to see how likely that circumstance is (ie would the beam overspill a lot or only very rarely? would the overspill only be as direct radiation aimed at the target star or would it refract off the edge of the sail enough to be visible to other nearby stars? etc)
I freaking love Jocelyn Bell!! Thank you for bringing her up. Pulsars, and particularly magnetars are my favourite astrophysical objects and I find the story of their discover very interesting (and frustrating how much of Dr Bell's work is often minimized or left out).
Gotta rewatch these sometimes
'Black Swan Event' sounds like a cracking name for a sci-fi novel!
Let’s get John Godier on it!
Black Swan sounds like a great name for a band. Or maybe there's a foreign language term that sounds cooler.
“The Black Swan Incident”.
Lagoon of the Black Swans
The black swan is already a book written by Nassim Nicholas Taleb. It is not a sci-fi book but it is full of statistical fat tailed events.
1974, the Arecibo telescope send the most powerful broadcast ever deliberately sent into space.
We are now visible in the distance of 47 light years ^^
It is very much worth noting that we only ever sent that ONCE. It did not repeat.
Love the clips from contact. I'd recommend it to anyone who hasn't seen it.
Cool Worlds somehow got overlooked for binge watching - good job I'm not in charge of any surveys
This approach seems similar to determining the decay rate of a proton, or to determine if it even decays at all. I guess the twist is that the lack of a data point may tell us more than if we had a just a single data point.
So interesting! I love these videos and papers from Cool Worlds. A very good format, level of details, and explained in an excellent way! Looking forward to the next upload. I'm staying curious.
Yeah....finding that partial helped me in my life....
I don't know what I'd do if they hadn't found it....yeah....wonderful...
Please do a light speed video I’ve never enjoyed learning so much 👍🏻
Maybe the WOW project was just getting started when the Alien's version of Congress, in a cost-cutting measure so they could give massive tax breaks to their ruling class, cut "unnecessary and unproductive scientific projects", which shut the project down! (sarc!)
I've often wondered if the WOW signal was artificial, perhaps the reason its not repeatable is because its not coming from a fixed point in space. Perhaps it was transmitted from a moving spacecraft traveling through the galaxy. So looking in the same region of space its no longer there. As the transmitter has perhaps moved on but i guess we may never know. Great videos cool worlds 👍🏻
It may also be, that the beacon is stationary, but directional, only sending the message towards a very specific angle at each repetition. If that's the case it might be years before "our" direction is pinged again (considering the other civilization might target every single one of their known stars before they get back to us).
A reason to do this could be that they need to use a very high energy transmission to even expect to reach us (or anybody), if e.g. they're even further away than we ordinarily would expect.
"For in that approach lies the possibility that we will find malicious aliens who will farm us for meat."
And I'm here for it.
I highly doubt that they would be running the same beacon in the same way for 45 years straight.
I would resubscribe to Great Courses Plus if you had a course on there.
Agreed! Cant believe your post hasn't gotten a thousand thumbs up.
IDK how, but you make math way less confusing. That's wild. I have dyscalculia and math is my enemy
Thanks! That means a lot as I think hard about how to present the math in a digestible way
I have dyscalculia too and I can say that it wasn’t until 15 years ago that somebody laid things out in this manner that things changed.
Dr kipping nails it every time I
Totally agree! The math in all Cool Worlds releases would paralyze me if not for David Kipping’s skill in unfurling it for an applicable situation.
mathS
@@ravenmad9225 Either is correct, and I don’t like pluralizing abbreviations.
The amount of information in this video is astonishing! Who is this guy and where did he get that shirt?
That's a great point about hot Jupiters. I also wonder if silicate life is possible, we might find it in the mantle. Having a shadow biosphere which may possibly be larger than the one on the surface.
Doc, I could listen to you orate the Oxford Concise Dictionary. Thanks for the brilliant content.
I literally just thought "Hey, let's see what Cool Worlds is up to" - "uploaded 1 minute ago"
Good timing!
Yes I too had that thought..
Black Swans are Amazingk!
You can solve that problem by subscribing and clicking the notification bell.
@@oldmandoinghighkicksonlyin1368 i Think the Old Man Doing High Kicks Only In Black Socks is very correct, and klik a Like also
I love the channel
amazing content
Thank you for another thought-provoking video, Dr. Kipping! I wish I had taken your class while I was at Columbia
Thanks for tuning in
The shout out to event horizon! Love it! :)
event horizon is a wonderful channel, great to see them mentioned here
Wow! Parkes Radio Telescope images were great. Reminds me of home.
What are your thoughts on all these ufos and the admissions from the pentagon?
He already uploaded a video year ago regarding this matter.
@@realbabychad There is new stuff out there but it's still premature to speculate on it. We will probably have a lot to talk about by mid summer.
i agree the biggest admission from government in humanity's history = and he is still faffing on about the wow signal ....we should shut seti down and search earth because they are already here
@@byromtaylor6482 Yeah but there hasn't been any admission so why should we stop talking about what we know.
@@Bitchslapper316 cos u can see it yourselves .... you scientists are all deep rooted athiests lol ...wake up If ET knocked on your door you would go back to bed and call it a dream ... the pentagon admitted the footage is real so why keep searching out there when they are already here ?
Always nice to see a new Cool Worlds video
Nice to see you here so early!
Good production
Made me imagine a transmitter out in the unfathomable distance, going on and on, sending signals at certain intervals for ages before it ceased to function, and the Wow signal was its final pulse. We caught the last (at least from our perspective) whimper of a long-gone species, and we can't even recognize it as such, because we are unable decode it.
I'm skeptical that this was down to alien intelligence. I think that it was probably either created by man made interfierance somehow or a mal functioning receiver. Or possibly natural causes as a result of a rare situation of multiple elements in space coming into contact with each other and giving off a short radio signal as a result.
Thanks for the maths! It still feels like observations in the 100s of hours over nearly 45 years is insignificant, but maybe less so after watching this.
Hey Guys @ Cool World. Can‘t find the track on the Credits. Is it composed just for that or who is the artist.
An answer is very much appreciated.
Anyways, thanks for all your terrific works. Really cool!
Cheers
This channel is good, and so is Aperture.
I don't fully understand the physics behind the signal but aren't you discounting another, very real possibility? That the signal was not intentionally aimed at us, and happened to reach us due to some incidental maneuvers of an alien ship? It would still be an unlikely event that we happened to be pointing there at the time, but unlikely events DO happen.
The purpose of the signal is not assumed to be of a specific form here. It could be a comm, it could be leakage, it could be accidental. It doesn’t actually matter. It was a ship, over time more maneuvers would be done given sufficient time and it would again occasionally leak our way, so then it’s in fact no different from an intermittent beacon.
How many scientists are in the game for the ego? To have their name attached to a discovery? Anecdotally, it seems so common -- scientists fighting over being credited for a discovery, or suppressing the work of their students. It's ugly, it's depressing, but it's important motivation for moving the search for truth forward.
Top channel.
I. Love. This. Channel! 🚀🌓