Miss BioRach you are so incredible... cannot emphasise how lucky I feel to have found your channel because you explain things so well! I never thought I would be able to understand A level biology, but you explain it so well, better than any textbook or teacher! As a Year 13 student I seriously want to say thank you!
May God bless you abundantly wherever you go and May your relationship with God be strengthened! You are an Amazing Teacher, You explain concepts in such a detailed way yet so concise I pray you become more recognised THANK YOU!
Check out Oxford Revise! They have lots of retrieval questions :D and retrieval is key to success...! ua-cam.com/video/AbmxcxqYqyQ/v-deo.html You can also get more in this Excel sheet: docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1pyEacyxFBZAJGPztZBAw5SSmUG8ZYQ0Q/edit?usp=drivesdk&ouid=102546770558231031044&rtpof=true&sd=true
Minor point: You're correct in that Th cells do divide by mitosis (clonal selection), however they differentiate into Th1, Th2 (Tmemory), Treg, Tfh and Th17 cells, not Tc cells. Cytotoxic T cells are formed in the thymus and exist as a seperate class of T cell, they are not "created" by the clonal selection and differentiation of Th cells - the Th cell is activated to differentiate into the effector Th cells mentioned above. Apologies if the spec says otherwise and feel free to ignore me if this is the case, but it is an oversimplification. There is also recent evidence of neutrophils gaining APC ability in certain circumstances which is really interesting.
I'm sure you're right, tho sounds like they're of a degree-level understanding! You're right that it's oversimplification, though I am following the spec and try to make sure my viewers are able to get a good understanding of the content that they need to know for exams. Thanks for sharing though :)
@@kalumthomson5638 thank this an important comment for us, students, as well, to let us know that there is more to this. Thanks for your informativity.
Thank you soo much this really helped! I have a question. When the interleukins trigger the Th cells to increase in number to produce other types of T cells (such as t-killer, t-memory and t-regulatory) do they undergo clonal selection and expansion as well?
Could you help I’m very confused on when cell mediated and humoral response is used. The humoral response has the primary and secondary response so when the body identifies a pathogen for first time b memory cells are produced allowing for secondary response where more antibodies can be made faster but then when is cell mediated used ?
In the primary immune response, both processes are needed. Cell mediated response is how a macrophage turns into APC which activates T helper cells to trigger the subsequent immune response (such as the humoral response). Without this step, the humoral response of triggering B lymphocytes' antibody production would not occur, because it would mean no APC was made to activate T helper cells. Whereas for the secondary response, since memory cells are already made from the primary response, the immune system can therefore bypass the cell mediated response and go straight to humoral response of making specific antibodies. This is because the memory cells have the receptors to recognise the foreign antigens directly, without needing macrophages to alert them. Hope this makes sense! :)
Great video !! just a little question.. are T regulatory cells and T helper cells the same or different ? I do AQA A level biology so Im not really familiar with the regulatory term in immunity 😅
The two cells are different. T helper cells help signal other cells to increase the immune response. T regulatory cells decrease the response - it basically kills the other immune cells except for memory cells, once the pathogens are killed at the end of an immune response. Having said that, I think you don't need to know about regulatory cells for AQA - double check the specification to be sure! Thanks for watching! :)
if you love science you should purchase and read the Horrible science books as they contain a surprising quantity of advanced information explained briefly and in a entertaining way. In addition you could watch episodes of the Magic School Bus for the same reason. Also Sci Show on UA-cam is a brilliant way to gain some scientific knowledge in a brilliantly explained way. I hope this helps
Macrophages have a round nucleus. They stay in the bloodstream. Neutrophils are the ones with a multi-lobed nucleus, which allow them to leave the bloodstream to infected areas for phagocytosis. You can watch my video on phagocytosis for more details! :)
Miss BioRach you are so incredible... cannot emphasise how lucky I feel to have found your channel because you explain things so well! I never thought I would be able to understand A level biology, but you explain it so well, better than any textbook or teacher! As a Year 13 student I seriously want to say thank you!
Thank you, your words really mean a lot! :D all the best to you and I'm sure your hard work will pay off in these two crazy years!
Yeah agreed with you. Miss BioRach you are one of the best biology teachers out there.
@@kazishahjalal6852no she isn’t
This 25 min video is so informative and I actually understand the whole response! You are gonna save my alevels!!!
🤗🤗🤗
this is SO HELPFUL, I'm binging all these videos before my test on communicable diseases tomorrow
you're genuinely one of the best teachers ive ever come across! thanks
Thank you so, so much, you are brilliant! I have my paper 2 this Friday and you are absolutely saving me!!!
Long day
May God bless you abundantly wherever you go and May your relationship with God be strengthened! You are an Amazing Teacher, You explain concepts in such a detailed way yet so concise I pray you become more recognised THANK YOU!
I have my paper 3 on Friday, thanks so much :)
Very concise and useful!!!Thank you
Glad it helped! Thanks for watching :)
amazing. will b forever greatful, youre actually helping students shape their future.
Glad you find it helpful, thanks for watching! :D
I think Year 2 videos like Photosynthesis and Respiration would help as they're the units we didn't finish in class
Check out the playlists here! :)
Photosynthesis: ua-cam.com/play/PLcqmJII16GiD3LnjfHWNXcmw7vNlNtWtg.html
Respiration: ua-cam.com/play/PLcqmJII16GiA3XA6ZI0c7dFCwcnMJql7W.html
Enjoy!
This definitely shouldn't be free. This and all your videos are so much better than anything that out there.
Thanks so much, this was a brilliant video!
YOU’RE AMAZING
I rrwatched this video 8 times already its so useful
dm me if you want ocr bio notes
Very Clear and Helpful, fast overview!
great video.. thank you for your efforts, miss!
You are so incredibly helpful! I was just wondering if you knew anywhere good to get question for recall that are more simple, not like exam style?
Check out Oxford Revise! They have lots of retrieval questions :D and retrieval is key to success...!
ua-cam.com/video/AbmxcxqYqyQ/v-deo.html
You can also get more in this Excel sheet: docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1pyEacyxFBZAJGPztZBAw5SSmUG8ZYQ0Q/edit?usp=drivesdk&ouid=102546770558231031044&rtpof=true&sd=true
Helped a lot thankyouuu❤️
super helpful overview! thanks
i swear you are acc the best!
such a great video!! thanks so much
But miss can you clarify the link between the first T(h) and the B(APC) its like an antibody joined with an APC.. i don’t understand that
Minor point: You're correct in that Th cells do divide by mitosis (clonal selection), however they differentiate into Th1, Th2 (Tmemory), Treg, Tfh and Th17 cells, not Tc cells. Cytotoxic T cells are formed in the thymus and exist as a seperate class of T cell, they are not "created" by the clonal selection and differentiation of Th cells - the Th cell is activated to differentiate into the effector Th cells mentioned above. Apologies if the spec says otherwise and feel free to ignore me if this is the case, but it is an oversimplification. There is also recent evidence of neutrophils gaining APC ability in certain circumstances which is really interesting.
I'm sure you're right, tho sounds like they're of a degree-level understanding! You're right that it's oversimplification, though I am following the spec and try to make sure my viewers are able to get a good understanding of the content that they need to know for exams. Thanks for sharing though :)
@@BioRach No worries, I thought that might be the case but I thought it'd be of interest anyway as immunology is a really interesting topic! :)
Agreed! :D
@@kalumthomson5638 thank this an important comment for us, students, as well, to let us know that there is more to this. Thanks for your informativity.
@@munaaliii There is always more, why would you think there is less? :)
Great video!! Thankyou!!
brilliant absolutely so useful you queen
This vid is SO good!!!
Thank you soo much this really helped!
I have a question. When the interleukins trigger the Th cells to increase in number to produce other types of T cells (such as t-killer, t-memory and t-regulatory) do they undergo clonal selection and expansion as well?
no
Could you help I’m very confused on when cell mediated and humoral response is used. The humoral response has the primary and secondary response so when the body identifies a pathogen for first time b memory cells are produced allowing for secondary response where more antibodies can be made faster but then when is cell mediated used ?
In the primary immune response, both processes are needed. Cell mediated response is how a macrophage turns into APC which activates T helper cells to trigger the subsequent immune response (such as the humoral response). Without this step, the humoral response of triggering B lymphocytes' antibody production would not occur, because it would mean no APC was made to activate T helper cells.
Whereas for the secondary response, since memory cells are already made from the primary response, the immune system can therefore bypass the cell mediated response and go straight to humoral response of making specific antibodies. This is because the memory cells have the receptors to recognise the foreign antigens directly, without needing macrophages to alert them.
Hope this makes sense! :)
Thanks you.
Ty rach
really nice video! Just one question, do t helper cells also undergo clonal selection?
Great video !! just a little question.. are T regulatory cells and T helper cells the same or different ? I do AQA A level biology so Im not really familiar with the regulatory term in immunity 😅
The two cells are different. T helper cells help signal other cells to increase the immune response. T regulatory cells decrease the response - it basically kills the other immune cells except for memory cells, once the pathogens are killed at the end of an immune response. Having said that, I think you don't need to know about regulatory cells for AQA - double check the specification to be sure!
Thanks for watching! :)
@@BioRach thats interesting to know ! thanks so much :D
Thank You
I'm in year 6 idk what's this but i love sciences
Haha don't worry, you'll learn them in the future! :D
if you love science you should purchase and read the Horrible science books as they contain a surprising quantity of advanced information explained briefly and in a entertaining way. In addition you could watch episodes of the Magic School Bus for the same reason. Also Sci Show on UA-cam is a brilliant way to gain some scientific knowledge in a brilliantly explained way. I hope this helps
aww this is so cute 🥲
Can you do a video on cell structure please
omg this is gorg tysm
THANK YOU SO MUCH!!!!!
does that mean Th cells are stem cells which divide by mitosis to form specialised cells Tm ,Tk, and Tr cells in the thymus ?
Can B and T cells undergo clonal expansion or is it just B cells?
Both B and T cells can do this but the phrase is mostly used for describing B cells.
Thanks so much
Very good video, thanks
Thanks for the video .... but do macrophages have round shaped nucleus or bean shaped one , am confused now
Macrophages have a round nucleus. They stay in the bloodstream.
Neutrophils are the ones with a multi-lobed nucleus, which allow them to leave the bloodstream to infected areas for phagocytosis.
You can watch my video on phagocytosis for more details! :)
@@BioRach thanks a lot
thank you!
Hi why is there only 12.5 and 12.6 and not the other subchapters
Wonderful.
Have you made 12.1,12.2,12.3 and 12.7?
No I haven't since they're mostly facts you just need to learn rather than understand, so I've not put them on my priority list as of yet :)
why don't u do aQA THE Content is similar but still plz do aaa
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