Reconquista - The Last Kingdom of Islam - Part 5 The House of Trastámara
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- Опубліковано 31 сер 2020
- == SYNOPSIS ==
While Muhammad V expertly led the Emirate of Granada though its golden age, Peter I was engaged in one massive war after another. Castile would in time descend into a disastrous civil war. When the dust settle from this conflict, a new dynasty would be established. One that would shape not just the fortunes of Iberia, but that of the world.
=== AN AMAZING THANK YOU ===
To all my Patreon supporters - could not have done this without you!!
Big thanks again to Trisha K. and Shihada M. for amazing donations!
Check out War and Conquest
podcast:www.warandconquest.com
Thanks to Embrace History for the Total War AnimaPlease check out his channel: / @embracehistoria
== MUSICIANS / MUSIC ==
A BIG THANK YOU TO KURKOX FOR CREATING MUSIC FOR THIS VIDEO!
EVEN IF YT DIDN"T ALLOW ME TO USE IT - STILL
CHECK OUT HIS CHANNEL:
/ @kurkox
Also Thanks to Joss Edwards
/ jossedwardsmusic
And Claudie Mackula
/ @claudiemackula
Arabic Music by Le Documentaire
Hotel Reconquista by Kurkov
Still Standing by Anno Domini
El Castillo De Santiago by Claudie Mackula
Building Intensity / Seville by Premium Beats
Last Stand by Purple Planet Music
Sand and Sunburn by Joss Edwards
Golden Age - World Music Official
The Road Head by Omri Lahav
Pink Flamenco - Doug Maxwell
#trastámara #reconquista #moors
Sorry for the re-upload. I hired a guitarist to create music for this video. YT banned the video in multiple locations as the music was too close to the original (Hotel California), even despite my appeal. To avoid problems, I re-mastered the soundtrack and re-posted. Thanks for understanding. Cheers !
Oh Ya, Hotel is in the short list of very protected songs. I've seen videos claimed for someone humming a few bars to themselves while reading. It sucks but I am glad you worked it out. I had this in 'watch later' because I am only on part three of the of the pre-series to the reconquista.
@@iamperplexed4695 What confuses me, is that there are a lot of people who just make their own version of it and it works out just fine.
What a beautiful music!!!
@@elhombredeoro955 Thanks!
It's okay, i was planning to rewatch the episode anyway.
Sheesh, no wonder the Reconquista took so long, there was as much political mayhem on one peninsula as there was on a whole continent.
You have no idea - I'm covering only a fraction of the chaos
@@FlashPointHx if u don't mind me asking whats next after this 100 years war?.....
@@leaveme3559 This is a story arc that will go from the Islamic Conquest to the Reconquista to the conquest of the new world. But directly next is the Fall of Constantinople in 1453
@@FlashPointHx holy shit this is awesome thank you so much
@@limetreelt0384 Probably because of the Spanish American war and the fact that Spain was pro Axis in WW 2
"You fool, No man can kill me"... Isabella says, "Here! Hold my vino!"
hahaha! Look at my community page - i posted a meme about this a month ago.
I guess I have to rewatch and put "like" again.
Am Moroccan berber thanks for this
Love your country - was there for a month on vacation once
I watched 4 minutes of ads and even followed their links 😄. Trying to contribute somehow after all the effort that you put in your videos.
Thank you! Really appreciate that, but feel free to skip them next time =)
I must say that the maps and animation turned out great. Excellent job on those. They always add so much more to your videos. However, what really brings it all together is that extraordinary narration. Once the narration and the graphics are combined, you've got yourself the perfect video. Great job as always and I look forward to next great episode of this epic series.
Thank you for that - I just got a comment about how I need to hire just about anyone else to do the narration as my voice was just horrible =) Happy that you appreciate it
To clarify something: Castile is the anglicized name of the place, it's also called Castilla by Spanish speakers. Like "Castiya."
Yeah, and we Filipinos call them "Kastila"
Portuguese speaking folks call it "Castela"
Edward of Woodstock wasn't king of England. He was the prince of wales. He actually died before his father (Edward III of England)
Yes you are correct - need to add an addendum to the next video about this
Oh! I was about to post a reply to someone asking if castilians were using plate armour in that time.
I had time to copy the reply and here it is:
In the first half of the 14th century castilians (and the other christian kingdoms in the peninsula) were using very similar equipment to the ones used there in the 13th century (mail, great helmets, kettle hats, heraldic surcoats, spears, swords and shields (you can see very good images of this in the "Códice Rico" of las Cantigas de santa María made by Alfonso X (around 1270-1280). The english and the french developed in this time both the plate armour and the long bow which drastically changed war. By the time the Hundred Years War mercenaries came to Spain to fight in the civil war, castilian forces were no match for them. This is because they were used to fight the moors (with much more light equipment), and because very few knew how the french or the english were fighting. The "Banda de Castilla", a royal and secular order created by Alfonso XI were pretty much the best armed soldiers and the best prepared for that style of war. They were still defeated in Nájera (fighting for Henry II, though there were knights of the Banda loyal to Peter I). After the 1360 decade you can see many castilian sepulchers with plate armour and basin.
That makes sense - they needed to arm up like a tank to deal with other europeans. This would change in emergence of gun power and artillery
My friend, The Cid in 11th century crossed the Pyrenniees and in France defeated the Duke of Saboya and his 20.000 cavaliers, so the ones that were not match were the other europeans.
Awesome end of this chapter. And then the prologue of the history of the Catholic Kings! Thanks!
Thanks!
Watched your whole series again after a trip to Spain and Gibraltar and wow your episodes have made my trip even more real.
How have you not got more views?
I'm so happy that this series made your trip more memorable - What parts of Spain did you go to?
@@FlashPointHx Granada, Almunecar, Malaga. Didn’t know there was a statue of Abdulrahman 1 in almunecar until I listened your series. Would love it if you could go into more detail about the reconquest of Gibraltar by the Granadans or any any other strange events during that crazy time
@@ORizwani Wow! What an amazing trip. Definitely listen to my other videos - I'm in the middle of Isabella series now.
I am happy that I have the original one, that's why always try to download it offline when it's in interesting video😇. Use UA-cam downloaders like Snaptube or VidMate
Makes me sad that YT has that ability to crush creativity like that
@@FlashPointHx me too, that's why we should go and use decentralized options. Take a look at the following crypto projects, www.uptrennd.com/ , LBRY and many more. Let me know if you need help finding your way in the Crypto world
Haven't seen such a lovely documentary series on the internet. Absolutely love the way history is narrated and unfolds . Many compliments.
Cheers
Thank you so much! Happy that liked my video
Definitely one of your best videos. Thank you.
Really appreciate that !
i was confused for a moment haha ok keep the good work :D
Yeah sorry about that YT was being difficult
How do you get better and better every time? I am truly fascinated by your style.
Informative, humorous, laced with very appropriate references to modern movies and legends, told so damn well with such passion 😎❤️👋👋👋👋👋
Thank you very veeeeeery much for this one dear Sir😎✌️
And will be waiting with humongous anticipation for the next. 😇
Thank you! Fall of Constantinople is already in the works
I think you miss two of the most dramatic parts:
1. Peter have a mistress as well, which he liked much more than his wife, which isolated him more from the people and make him more undesirable.
2. The moment in the tent in which Henry and Peter met, Peter got the upper hand and was about to kill Henry, but du Guscain stopped him saying "I do not put or take king, but I obey my master [France]", so he gave the dagger to Herny who killed his half brother.
I mentioned that he had 10 kids with here and the friction that caused with his wife. This in turn led to issues with his nobility. As for the encounter with Henry and Peter in that tent. I covered it too, but I mentioned that there are numerous accounts of what happened. What you mentioned is only one of many. In others, Du Guscain got involved in the fight, held peter down allowing Henry to finish him. But not before not saying something dramatic before his death. Personally, I think you can discount these overly dramatic events. No one has time for a speech when daggers are flying around.
@@FlashPointHx I notice that you speak about Alphonso's mistress (and the 10 children), but I was talking that Peter had as the same (married with Juana and having children with Blanche).
The thing is I'm Spanish and the saying "no pongo ni quito rey, pero obedezco a mi senor" is still said to stress that you're only doing your job (and do not care about the consequences of your acts).
The other thing that I think could be quite intersting is the way in which the Trastamara manage to get both Aragon and Navarre ("Compromiso de Caspe").
Curiously, I've been to Britany to the born place of du Guscain (lovely city which still keeps the walls and still looks medieval - Dinan).
Please do not take this critic as something negative, I seriously think you're one of the best channels in UA-cam by far. Please keep doing this job, I really enjoy all the work you do. I am really excited when you get released a new video.
Thank you for your videos. Your choice of words, your choice of music and the way you manage to make the story more entertaining by giving light about the personal motives of each historical figure makes these videos you have created a joy to watch. As a descendant of castileans and catalans as well as an aficionado of european history, I thank you for your effort and praise your talent. Plvs Vltra.
I so appreciate this comment. I'm not Spanish and my ability to speak the language is fairly limited, so to get a statement like this is really reassuring. The history is amazing and I'm happy that you like the way I'm telling it.
Such a boss ending with the quote of the Nasrid ruler and the preview of the Great Christian Queen Isabella. I cnatnot wait for this series to continue. What your doing here is truly unique. I like your Constantinople serie but the Reconquista is a pure gem.
Thank you ! Yeah I had to come up with a creative way to end this episode and intro the next. Happy that you liked it. I'll get back to reconquista as soon as I can!
Can't wait for the next episode. I have learned a lot about Spanish and North African History because of these series. Next, episode will be about stuff I actually know. It's going to be a great refresher.
Outstanding! Its finally here.
Yes sir!
Finally!!! Isabella de Castela e Fernando de Aragão!!! Deus Vult!!!
Man Peter was dumb to repeatedly show mercy to the rebellious Henry. Paid with his life for that mercy.
I'm absolutely addicted to these videos!! Love them!!
So happy to hear this. I've already started on the next episode.
Nice video, I enjoy your series. Small point, Edward of Woodstock, The Black Prince, was never the King of Enlarged. He died before his father, Edward the III, who was succeeded by his son, Richard II.
hahaha - I'm getting grilled for this - so many have commented on this - yes he didn't live long enough and his son Richard II took it. I should have just said "heir to throne".
Re-watched and liked :)
I'm still following and loving this series. Your work here has reached near perfection.
wow, thanks!
Awesome been waiting for part 5. You make history so interesting, keep up the good work.
Thanks, will do!
Love your channel. Can’t wait to see future series.
Glad you enjoy it!
Thank you very much for your videos. They are really good! I can't wait for the next one.
Thanks! Happy you liked my content
Watching Rconquista series more than once, beautiful products, thanks for all the hard work. Can’t wait to see how that ending👍
Thank you so much! As soon as I get done with the Constantinople series I'll give you the end of the Reconquista
Great unbiased work, love your channel and really appreciate all the hard work.
Thank you so much 😀
That was a long run..amazing how history flow
What an amazing series! Great work as always.
Glad you enjoy it!
More impressive with every new video. The only problem is that this story is coming to an end. And I don't want it to end!
Time is quick to spill its ink unto a new page. The Age of discovery beckons . . . .
Wow, what a ride this has been... something you can really be proud of, Nate 🖖🏾
Now i have to watch it again! :)
Kinda feel bad for peter of castille. Tried to be a better and forgive his brother. Well lesson learned, dont trust a bastrad.
irk!?
Aaah, next is one of my favourite rulers of all time, Isabella of Castille, I can't wait!
Super helpful and enjoyable to watch! Thanks!
Glad you enjoyed it!
Great I was waiting for the rest of the series and looking forward for Isabella's part!
More to come! Will take a bit of a side detour through the fall of Constantinople
@@FlashPointHx this just went from epic to legendary!
Nice. thanks; Beautiful music.
Thanks!
Good channel. I’ll subscribe for anything new
Viva Castilla!
Great Video!
Thanks!
Great video. Fantastic summary
Much appreciated!
So in other words,the Spanish Christians should have united and fought against the common enemy,their reconquista would have ended earlier than 1492. Man even the Portuguese ended their war earlier.
Great documentary series!! And the music to acomppany it just so right for this purpose! I have been watching it from the beginning (Ala and the birth of Islam) and it has been great!! I ll watch more of this Chanel about the Crusades as well! Hopefully we ll see the end of this documentary series with Los Reyes Católicos and the Granada Reconquest!
One little thing to build on constructively: in former episodes it is said that the range of mountains of Sierra Nevada was the perfect defensive barrier for the emirate against Castilla, but I think you got confused. You maybe meant the Cordillera Bética. Sierra Nevada doesn't strecht for that long and it spreads, more or less, between Granada and Almería.
Sorry for the delay in response - I had a hard tome figuring out what this range was. In some of the books I've read its referred to as the Sierra Nevada - only rarely did I even see the term Cordillera Betica come up. The name itself is derived from ancient origins and I question if it is not used that much anymore.
Amazing bro!!! Is it posible to have subtitles... im not the best in ANGLIAN 🤣🤣. Great work..
There is a closed caption option at the bottom of each video.
@@FlashPointHx thanks man
good stuff
Are you going to continue this series of the Reconquista, not gonna lie I've been patiently waiting. I really enjoy the spanish/moorish history and how it kinda led up to the new world we live in today. Totally understand if you don't, I know you work very hard on your work, was just wondering.
Yes I am - just taking a break for the holidays
Farewell Al-Andalus, and hello Spain ;)
A bitter sweet moment for all
@@FlashPointHx There is always an end and a new beginning for every nation in history
Bye bye Gibraltar for Al-Andalus, hello Spain :), bye bye Gibraltar for Spain, hello England :(
I love this series. It got me back interested in Islam's roots, the rise of Avicenna (aka the Prince of Philosophers) and Razi "The Experienced", and of course building the city of peace.
Great video as always :)
You can make the last 10 years war of Emirate of Granada against Castile and Aragon. And details how Boabdil had to surrender Granada in 1492. It will be much appreciated♡♡
That will be covered in my last reconquista video =)
yaaaaaaaay new content
hahah - Let me know what you think
@@FlashPointHx Watched in full as always. Can't wait to see more about Isabella and the eventual voyages to the Americas. Cheers!
2:12 My man Alphonso XI! A real life Robert Baratheon! Both warriors and both siring many bastard children!
both taken down by non-human entities ;)
Well, Alfonso XI never got out of shape.
"And the great lords, and prelates and knights who were with the king in the camp of Gibraltar told him and advised him to leave that place because many people had died and were dying every day, and he was in great danger of his body, for many knights were already dead from that pestilence. However, the king never wanted to leave the camp, supplicating the lords not to give him such advice, since the town was about to surrender, and because the moors back in the day had won him the town, it would be a great shame to leave it like that. And this was the biggest stain king don Alfonso had in his heart. [...]
And this king don Alfonso, was not very large in body but slender and strong, and white, and blond, and frank, and hard-working, and successful in wars [...] ".
Correction Edward was the heir but died before Edward the third his father died
Correct and his son Richard II took the throne in succession
Flash Point History yep then Henry the 4th overthrows Richard the second. Basically everyone wanted or imagined Edward the black prince would rule he was clearly the favorite but dysentery which historians actually think he think contracted during his campaign to help Peter the cruel would kill him
@@ianyork2655 It was a truly ill fated campaign
Hello Flash Point History. I’ve been thoroughly enjoying your series of videos about the Reconquista. Great job BTW. It’s been 10 months since the last entry in the series. Is part XII about Queen Isabella still coming? I’ve been eagerly looking forward to it. I hope it’s in the works and you can post it soon.
Hey, thanks! Yes definitely coming out - as soon as Constantinope is done
@@FlashPointHx I am so relieved to hear that you are still working on this series! I am still eagerly awaiting the arrival of Spain on the scene of the New World.
Love your work!
When the next video is coming I'm eager..!!
Working on it now =)
Excellent video as always and of great quality. Although, i simply wanted to mention about what you said at the end: as I understand from what I've read, the conquest of Granada was achieved thanks to both king Fernando and Isabel, not just her (though you can correct me if i'm wrong). Keep it up, your videos are really good.
The conquest of Granada was chiefly Castile’s burden, and therefore Isabella’s, although Aragon did provide some loans and artillery. Castile also had thrice the territory and five times the population of Aragon, so everything from taxes, manpower, and supplies were primarily from Castile. There is also the quarrel between Ferdinand and Isabella when Ferdinand rekindled his conflict with France during the Reconquest, which meant that Castile almost went to war against France at the same time with Granada. Isabella firmly refused, Aragon ignored Ferdinand, and he resumed his role as the commander of her armies.
@@muramedlel2615
In fact, when war against France over Naples started again in 1496, spanish army that moved to Italy and fought for Ferdinand and Aragon Crown was mostly castillian and commanded by a castillian general, Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba. The army that conquered Grenade.
From then on, spaniards and french kept killing each others for the most part of next 300 years, till 1824.
The conception is that it was a combined effort and to some extent Ferdinand played his part. But Castile was the major player and Isabella was a major proponent. She took a country that was at a very low point and brought it into the fast track for world empire.
Nicely said, history does not give the great queen her due credit
@@FlashPointHx Yes, I can agree (sorry I took so long to respond), I did not mean to de-emphasize her role and importance, it's just that the comment at the end made it seem (to me at least) like Ferdinand had no part in it AT ALL (I just wanted to make sure he would get his due credit how-ever simple it may have been), that's all. Also, if what you say is accurate, It IS a shame: A Queen (and King XD) that restored, empowered and unified a country deserve proper/due note and recognition. By the way, i wanted to ask: do you just use books for your research, or do you also cross-fact-check with what's written in Wikipedia and other websites alike?.
Flash Point History were do you find all the visuals for the tapestries, of the soldiers in armour etc. ?? Love to have a look my self
Wikimedia commons is a great source of these images. A lot of universities and major libraries (some in europe) have excellent high res images as well. The Morgan Bible at the Met. The Cantigas of Santa Maria from the Library of Madrid for example. I believe even the Getty just released some of their library as well.
@@FlashPointHx ok awesome thank you
@@rext87able will do - he seems like a good guy
👑RÍOS FAMILY 👑 it refers to the ROYAL HOUSE OF ASTURIAS where the RÍOS👑 last name most likely originated from👑
is the next episode available? this was so good
Decided to do a side journey via the Conquest and Fall of Constantinople - will come back to the Reconquista in the future!
@@FlashPointHx I love your side story just as much. Roman History is so amazing. I started telling my dad about the Byzantines leaving out they were still the romans and blew his mind when he saw how long they remained in comparison to the United States. Thank you for your work brotha.
Is there a part 6 with the conquest of Granada by the Catholic monarchs? I cannot find it in the channel
I am currently making it. =). Took that side journey to do the Conquest of Constantinople =)
bellicosity - an inclination to fight or quarrel
Word of the day
...or yesterday
...but I missed it the first time with the incorrect combination of 12 notes
...still not fully monetized though. Sorry dude. Better luck next time :-)
Thanks for the upload.
-Jake
hahaha - I had one of those calendars . . .
Imagine how these feudal lords still had time to fight each other over land and peoples in the middle of a plague....
Well, seing how human nature works today, I'm not surprised.
Some things don’t change
@@FlashPointHx Same shit, different wrapping.
What History and today's political climate has taught me, is that most people are too stupid and short sighted to learn from it.
Idiocracy is not a comedy.
It's a documentary from the future.
@@bohemianwriter1 on one end I agree with you, on the other, I hope you don’t lose your faith in humanity entirely
@@FlashPointHx There's about 10% faith in humanity left.
Even thought I'm not a Startrek fan, I still appreciate your references to both Klingon and the infamous ferengi rules of acquisition...
Wonder if my cat understands my obsession with history, when she lies next to me, listening, hearing my typing.
Other than that, I've been to both Spain, Portugal, Canary islands (my father lived and died there last year) as well as Morocco.
After watching your history videos, I simply can't view geography and ethnographics with my old perspective anymore.
What Total War game do you use for battle graphics?
Has Episode XII - Isabella not been released yet?
Has anyone made a playlist arranging these in chronological order? Following all of these in release date order is totally impossible.
If you go to my home UA-cam page I have all the playlists set up - EP XII is not out yet - currently taking a breather to do the fall of Constantinople
Wait a moment, Edward the Black Prince was the prince of Wales, not the English king
yeah - You’re not the first mention this. My bad. I will have to add an addendum to the next video compilation.
Wait! I thought Edward of Woodstock was Edward the Black Prince, not Edward III.
I misspoke on this - the Black prince was the son of Edward III
I've once read Eleanor de Guzmán was of Jewish descent, but only in some sources.
interesting - I haven't herd this
Maybe the source who said this confused this Guzmán with another Guzmán.
Though, if it was so, it certainly wouldn't be the official genealogy.
@@FlashPointHx My wife´s surname is Guzmán, and my surname is "de Lara"
I want to keep watching in order, but I’m confused. What video should I watch next after this one? I see lots of options. Can anyone help?
Go to my YT home page - go to play list and do war of the worlds - they are all in order
You actually gave me a good idea - I just created another playlist called ‘reconquista’ which has all the video compilations of this Iberian history.
14:50
If you can't trust your brother, who can you, really? It shouldn't be a surprise that Peter would become paranoid after that betrayal, that almost cost him his crown and head. The Ottoman practise of fratricide doesn't sound that unreasonable anymore, after hearing this.
Considering that most monarchs had a bunch of offspring, you'd think they'd come up with a better way of dealing with them rather than just butchering everyone or having a civil war
@@FlashPointHx Indeed, that is one of the flaws of monarchy. The possible successors will likely fight each other with a blood bath as consequence, it's a pitty that it happened. It could be argued however that it actually strenghtened the state! The strongest prince survives and defeats all others, while the weaker ones die... One thing is certain though: To be a politician you need to be willing to become a devil, or else you will end up like Peter...
When do we get to see the video about Isabella?
I need to get started on this - people are really looking forward to that
When do we get the next part?
So I put this up for vote on the community tab and people voted to go for a side trek through the Conquest and Fall of Constantinople - which I'm producing now. I'll get back to Reconquista after that!
In Islamic Hejira Calender, Al-Andalus existed for 805 lunar years from 92 AH to 897 AH
You're the 2nd to mention this. But again, when do they consider the "end" of al Andalusia?
@@FlashPointHx after the second Rebellion of the Alpujarras 1571
@@FlashPointHx they consider the end of andalusia after the fall of granada in 1492 which is the same year of 897 AH. 786 solar years and 805 lunar years and the reason is 365 solar days to 360 lunar days. Which at last makes difference
The lunar year has 354 days you can't count on it for accurate calculations
@@DADA_._ yeah thanks for the correction it even proves more my point which is what makes the difference between the lunar and the solar years. What made al andalus' existence 781 solar years and 806 lunar years. Thanks again
When is Xll coming out?
Working on the side chapter - The Conquest and Fall of Constantinople now - will resume XII after that .
What's the name of the song that plays at the end?
Its pink flamenco by Doug Maxwell.
@@FlashPointHx Thanks. Love your work btw!
Why story of Isabella not covered in the podcast?
It will be
Where is Episode Xll Reconquista - Isabella ???
It will come out early next year - Working on a Constantinople series as a side project now.
When is next episode being released?
I think I'm gonna take a break from my Constantinople series soon and get back to Reconquista
Thanks for reply. Really have enjoyed this series. Big history enthusiast myself so thank you for making these. Will be watching your other stuff too.
Wow
Every eu4 player know the impotent heir to castille in 1444.
0 0 0
well 2nd time the charm right?
Thanks for understanding
My question is why Y0u think the othman empire or other Muslim nations north Africa didn't rescue this time, I know the Mamloks of Egypt sent threat letters only...is it because this generation of Granadas lack the Diplomacy skills of their forefathers?
Some Emirs were down right idiotic dullards that had no sense of diplomacy. Granada did not do well during these times
Cant wait to see the rest, you are better than arab historians in covering this history...
They actually probably had great diplomatic skills but the mameluk simply didn't have any interest in rescuing them.
So what was the legacy of al-andalus??
Language, preservation of knowledge, art, architecture, and an instilled sense of manifest destiny to the conquerors who brought this to the new world
👍👍
Henry of Trastamara should be called Henry the Lucky considering how many times his half-brother could have killed him.
Edward of Woodstock, the Prince of Wales, never became King of England.
yeah I added a comment about that in the final compilation vid
Is it time for Isabella?
Yup =)
I think you called the black prince the king of england by mistake
Yup - he never made it - his son took over before he could ascend
@@FlashPointHx well because he died
@@lollllfol Yup - he was a sickly man
@@FlashPointHx i guess thats why we dont know him as the black king
@@cristianvillanueva8782 Same thing happened to Meghan Merkel...
The beautiful Queen Isabella.
coming next - good to see your and comment again
Need to comment
hahaha
And lets ignore the accents, whats the use if Trastámara is pronounced Trastamara
Re upload what gives
see my comment above
please go and look for other subscribers please...spanish,german,italian,russia of course chinese....
0po.
When narrators dont do their homework
Good bye Al-Andalus, now it is Spain, but will it remain Spain?
no one knows..
We say, "Oh God, show us the truth truly and grant us to follow it, and show us falsehood as falsehood and grant us to avoid it.”
It will remain Spain forever, as Otto von Bismarck stated "I firmly convinced Spain is the strongest nation in the world, centuries trying to destroy itself and never ocurred", or a french general to Napoleon "Spain is the only nation where 2 adding 2 are not 4", Hitler when saw the spanish volunteers from the blue division fighting in the easter front " I had read in books the spaniards were the best soldiers in the world, looking at them fighting in the eastern front I can say is true".