Great job Dr. Bikman. As a chiropractor for 40 years your classes have been inspirational to say the least. Leptin was not discovered when I had my physiology classes. I listen to all your classes and grateful for your willingness to share your knowledge at no charge to your audience. At 74 I workout 5 to 6 days a week at 4:30 AM and have for over 35 years. I have maintained my weight at 155 lbs and still think I’m 45. I recently returned from a photography back pack trip in Patagonia and held my own with people 20 to 30 years younger. Thank you for your contribution to those who want to learn and take control of the health and lives.
I never get bored listening to you Ben! The way you explain stuff is excellent that even an ordinary person will comprehend it. Pls don't stop educating everyone to avoid being brainwashed by the so called HEALTH "criminals"
I'm fascinated with all the functions of Leptin. It gets way too simplified by UA-cam people who want you to believe they are "experts". I'm really tired of all the misinformation because it leads to uninformed choices in one's health journey. Thank you for this lecture.❤
I'm posting my story here, now, as this is most current Ben Bikman post. I'm 77, in June '23 I had reached A1C of 6.5% after gradual inrease in weight to 200 ish, and prediabetes. Thanks to Lustig, Perlmutter, Johnson and Bikman, I tested yesterday A1C 5.6, Fasting Insulin 4.5 and weighing 165 ....35# loss. I'd been working on his first book and videos for a handful of months and just recently his new book. The formulas and diets work.....not fun giving up the tasty carb. Now I know my enemy foods/drink, and know where I might relax in the maintenance mode. Yesterday was my first FI test so sorry I can't show that progress, but I'm sure intermittent fasting helped.
In women, about 10% body fat serves a structural role rather than being simple energy storage. For example, some of the structure of breasts is adipose tissue instead of collagen or gland. So it shouldn't be shocking that women need more signal from body fat to be ready for fertility, because the first 10% isn't available to be burned outside of extreme emergencies.
I would love to hear you talk about the essential fatty acid C15. Is it as important as recently it has been made out to be and are we all seriously deficient in it.
Your talks are absorbing and easy to listen to. So informative, explaining the functions of interacting hormones. So much personal benefit and knowledge being gained. Much appreciated.👏
DR BIKMAN, how beautifully you explain the cell biology. I enjoy it thoroughly. i wish you were my cell biology and physiology teacher in medical school, please, keep up educating us. thank you for your efforts,
another great metabolic classroom session. I enhanced my knowledge particularly about female hormones. one comment: Dr. Bikman, you used the terminology ' metabolic burden of fertility '. I would rather use the terminology ' metabolic beauty of fertility '. After all, isn't it a beautiful natural wonder to be fertile as a woman, become pregnant and give childbirth? I am speaking from a position of never having been able to experience this process due to various processes you described in your classroom session . looking forward to the next session. kind regards, miss Reimara
I would definitely not dismiss the differences between men and women when it comes to keto, fasting, and exercise as it pertains to hormones, especially cortisol. I experienced it first hand 2 years after I started healthy keto and then decided to incorporate fasting and exercise as the next logical step. Cortisol is a very real issue women have to deal with.
Hello would like bring to your notice your sleep of tongue at 20.05 you have interchanged the properties of the OB OB & db db mice. Hope you will make a correction. Dr Suresh Shinde,MD. 🙏
Thank you!! This was really awesome information and really helped me to understand why i have not been able to loose weight. Thank you for your education!!
Thanks for great explanation, Dr Ben! Viviane from Brasil! I would like to Know how can we measure leptina resistence? Can we dose leptina in the plasma? And how value is normal? Thanks a lot
I'm not obese but used to be overweight. I'm lean now and I can totally feel when I am hungry or full pretty clearly. A mechanism I struggled with when overweight so I can only imagine what it is for obese people. Overall, fascinating knowledge.
The estradiol reference ranges for men and women overlap. So any effect of estradiol in women that wouldn't be counteracted by androgens, we should expect to see some of in men.
Thank you. Great lecture.However you haven't explained the specific mechanism of leptin or Insulin resistance. IE. If the leptin/Insulin, at high levels, still has the same structure and biochemical make-up how is its signalling compromised at the cellular level? E.G. Do the cell receptors/enzymatic processes get overloaded?
Please: Idea for future topic…. Please discuss how aromatase inhibitors (like anastrazole) affect your hormones. Hormones are linked… one affects another and our oncologists say it only reduces estrogen. Well… when you reduce estrogen what does it do to all our other hormones?
Am curious because I take it and my A1c is going up. I think the AI is making me become more pre-diabetic. Please present on this topic. I have searched everywhere for answers. ❤ thank you
When u r female and u take eromatas inhibitor it will make everything worse like it will causes PCOS,ur diabetes, Alzheimer, blood pressure and heart disease chances double and many more
Hello, would long term ketosis down regulate leptin? Could keeping leptin low consistently cause metabolism and energy expenditure to decrease… decreasing fat burning efficiency?
Can you discuss the effects of insulin resistance in pregnant women, the role leptin plays, and inflammation? I’m also concerned about how these factors may affect preeclampsia. I spoke with a well respected OBGYN that encouraged continued higher “good” carb with lean protein consumption and reduced fat. Her reason is that fats will increase bile production and induce upset stomach. (As we ask know many pregnant women struggle with nausea.) This seems totally backwards to me. Obviously the time to get healthy is before pregnancy but not everyone gets serious about their health until they become pregnant. It seems as though everyone is afraid to come near pregnancy due to ethical and/or liability reasons. For this very reason it seems we need better, solid recommendations to help pregnant women get and stay healthy. My thinking is, ease into a more keto way of eating slower but fast enough to not make things worse. Can anyone speak on this intelligently?
Ben, you said that Leptin influences TSH, but you didn't say how. High leptin, high TSH... or high leptin, low TSH. Relevant to those with hyper/hypo-thyroidism.
Hello, I have a question about skin issues in regards with insulin resistance. What are your thoughts about vitiligo? I have had this skin condition for 16years already, got used to it but I never found the root cause of this. I know its realated to autoimmune system but why immune cells kill pigment cells in the skin?
Hello Ben, thank you so much for sharing your knowledge. I saw in an episode of the "Diery of a CEO" (@58:25) with Dr Robert Lutsig that reversing leptin resistance can be really long. Up to 5 years. Can't find anything on this in my research. Is it something you have seen in yours ?
Don't know if I can get a question to the good Professor, but worth a try. My wife has been on a ketogenic diet for the past 10 months, she has a blood cancer so we're trying the metabolic approach. She had lost considerable weight and she gained around 15% while on the diet which we felt very positive. Her bone marrow biopsy in May this year however shows some disease progression and her medical team suggested switching to a drug Ruxalitinib. One of the side effects of the drug is weight gain. Apparently the Jak Stat pathway inhibited by the drug plays a role in leptin receptor signalling in the brain. She has suddenly gained more weight and is concerned about getting overweight and the associated inflammatory effects. Although having increased appetite we have restricted caloric intake but still the weight gain. Is there some other approach we could take to address the problem?
Cancer cell take energy from 2 sources glucose and glutamine So with ketogenic diet she must take some glutamine pathway inhibitor along with intermittent fasting She needs to go for a long intermittent fasting like 20 days
Dr Bikman, what are your thoughts on Neu5cg molecule in beef that according to Dr Steven Gundry is not what are bodies are suppose to consume but that we can consume the Neu5ac which is in chicken and fish. This interview is on the Ultimate Human Podcast - UA-cam
I started on carnivore, eating beef the most. Pain and sleep much improved. Also if there’s anything that needs cleared up on the ultimate Human podcast ( Gary has some great info ) that’s in contrast to your knowledge, could you please explain.
The carnivore diet left me deaf with Tinnitus and I have lost some of my vision, what is happening? Carbs trigger my psoriasis, what should I do now? My cholesterol total LDL was 779 last month!
In case you're interested there's a book called the psoriasis diet. It seems to be akin to the Mediterranean diet. Many people have psoriasis in my family and are told to keep away from red meat.
I have not been able to get the endo doc to check my hormones. I am always hungry, female, 65 and 30 lbs overweight. Low carb keeps my a1c at 5.8 but irts been decadea and my body will not give up these lbs. I can eat 12 oz of just fatty meat and be hungry an hour later. Very frustrating!!!
It's all about calories, but that does not tell you why people are not satisfied with the right number. People respond to hunger and satiation. These feelings are fundemental to survival and can only be ignored for a short time. That hunger gets you in the end. This is why all Calorie controlled diets untlimately fail unless they address what types of food are eaten and how often.
I think herein it is a vicious circle of hormones n does not seem easy to pinpoint which came first! The most critical key, seems to me, is reduction of fructose intake .
fat shouldn't be seen as just stored energy. it's a protective layer of insulation and healing salve (the anti-inflammatory properties of lard and other saturated fats has been well demonstrated). this is why it will tend to be stored wherever inflammation is most chronic (and why visceral fat is most strongly correlated with poor health, as it indicates chronically inflamed organs). the body will send fat wherever healing is most required. it should then be obvious why it's more important for women to have more fat than men, especially for fertility.
I have a Question??? Is there anything in the food supply that may cause certain bodies To not want to release its fat stores, maybe due to the contents? I’ve carnivores strict usually women that still get rid of the pear shape and huge legs and butt. So assuming hormones are right, what could it be. They don’t eat carbs, no diet drinks increase Exercise and nothing.
But what is triggering the leptin release? It can be that any fat cell does it all the time. If, let's say insulin does it, then leptin resistance is just an inability of leptin to drop insulin. Both are outside of the cell, why one stops affecting the other? Not clear from the lecture...
Leptin is how Robert Lustig got interested in obesity since brain tunour patients losing their leptin receptor in the brain ended up fat even on 500 calorie diets.
good lecture, as far as it is regarding Leptin physiology. but the point regarding th Why question you are missing completely. Since Aristotle, meaning sice 2500y roughly, everyone can and should know abou the 4 aspects of causality, aka the why. It has abs. nothing to do with god, or divine entities. If you cite "philosophy" you should do it right. So, here it is: Aristotle distinguished 4 aspects of a cause,. The formal, the material, the efficient and the final cause. The last one easily gets misinterpreted as he part coming from god. In humans the 4th aspect is the purpose. In biology, it is evolution. An, or better, THE evolutionary purpose is to provide a more stable F2 generation. The mechanisms to achieve that are numerous, and of different integrative capability. Since around 1900 the material and efficient (mechanism) aspect of cause gets mistaken as the ONLY aspects of causality, which of course is nonsense. The ideology behind it is called materialism, aka positivism. I brought us forward, yes, but is neglects some absolutely crucial aspects, even in regards to its own structure. Around 1900 maerialists started to denounce the legitimate question about the purpose as non-scientific. Doing it still today means that someone has no clue abou biology and he structure of biology as a science. Evolutionay theory is a well-established scientific theory.
@@leovolin7525 as I said, "good lecture, as far as it is regarding Leptin physiology". I appreciate. You are a scientist wih a very clear thinking. Except when you pulled the divine reason out of the pocket today. ...don't mind too much about it
Great job Dr. Bikman. As a chiropractor for 40 years your classes have been inspirational to say the least. Leptin was not discovered when I had my physiology classes. I listen to all your classes and grateful for your willingness to share your knowledge at no charge to your audience. At 74 I workout 5 to 6 days a week at 4:30 AM and have for over 35 years. I have maintained my weight at 155 lbs and still think I’m 45. I recently returned from a photography back pack trip in Patagonia and held my own with people 20 to 30 years younger. Thank you for your contribution to those who want to learn and take control of the health and lives.
I never get bored listening to you Ben! The way you explain stuff is excellent that even an ordinary person will comprehend it. Pls don't stop educating everyone to avoid being brainwashed by the so called HEALTH "criminals"
Aptly said!!!!!
I feel the same
Ditto!! Your lectures are fascinating!!
I hope you know how useful you are to humanity. Thank you.
I'm fascinated with all the functions of Leptin. It gets way too simplified by UA-cam people who want you to believe they are "experts". I'm really tired of all the misinformation because it leads to uninformed choices in one's health journey. Thank you for this lecture.❤
Ben, you’ve taught me so much, you’re so knowledgeable and clear. Please don’t stop doing this.
I only recently discovered your podcast. I love it. I feel like I am back in college getting to learn about what I find interesting.
This is “ fantastic “ ❤
I'm posting my story here, now, as this is most current Ben Bikman post. I'm 77, in June '23 I had reached A1C of 6.5% after gradual inrease in weight to 200 ish, and prediabetes. Thanks to Lustig, Perlmutter, Johnson and Bikman, I tested yesterday A1C 5.6, Fasting Insulin 4.5 and weighing 165 ....35# loss. I'd been working on his first book and videos for a handful of months and just recently his new book. The formulas and diets work.....not fun giving up the tasty carb. Now I know my enemy foods/drink, and know where I might relax in the maintenance mode. Yesterday was my first FI test so sorry I can't show that progress, but I'm sure intermittent fasting helped.
In women, about 10% body fat serves a structural role rather than being simple energy storage. For example, some of the structure of breasts is adipose tissue instead of collagen or gland. So it shouldn't be shocking that women need more signal from body fat to be ready for fertility, because the first 10% isn't available to be burned outside of extreme emergencies.
Professor BIKMAN, You are excellent.
Good stuff man, what a time we live in.
Our world desperately needs more scientists like you!!! Thank you for your work💗
Brilliant talk, Professor Bikman. Thank you so much.
I would love to hear you talk about the essential fatty acid C15. Is it as important as recently it has been made out to be and are we all seriously deficient in it.
Fantastic Class mr. Ben. I love geeking out with you. It is so very helpful to get an understanding of what is going on in our bodies.
Your talks are absorbing and easy to listen to.
So informative, explaining the functions of interacting hormones.
So much personal benefit and knowledge being gained.
Much appreciated.👏
💚🏜️💚thank you so much for sharing your knowledge
Wonderful always tune in to listening your pure scientific sessions...good service to the ailing humanity❤❤
Excellent topic and thank you so much for educating my limited knowledge of the function of leptin.
Thank you for bringing clarity into the dark spots of healthy living!
Such an important lesson. My doctor taught me of Leptin’s importance in 2005. Thank you 🙏🏻
DR BIKMAN, how beautifully you explain the cell biology. I enjoy it thoroughly. i wish you were my cell biology and physiology teacher in medical school, please, keep up educating us. thank you for your efforts,
Illuminating lecture.
Thank you, Prof. Bikman, for sharing.
Brilliant Ben
Thank you so very much ✔️
I love your teaching! We met in Las Vegas at CoSci. I was the one that had 8 kids. I sent a message to you through Insulin IQ just as a heads up.
Brilliant Sir 👌
another great metabolic classroom session. I enhanced my knowledge particularly about female hormones. one comment: Dr. Bikman, you used the terminology ' metabolic burden of fertility '. I would rather use the terminology ' metabolic beauty of fertility '. After all, isn't it a beautiful natural wonder to be fertile as a woman, become pregnant and give childbirth? I am speaking from a position of never having been able to experience this process due to various processes you described in your classroom session . looking forward to the next session. kind regards, miss Reimara
Thank you doctor 🙏
Dr. Bikman, can you share your thoughts on Pantadeconaoic Acid?
I would definitely not dismiss the differences between men and women when it comes to keto, fasting, and exercise as it pertains to hormones, especially cortisol. I experienced it first hand 2 years after I started healthy keto and then decided to incorporate fasting and exercise as the next logical step. Cortisol is a very real issue women have to deal with.
Hello would like bring to your notice your sleep of tongue at 20.05 you have interchanged the properties of the OB OB & db db mice. Hope you will make a correction. Dr Suresh Shinde,MD. 🙏
Thank for the lesson, Professor!
Thank you!! This was really awesome information and really helped me to understand why i have not been able to loose weight. Thank you for your education!!
Thank you. I enjoyed these videos and always look forward to the next one so I can learn more.
Very useful video thanks
Love your classes, the body is an amazing organism. Too bad there are so many ways we can F up the works..
😆
Great info! Thanks a lot!! 😊
Thanks for great explanation, Dr Ben! Viviane from Brasil!
I would like to Know how can we measure leptina resistence? Can we dose leptina in the plasma?
And how value is normal?
Thanks a lot
Great information
Can Leptin levels be measured through a blood draw and tested in a lab?
Yes and you can order one yourself in most of the US using a site like ultalabtests and taking the order to a local lab for blood draw.
You can also treat by taking Melatonin at night!! See this study - Protective Effects of Melatonin against Obesity-Induced by Leptin Resistance (NIH).
Yes. But if you’re overweight or obese he tells us the leptin level WILL be high. But the brain can’t see it
I'm not obese but used to be overweight. I'm lean now and I can totally feel when I am hungry or full pretty clearly. A mechanism I struggled with when overweight so I can only imagine what it is for obese people. Overall, fascinating knowledge.
Thank you so much sir 🙏
The estradiol reference ranges for men and women overlap. So any effect of estradiol in women that wouldn't be counteracted by androgens, we should expect to see some of in men.
Thanks again
Thank you. Jack
Thank you. Great lecture.However you haven't explained the specific mechanism of leptin or Insulin resistance.
IE. If the leptin/Insulin, at high levels, still has the same structure and biochemical make-up how is its signalling compromised at the cellular level?
E.G. Do the cell receptors/enzymatic processes get overloaded?
Great lesson, than you!
Please: Idea for future topic…. Please discuss how aromatase inhibitors (like anastrazole) affect your hormones. Hormones are linked… one affects another and our oncologists say it only reduces estrogen. Well… when you reduce estrogen what does it do to all our other hormones?
Am curious because I take it and my A1c is going up. I think the AI is making me become more pre-diabetic. Please present on this topic. I have searched everywhere for answers. ❤ thank you
When u r female and u take eromatas inhibitor it will make everything worse like it will causes PCOS,ur diabetes, Alzheimer, blood pressure and heart disease chances double and many more
Hello, would long term ketosis down regulate leptin? Could keeping leptin low consistently cause metabolism and energy expenditure to decrease… decreasing fat burning efficiency?
Flexibility .metabolic
Can you discuss the effects of insulin resistance in pregnant women, the role leptin plays, and inflammation? I’m also concerned about how these factors may affect preeclampsia.
I spoke with a well respected OBGYN that encouraged continued higher “good” carb with lean protein consumption and reduced fat. Her reason is that fats will increase bile production and induce upset stomach. (As we ask know many pregnant women struggle with nausea.) This seems totally backwards to me. Obviously the time to get healthy is before pregnancy but not everyone gets serious about their health until they become pregnant.
It seems as though everyone is afraid to come near pregnancy due to ethical and/or liability reasons. For this very reason it seems we need better, solid recommendations to help pregnant women get and stay healthy.
My thinking is, ease into a more keto way of eating slower but fast enough to not make things worse. Can anyone speak on this intelligently?
Ben, you said that Leptin influences TSH, but you didn't say how. High leptin, high TSH... or high leptin, low TSH. Relevant to those with hyper/hypo-thyroidism.
Hello, I have a question about skin issues in regards with insulin resistance. What are your thoughts about vitiligo? I have had this skin condition for 16years already, got used to it but I never found the root cause of this. I know its realated to autoimmune system but why immune cells kill pigment cells in the skin?
I was hoping to get Info in how to reset your leptin when it’s too high
Thank!!!😀
Hi Dr Bekman
Hello Ben, thank you so much for sharing your knowledge. I saw in an episode of the "Diery of a CEO" (@58:25) with Dr Robert Lutsig that reversing leptin resistance can be really long. Up to 5 years. Can't find anything on this in my research. Is it something you have seen in yours ?
Thank you
Don't know if I can get a question to the good Professor, but worth a try. My wife has been on a ketogenic diet for the past 10 months, she has a blood cancer so we're trying the metabolic approach. She had lost considerable weight and she gained around 15% while on the diet which we felt very positive. Her bone marrow biopsy in May this year however shows some disease progression and her medical team suggested switching to a drug Ruxalitinib. One of the side effects of the drug is weight gain. Apparently the Jak Stat pathway inhibited by the drug plays a role in leptin receptor signalling in the brain. She has suddenly gained more weight and is concerned about getting overweight and the associated inflammatory effects. Although having increased appetite we have restricted caloric intake but still the weight gain. Is there some other approach we could take to address the problem?
Cancer cell take energy from 2 sources glucose and glutamine
So with ketogenic diet she must take some glutamine pathway inhibitor along with intermittent fasting
She needs to go for a long intermittent fasting like 20 days
Bravo 😊🎉
I am missing the expanation, how leptin resistance is triggered. Are the leptin receptors not working, ...?
Dr Bikman, what are your thoughts on Neu5cg molecule in beef that according to Dr Steven Gundry is not what are bodies are suppose to consume but that we can consume the Neu5ac which is in chicken and fish. This interview is on the Ultimate Human Podcast - UA-cam
I started on carnivore, eating beef the most. Pain and sleep much improved. Also if there’s anything that needs cleared up on the ultimate Human podcast ( Gary has some great info ) that’s in contrast to your knowledge, could you please explain.
Has msg effect in leptin resistance?
Ob ob mouse, are you sure that’s not a star trek tribbles??😂❤
😂
The carnivore diet left me deaf with Tinnitus and I have lost some of my vision, what is happening? Carbs trigger my psoriasis, what should I do now? My cholesterol total LDL was 779 last month!
LDL is too high. Do you have Familial Hypercholesterolemia? What's your fasting Insulin level?
In case you're interested there's a book called the psoriasis diet. It seems to be akin to the Mediterranean diet.
Many people have psoriasis in my family and are told to keep away from red meat.
I have not been able to get the endo doc to check my hormones. I am always hungry, female, 65 and 30 lbs overweight. Low carb keeps my a1c at 5.8 but irts been decadea and my body will not give up these lbs. I can eat 12 oz of just fatty meat and be hungry an hour later. Very frustrating!!!
How does Fructose increase Leptin Resistance?
It's all about calories, but that does not tell you why people are not satisfied with the right number. People respond to hunger and satiation. These feelings are fundemental to survival and can only be ignored for a short time. That hunger gets you in the end. This is why all Calorie controlled diets untlimately fail unless they address what types of food are eaten and how often.
I think herein it is a vicious circle of hormones n does not seem easy to pinpoint which came first!
The most critical key, seems to me, is reduction of fructose intake .
So if you eat a ketogenic diet, can you completely heal your leptin resistance at the same time you heal your insulin resistance?
fat shouldn't be seen as just stored energy. it's a protective layer of insulation and healing salve (the anti-inflammatory properties of lard and other saturated fats has been well demonstrated).
this is why it will tend to be stored wherever inflammation is most chronic (and why visceral fat is most strongly correlated with poor health, as it indicates chronically inflamed organs). the body will send fat wherever healing is most required.
it should then be obvious why it's more important for women to have more fat than men, especially for fertility.
HDAC6 inhibitors might see leptin make a come back in the next few years given it's success in the preclinical space
I wish my Dr. would have told me this.
I have a Question???
Is there anything in the food supply that may cause certain bodies
To not want to release its fat stores, maybe due to the contents? I’ve carnivores strict usually women that still get rid of the pear shape and huge legs and butt. So assuming hormones are right, what could it be. They don’t eat carbs, no diet drinks increase
Exercise and nothing.
But what is triggering the leptin release? It can be that any fat cell does it all the time. If, let's say insulin does it, then leptin resistance is just an inability of leptin to drop insulin. Both are outside of the cell, why one stops affecting the other? Not clear from the lecture...
I stopped the lecture and googled db db mouse and took a while to come back because I got caught up in how cute they look.
Another cause of leptin resistance are genetic SNPs per LepR. I have 2 of them. It’s a battlefield
Leptin is how Robert Lustig got interested in obesity since brain tunour patients losing their leptin receptor in the brain ended up fat even on 500 calorie diets.
😊❤
good lecture, as far as it is regarding Leptin physiology.
but the point regarding th Why question you are missing completely.
Since Aristotle, meaning sice 2500y roughly, everyone can and should know abou the 4 aspects of causality, aka the why. It has abs. nothing to do with god, or divine entities. If you cite "philosophy" you should do it right.
So, here it is: Aristotle distinguished 4 aspects of a cause,. The formal, the material, the efficient and the final cause. The last one easily gets misinterpreted as he part coming from god. In humans the 4th aspect is the purpose. In biology, it is evolution. An, or better, THE evolutionary purpose is to provide a more stable F2 generation. The mechanisms to achieve that are numerous, and of different integrative capability.
Since around 1900 the material and efficient (mechanism) aspect of cause gets mistaken as the ONLY aspects of causality, which of course is nonsense. The ideology behind it is called materialism, aka positivism. I brought us forward, yes, but is neglects some absolutely crucial aspects, even in regards to its own structure. Around 1900 maerialists started to denounce the legitimate question about the purpose as non-scientific. Doing it still today means that someone has no clue abou biology and he structure of biology as a science. Evolutionay theory is a well-established scientific theory.
Nice to hear about philosophy, but what's the point of this comment in regards to 'leptin and insulin resistance'?
@@leovolin7525 as I said, "good lecture, as far as it is regarding Leptin physiology". I appreciate. You are a scientist wih a very clear thinking. Except when you pulled the divine reason out of the pocket today.
...don't mind too much about it
Thank you