How Impactful An Indian Parallel Cinema Movement is? | Indian New Wave Cinema

The Parallel Cinema movement began to take shape from the late 1940s, by pioneers such as Satyajit Ray, Ritwik Ghatak, Bimal Roy, Mrinal Sen, Tapan Sinha, Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, Buddhadeb Dasgupta, Chetan Anand, Guru Dutt and V. Shantaram. This period is considered part of the 'Golden Age' of Indian cinema. The most famous Indian "neo-realist" was the Bengali film director Satyajit Ray, followed by Shyam Benegal, Mrinal Sen, Adoor Gopalakrishnan, G. Aravindan and Girish Kasaravalli. Ray's most famous films were Pather Panchali (1955), Aparajito (1956) and Apur Sansar(1959), which formed The Apu Trilogy. Hrishikesh Mukherjee, one of Hindi cinema's most successful filmmakers, was named the pioneer of 'middle cinema', and was renowned for making films that reflected the changing middle-class ethos. Mukherjee "carved a middle path between the extravagance of mainstream cinema and the stark realism of art cinema". He made Ashirwad(1968), Guddi(1971), Anand(1971), Bawarchi(1972), Khubsoorat(1980). Renowned Filmmaker Basu Chatterjee also built his plots on middle-class lives and directed films like Sara Aakash(1969), Piya Ka Ghar(1972), Rajnigandha(1974) and Ek Ruka Hua Faisla(1986). Another filmmaker to integrate art and commercial cinema was Guru Dutt, he made Pyaasa (1957), Kaagaz ke phool(1959). Girish Kasaravalli, Girish Karnad and B. V. Karanth led the way for parallel cinema in the Kannada film industry. During the 1970s and the 1980s, parallel cinema entered into the limelight of Hindi cinema to a much wider extent. This was led by such directors as Gulzar, Shyam Benegal, Mani Kaul, Rajinder Singh Bedi, Kantilal Rathod and Saeed Akhtar Mirza, and later on directors like Govind Nihalani, becoming the main directors of this period's Indian art cinema. Mani Kaul's first several films Uski Roti (1971), Ashadh Ka Ek Din (1972), Duvidha (1974), Satah se utha aadami(1980) were critically appreciated and held to high esteem in the international spotlight. Parallel cinema of this time gave careers to a whole new breed of young actors, including Shabana Azmi, Smita Patil, Amol Palekar, Om Puri, Naseeruddin Shah, Amrish Puri, Mohan Aagashe, Kulbhushan Kharbanda, Pankaj Kapoor, Deepti Naval, Farooq Shaikh. Some of the most acclaimed Indian filmmakers at the time were from the Malayalam industry, including Adoor Gopalakrishnan, K. P. Kumaran, G. Aravindan, John Abraham, Padmarajan, Bharathan, T. V. Chandran and Shaji N. Karun. K. Balachander, C.V. Sridhar, Mahendran, Balu Mahendra, Bharathiraja, Mani Ratnam, Kamal Haasan, Bala, Selvaraghavan, Mysskin, Vetrimaaran and Ram have done the same for Tamil cinema. During the domination of commercial cinema in Telugu, Pattabhirami Reddy, K. N. T. Sastry, B. Narsing Rao, and Akkineni Kutumba Rao pioneered Telugu Parallel cinema to international recognition.
Dadasaheb Phalke, V. Shantaram, Jabbar Patel, Sumitra Bhave, Sunil Sukhtankar, Umesh Kulkarni, Sachin Kundalkar, Sandip Sawant, Chaitanya Tamhane, Nagraj Manjule did it for Marathi cinema. Films like Jait re jait(1977), Mukta(1994), Doghi(1995), Shwas(2004), Court(2014), Elizabeth Ekadashi(2014), Fandry(2103), Gandha(2009), Vihir(2009).
With the advent of multiplexes films like Khosala ka ghosala(2006), Being Cyrus(2005), Dev D.(2009) started coming to the fore. Other modern examples of art films produced in India which are classified as part of the parallel cinema genre include Rituparno Ghosh's Unishe April (1995), Utsab (2000) and Dahan (1997), Tarun Majumdar's Alo (2003), Mani Ratnam's Yuva (2004), Nagesh Kukunoor's 3 Deewarein (2003) and Dor (2006), Manish Jha's Matrubhoomi (2004), Sudhir Mishra's Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi (2005), Pan Nalin's Valley of Flowers (2006), Onir's My Brother… Nikhil (2005) and Bas Ek Pal (2006), Anurag Kashyap's Black Friday (2007), That girl in yellowboot(2010), Vikramaditya Motwane's Udaan (2009), Dibakar banerjee’s LSD(2010), Kiran Rao's Dhobi Ghat (2010), Amit Dutta's Sonchidi (2011), Anand Gandhi's Ship of Theseus (2013), Neeraj Ghywan’s Masaan(2015), Rajat Kapoor’s Aankhon Dekhi(2013), Ritesh Batra’s The Lunchbox(2013).
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