The rise and fall of the Lakota Empire - Pekka Hämäläinen
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- Опубліковано 6 вер 2021
- Trace the rise and fall of the Lakota Empire which, at their height, were the most dominant power in the American West.
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In 1776, a powerful empire was born in North America. The Lakotas had reached the Black Hills, the most sacred place and most coveted buffalo hunting grounds in the western plains. Located in what is now South Dakota, control of the Black Hills, or Paha Sapa, marked the tribe as the dominant power in the American West. Pekka Hämäläinen explores the rise and fall of the Lakota Empire.
Lesson by Pekka Hämäläinen, directed by Mohammad Babakoohi & Yijia Cao.
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I love seeing the animation of the Lakotas on their horses, galloping throughout the video.
weeee
Got hidden by the subtitles for me
How did they get horses
@astronomically anomaly i just wish they would say it
And the sounds!
I think a mention that horses were not native to the Americas might have helped give more context to the rise of the Lakota. The reason the Lakota was able to move, and did take over, the west was their ability to adapt to and even thrive (against all odds) in a nomadic lifestyle with the horse.
Thank you for clarification!
The plains Native's, most notably the Lakota and Cheyenne, took to using Horses so well in warfare, that they are to this day considered the best Light Cavalry the world has ever seen, and yes, that is in comparison to the Mongols.
Hasshodo “considered the best light cavalry the world has ever seen.”
Considered by whom?
I’m not disputing that they made fine light horsemen. I’m merely suggesting that your claim is a bit of an over reach.
@@mirkopolyak3592 By the US Military, opinions of West Point scholars, historians who wrote books on the subject. The assertion was about the Cheyenne, described as "The finest Light Cavalry in the world". Unfortunately I can't back up the claim, I read it in a book about plains Indians that I no longer have, otherwise I would give you specific author - however, google searching, it is apparently repeated multiple times in numerous written works. The claim comes from their seamless integration of guerilla warfare, cavalry warfare, and the use of firearms (before that bows with phenomenal accuracy on the move that rivaled the Mongols).
@@mirkopolyak3592 In digging, the quote might have originated from General George Crook, who was a renowned "Indian Fighter"
“Look back over the past, with its changing empires that rose and fell, and you can foresee the future too.”
- Marcus Aurelius
"Mine will be different"
-everyone ever
"Feel, don't think. Use your instincts."
- Qui Gon Jin
“You underestimate my power”
- Sun Tzu, probably
Marcus Aurelius slaps so hard for all time
@Julyan Sr Peterz he was a Roman Emperor and stoical philosopher
The animation is so powerful. The blood soaked steps at the end gave me chills. Thank you for your hard-work Ted-ed!
Yeah, the animator sure emphasized the blood with huge splats when those killed were Lakota, and yet chose to make the blood a tiny little dot when it was whites. Maybe consider his/her possible anti-white biases that informed the writing and animation.
@@thegoodlydragon7452 or maybe consider a lot more Lakota died then white people?
Bugs me how they seem to paint the european americans as morally worse than the native americans. at 1:10 Upon moving west, the Lakotas conquered riverside land which Arikaras claimed, and then requred them to pay taxes to them.
Then at 3:35 the Lakotas considered the gold prospectors as the USA no longer respecting their previous agreements. Is that not similar to the Lakotas not respecting the Arikaras claim to the riverside land?
@@idea-ph1kh You said it, brother. Individual data points within the anti-white narrative may or may not at times be correct, but the narrative itself is entirely fictional, as it's constructed from the few rotten cherries that were cherry-picked from an otherwise robust and beautiful tree. It's all about the spin. If you're as uncritical as the general public, a pound of feathers is lighter than a pound of lead.
@@idea-ph1kh perhaps not morally worse, but certainly not morally better, why doesn't that bother you? Also, the Lakota 'conquered' the Arikara the Lakota didn't genocide them.
As an indigenous person not from America but from Asia, this felt so eerie, the idea that your people could be taken out and your culture being destroyed feels so wrong, I couldn’t understand the sensations I felt watching this, I felt terrified
They're still doing it today by taking Native American children from their families and letting white people adopt them. The most common motivation is probably to destroy tribal sovereignty, so that white businesses can get access to the natural resources under Native American lands. There's a federal law which is supposed to allow federally-recognized tribes to be notified and play a role in potential adoptions of Native American children, but lots of people (including some courts) just ignore it.
Litterally shacking
That’s essentially what Japan did to my country so it’s not that hard for me to visualize lmao 💀
It’s still happening today, in 200 years the notion of Uyghur in northern China will be regarded as mere anti-party propaganda in the country. And natives american languages and populations in the US are shrinking.
@@darkshaver1 Yeah the conditions on the reservations are meant to be shocking, they have the GDP per capita of third world countries. They're stuck in a deadlock because they can't accept the compensation money the US is offering as that would indicate that they're taking that in exchange for giving up their legal claims to the land that they were moved off from.
I truly love how ted-ed provides us with the amounts of information they publish
Interesting Fact: Sitting Bull's vision saw that Crazy Horse would defeat General Custer, but it also warned that if the Indians mutilated the American soldiers' bodies, then they would eventually lose their lands to the United States. Crazy Horse's warriors ignored the warning and cut apart their enemies' bodies anyways, skinning and gutting them and leaving them in a gory mess on the battlefield. Not long after, Sitting Bulls vision came true, and the once proud nations were forced onto reservations.
I have to wonder if history would be all that different if they weren't mutilated though. It's not like there's a case where ANY peaceful native groups were rewarded.
I mean, it might have been possible that would change the outcome. Maybe the mutilated soldiers might have encouraged the angry americans to carry on the war when they would have otherwise made concessions after having lost a decisive battle
@@gigigallaway3325 Well, if you want a vague parallel, you can look at the Anglo-Zulu war and the battles of Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift.
The Zulu annihilated the British invasion force at Isandlwana.
However, against orders a detachment of Zulu moved to attack Rorke's Drift, which was a hospital and mission within Zulu-recognized British territory.
The British victory at the Drift aside, the perceived Zulu aggression against an innocent settlement rallied the public against the Zulu.
This is all a little blame the victim and feels apocryphal.
@@bm4114 Not blaming anybody. Just recounting the story.
I hate how persistent the myth is that native peoples were primarily disorganized, sparsely populated,, nomadic, hunting villages before the arrival of Europeans. There were some nomadic civilizations, but the predominant lifestyle throughout the Americas was largely agricultural, with large, settled tracts of land containing tens of thousands of people per city. In South America, the cities were even larger. It wasn't until smallpox, guns, and deliberate genocide fractured these populations that they started adapting to circumstances by becoming more nomadic.
Name 5 of these cities the natives had in what is now the USA.
@@priyanshusharma-grimhog what actions??? No people alive have done anything to the natives...
America is for Europeans and natives.. so other races
@@zejdland indigenous people continue to suffer from repression by modern states
Dont believe in the gunpowder myth, the only advantages were horses and disease, arquebuces sucked, the only advantage was that it destroyed armor, i took 2 minutes to reload, it was heavy and difficult to use
You posting this on a video about a nomadic group?
“In 1776, a powerful empire was born in North America.”
Me: Oh I think I know who this is…oh.
😂😂😂😁😁😁Me too
@Adil Ansari so the British lost a territory and gained a territory
It wasn't really much a empire, nor was it really _powerful_ at this point.
@Qwerty It wasn't fully captured, Kingdom of Kandy was absorbed around 1815 and really lost control by 1817
¡Comanches!
I would love for you guys to make a Ted Ed short about some of the conquests of Ireland, particularly the Cromwellian Genocide. I feel like the art style and the historical material would make for a fascinating and heartbreaking video.
So tru
The problems with the indigenous people are the same throughout ALL the american continent. Here in Brazil the disrespect and killing was the same 😔 The tribes are still fighting for their rights!
Lakota empire slaughtered indigenous people.
@@mattharcla atleast the Roman Empire tried respected the non romans somewhat. American just slaughtered everyone that wasn’t white
The problem across all the Natives of the America's is this. . . . . .they stagnated. They had not evolved (as societies) since the iron age. The Lakota were one of the few to grow and adapt. . . . .but even then, it wasn't enough. If your society does not advance, if it stagnates. Then there is only one outcome, you will eventually be conquered by someone who has. It is the natural order. Just look at history, its always what plays out. . . . ALWAYS
@@Strider91 True words.
A really good example for this, in my opinion, is the Zulu Kingdom. They're known for developing new tactics and new weapons (a larger shield and a shorter spear with a longer blade) with which they were capable of conquering a lot of other african territories. When they had to face the advanced europeans tho, they were just obliterated.
This shows that the Zulu conquered because they evolved their warfare with new weapons, training and tactics. But it also shows that the british conquered the territory by using more advanced weapons, training and tactics. To quote Qui-Gon Jinn from Star Wars - "There's always a bigger fish".
@Wpz Rpd
But they also have the right to become a roman. Like Philip the arab or Julia domna (a roman syrian empress).
The Lakota did not start the Ghost Dance, that was Wovoka, a Paiute man who's movement had spread to the Lakota Nation.
Our people used it because we was dying and we were pitiful and it helped us, we didn’t start it we believe it was given to us
I know him from that one song by redbone. Made him seem like an epic cartoon character lol
The animation feels like an indie videogame cutscene well done.
Make it so
They were brutal to their enemies which is why the Shoshone, Crow, Arikara, and Pawnee fought with the Americans in the Sioux War of 1876
It's a little-known fact that, during the 1860s and 1870s, the Cheyenne and the Lakota wouldn't stop incessantly invading the Crow Reservation and burning Crow villages there, while killing those villages' inhabitants. By the time the Great Sioux War rolled around, the Crow had already been constantly petitioning the BIA to do something about it for like six years, so when the Great Sioux War finally rolled around, the Crow were ENTHUSIASTIC in siding with the United States.
And it's also often not mentioned that the Battle of the Little Bighorn occurred on the Crow Reservation.
@@troythompson1768 Pity America backstabbed it's "allies".
@@troythompson1768tell me how were rhe Crow rewarded? Did they get to keep their land or were they also cheated and lied to?
@@troythompson1768The crow also invaded lakota camps and stole horses and took women, overall it was a never ending battle and too this day my tribe ( lakota ) and crow are still bitter towards each other
@@xexux9334 true.
Pekka Hämäläinen!! I love his book "The Comanche Empire!" It was a huge eye opener on the role of indigenous groups during a time of intense imperial competition between Europeans, the US, and Native Americans.
I love this theme is something that nobody usually talk.
One of native American About there oppresors says
"They wanted to bury us, but they forget we were seeds."
You deserve a thousand more likes than the paltry one that I can give
I thought that was a Mexican expression. . .
@@Strider91 I think this person is making things up for this comment, not sure why though because a (admittedly prone to error) internet search shows 2 similar quotes belongs to Nicaraguan poet Ernesto Cardenas and Greek poet Dinos Christianopoulos
is been used multiple times in mexico like the Zapatistas and for the 2014 Iguala kidnappings however i didnt find anything linking any Native American too the quote!
But can't grow if there is no seeds do they?
@@itzel6698 and so cultural appropriation strikes agian. . . .
Thanks to everyone who funds these and makes it possible to view for free for the public
This here! Making knowledge available to everyone
This is an interesting entry in the subject which is usually given sentimental treatment. That the Lakotas had an empire shows that they were regular people, acted just like the rest of humanity. This in contrast to the mythic, mystical aurora that has been assigned to Native Americans by counter-culture and that sells merchandise. By the same definition as applied to the Lakota Empire, the United States was and is an empire, and was called the American Empire of 1900. If you do not like the United States being called an empire, you need to change the definition of empire.
I'm Lakota on my father's side, my grandmother even grew up on the Rosebud Reservation, and my 5th great Grandpa, High Bear, was a Lakota Chief. What happened to my ancestors is so heartbreaking...especially because it was done to them by my other ancestors.
Greeting from the heart of Arabia for you, your grandfathers, and you people!
👍💚🌹🌺🌹💚👍
Does your heart also break for countless other tribes that were enslaved and conquered by the Lakota?
@@lilyflower5895 People seem to forget that they're an empire too.
@@lilyflower5895 the difference is the lakotas didnt kill the land and made it worse
@@tttyuhbbb9823 Lmao Arabs colonized Egypt, North Africa, and other places for hundreds of years. Ya'll aren't any better.
I like how the resistance against DAPL is mention at the end. The Lakota are still here!
Thank you for the informative video. I really liked how you showed the Lakota people as a complex group while still pointing out the injustices committed against them.
Straight to the point, such a soothing voice. Love how you mention it still is a struggle today, Hau from Sicangu.
We should keep the resistance against those who don't keep their promises, as the Lakota people keep doing to this day.
The continuance of slavery was a promise made by the North to the South repeatedly during the first 60 years of the USA. Should we resist against this broken promise also?
@@julesjames593 Please don't use the horrible crimes against humanity the USA perpetrated to say "the slaveowners were victims of a broken promise which is comparable to a genocide".
How about the people the Lakota conquered when they came and stole their sacred land?
@@oatmeallemons9676 I think the main point of his comment is that broken promises can span a huge spectrum of morally justified or not.
Thank you very much for creating this. "Lakota America" is one of those great books that educators need to find ways to distill for students, so this video is an awesome resource.
Ted talks really give a lot of nice information, great video.
Lesson: Some people will hand over your things without batting an eye
Incredible animation, the backgrounds are stunning, everything feels cohesive and thought out. Would've loved to have a link to support the lakota population
Thank you for sharing this!
Lilililili! Great video~ Gave us humanity and told our the story from the Lakota perspective.
Never been so early to be blessed by a new vid. Well done!
The animation feels like it was made by Lakota Painters
I see... destroying land, driving people into poverty, disenfranchising them, killing opposition leaders, breaking treaties, ignoring signs and pushing for privatization... the USA has stayed quite the same over the years.
My heart goes out to the indigenous people all over the world.
Cry about it 💪🏻🇬🇧🇪🇸🇫🇷💁🏼♂️
You just watched a video about a conquering Amerindian tribe whose "land" was under their control for a shorter time than its been under US control.
The Lakotas literally did much of the same to everyone less powerful than themselves. It's in the video you just watched.
@@GeoffCostanza the great difference is that the lakotas didn't displace the vanquished to settle their land, they built an empire where the conquored paid tribute.... The US displaced everyone to take the land... If they had done much of the same, the US settler state would have forged an empire and kept to make the natives pay tribute - not displacing them
@@GeoffCostanza Your opinion doesn't matter because yadda yadda yadda xyz. Merica bad, little man good
I always enjoy the animations!
Superb animations and great subject! 👍👍
Thank you for posting Keep it up I can see many years of postings on such a channel dig a little deeper and go a bit longer and keep sharing these stories
The greatest weakness of the indigenous peoples throughout the world is that they are divided into smaller tribes speaking different languages. I'm Filipino. I'm fully convinced that if we are only composed of one ethnicity or tribe, the Spaniards wouldn't be able to conquer our islands. They played the tribes one against another. They used some of our tribes against other tribes, leading to the downfall of one another. Look at other Asian countries with a single cohesive identity such as Korea, Japan and Thailand. They were not colonized by Europeans. Ethnic diversity is both a blessing, and a curse at the same time.
It's no where near as well documented but as a Scotsman, I know what it's like to lose a culture.
Scots. In English Law. Assessment by commissioners of sewers.
Scottare. To pay scot, tax, or customary dues. Cowell.
That got me to wondering about old phrases we were raised on but never knew their origin: Scots Free.
It has to be someone who was not subjected or required to pay a tax.
What then, is a Scotsman?
"Scotsman definition, a person, especially a man, who is a native or inhabitant of Scotland."
or
"A Scotsman is a man of Scottish origin."
then... goodgodinheavenabove! What is SCOT ish?
What is Scots Irish? A class that pays taxes while the Irish may not have?
I had discovered this connection before I tried to help the Native American Lakota Nation with their treaty disputes where I discovered that they were identifying themselves as Lakota Sioux, however, Sioux is not a Lakota word, it is something that the invading military was given as an answer for who that large tribe was that dominated the western part of the north american continent. The military asked the question of a rival tribe that called the Lakota: Souix that meant: ENEMY. Ever since even the Lakota started to identify themselves as Lakota Souix. Lakota Enemy.
Spellkraft. Word Games. Don't lose your culture, my friend: discover it and resurrect it.
As a catalan, I agree Ali, and wish your people the best.
@@lakotaallies7803 Skatt is a norwegian word that means tax. Because of the Vikings presence in the north, there is a likely connection between the word and the national name.
@@starventure That's a revelation from outside of where I had my attention focused. I'm checking out your playlist now...
Because your people did it to the Irish
This is wonderful, thank you!
Currently learning this! This is super helpful ty
Love learning about different civilization
I don't know what it is but the sound of the galloping horses in the video is strangely satisfying.
Wow, have to say the animation on this was amazing. The movement of the horses around the screen really conveys the vast landscapes, even on my phone's screen. And the shades, shapes, and colors really helped evoke the mood. My hats off to the design team!
Best animations to explain any concept ❤️😊
I learned so much honestly.
This was beautifully animated.
Stay well out there everybody, and God bless you friends. :)
yay
]
im here after ted ed release it 16 minutes ago
Thanks Ted ed
The natives portrayed in Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron are Lakota. The native boy in the movie is called Little Creek.
I cried a little by the end.
Long live Turtle Island, long live Abya Yala!
Damn that hits the feels at the end 😭 fight on brothers and sisters!
I'm in love with this art style
Happy to see the quote and the story are both from the same amazing person!!!
How heartbreaking it is to hear about all the atrocities American indigenous peoples have had to endure at the hands of imperial European powers 💔 On the other hand, the courage and resilience these people resist with till today is admirable!
@@nodruj8681 Tell me, were the Lakota trying to go for world domination and mass genocide on other continents?
The whole world not just europe... Well not Africa ofcourse..
I mean, they did the same thing to other indigenous people before Europeans arrived
@@gondar6181 Cope, it's not a matter of scale
This is important to learn. Thank you for this
Great video!
I just come to see the animations of empires...so soo so good
I'm a Sardinian (Italy), living in Athens (Greece), watching a video about the Lakotas on the internet, based on the works of a Finnish scholar.
Sometimes life is weird.
thank you for telling this story
Tbh I was surprised they let them be for so long.
Because war is expensive, and when soldiers start dying, their families, and newsmen, start asking questions.
Until they invented revolvers and repeater rifles, it was actually very difficult to fight against horse mounted archers. A well trained archer could shoot two dozen arrows in the time it took to reload a musket.
@@ilikerice1 you can shoot 24 arrows in 20 seconds?
@@inaliann ua-cam.com/video/2zGnxeSbb3g/v-deo.html
it's probably because nothing's out in south dakota and the only reason people went out there was cause they wanted to go to california
Who did the animation for this video? I’m OBSESSED with this style
Good video. It reminds me of the movie "Bury my Heart at Wounded Knee". Next time you could make one about Cahokia or the Anasazi culture.
Modern anthropologists refuse to admit the Anasazi existed, while the Navajo refuse to accept the anthropologic consensus on this. Anasazi is apparently a Navajo word meaning "Ancient Enemy" - there isn't enough archaeologic evidence to know who the Ancestral Puebloans (Anasazi) actually were, and the fighting between the anthropological society and the Navajo nations on this has hampered things
@@Hasshodo why are the Navajo involved? As far as I know the Ancestral Puebloans are thought to be the ancestors of the Hopi and Zuni peoples. The Navajo came later. Plus what do you mean by saying that the anthropologists don't recognize their existence? The ruins and the archeological findings are there. It's like denying the existence of the Roman empire.
@@alessandrodelogu7931 I mean that Anthropologists deny the folklore of the "Anasazi" and refuse to use the term to refer to any general or specific Ancestral Puebloan tribe. The Navajo are involved because most of the folkloric information on the Anasazi comes from them (Anasazi being a Navajo word for Ancient Enemy).
@@Hasshodo what is the folklore of the Anasazi? The Navajo tales should not be dismissed. Most oral cultures preserve history in the form of legends. Their version of the story may be filled with fantastical elements, but there is always some true data behind the myth.
You forgot to mention that the army specifically William Tecumseh Sherman, promoted and paid the hunting of buffalo to starve the lakota
He also used the same tactic of cutting off food and supplies in Georgia during the Civil War to hinder the confederacy. Militaries have been starving populations since the dawn of war.
@@keatonlear8247 To sjws its ok to do it unless its done to certain people
@@cumaproto9466 2015 called, it wants its unpromted raving about "sjws" back
Please do more of these
Love the animation style
Interesting to see that the nomadic empire was born in the north america just after when the last nomadic empire(Dzungars) in northern eurasia was demolished.
Salute to the brave Lakota resisting the colonizers.
"Colonizers" lmao
They were bullies who tried to push around a kid that was bigger than them and it backfired. It's in the video you literally just watched.
Ahh the good old myth of the peaceful noble native who never did anything wrong. They co existed peacefully among their neighbours!!
@@gr6373 They were colonizers bruh
@@hazzmati Native peoples had their wars and the video mentions that. No myths were being promoted.
That's pretty cool bro
I like the story telling and the animation.
Pata pata pon!
i love this video so much i hope more native american topics will be covered in the future on ted ed. :)
This animation can be transformed into an strategic game. it would be awesome
This video is perfect
Wow so cool!
Love the animation ted-ed! Great video as always!
Great Animation :-)
Nice video.
Very interesting
Love these lil videos of ancient history! ❤
Great work Ted ed
Lots of points in reminder that, contrary to popular belief, how we see native tribes in the 16-1800s is not "how they lived for thousands of years", but rather how they adapted to the domino effect of European arrival.
Such a complex and interesting civilisation.
hey missed a few other things as well. Their defeat by the Metis at the battle of Battle of Grand Coteau in 1851, that they had better weapons at greasy grass, and fled to Canada and were unjustly sent back. That and the cartoon warriors had swords. But all in all pretty good. More videos like this are needed.
wait before Europeans arrived it wasnt just all butterflies and roses?
Apparently white people didn't introduce imperialism to the New World...
No one on earth has ever said that you would know if you had ever been in a history class it's kinds like the whole thing you are taught about mesoamerica is war and expansion of the pueblo or the rabid expansion of the incans
No one ever said it was you revisionist.
The sound of the narrator,the music , the sound of galloping horses are so delicious though the sad video
Very nice 👌
Best animation ever.
Crazy horse was assassinated by his own people. A reservation police officer who was a Sioux warrior shot him in the back as he was being escorted from his lodging. The Little Bighorn was a huge accomplishment for the Sioux as it showed what was possible if the Native Americans worked together under the leadership of a single field commander. But as you mentioned early in your story they were to busy fighting each other to unite against the settlers and allowed the Europeans to gain substantial footholds on the American continent. It took 300 years to defeat the tribes. They deserve respect.
@TED-Ed could you do a video on why you should read “A Tale of Two Cities”
Love the video (and the animation, very vivid), only thing I wanted to check with you as I may be wrong from my previous reading was you mentioned early on in the video the Lakota being one of seven in the Sioux alliance, could you elaborate on that if possible? I was always under the the impression thst the Sioux (French term for these indinigeous peoples) were divided among the Dakota (Santee for example) and the Lakota which was divded into seven groups, Minnecojou, Hunkpapa etc. I just want to check as historical reserach moves on over time! Great research and the time taken over this video must have been great. Ted-ed videos are always informative and well presented :)
@@canskasapaemanon708 Thank you for your reply. Oceti Sakowin then means "Seven Council Fires", was just wanting clarification for this as I do love reading about this history.
@@canskasapaemanon708 Thank you friend, very helpful!
Great story telling.
Did some of this group end up in Canada in the Cyprus Hills?
Here I am, having RHCP's American Ghost Dance stuck in my head for the last few days, wondering if it wasn't inspired by some atrocity the US govt committed against one native group or another.
The Lakota rose as a result of the introduction of the horse by Europeans. The same Europeans sadly destroyed the Lakota empire. That’s called history. This presentation glossed over the many tribes that the Lakota displaced not to mention the Massacre of the Rosebud AKA Custers Last Stand.
Nice, simple history. Beware of nice, simplistic histories that are easily told in a linear fashion.
Only a few seconds this was uploaded and 935 VIEWS ALREADY?! Dang u lucky
Give me a list of governments that factually never ever broke a promise they made
The American empire of Norton... Probably. He seemed nice.
Ireland
@@kadinwilliams7474 oh, really? Care to list all of them?
@@goldenvulture6818 i name alot adal empire ajuran empire adal empire abbysinna rushidan clipahte mali empire omani empire ming dynasty ummayad clipahte
@@abdullahimohamed3396 Oh, really? Care to list them?
I know everyone says this, but TED-Ed has really outdone themselves with this animation
Thank you
We want a channel dedicated to translating your videos into different languages
Ted Ed please post more videos about
-Presocratic philosophers
-Aristotle teaching Alexander the Great
-Islamic golden age (discoveries,achievements)
-Al Kindi,Al Farabi
Great suggestion! :)
@@freesk8 like you aristotle? Ottoman empire? Presocratic philosophers? Islamic golden age philosophers?
While we Ojibwe are their enemies, the story of their defeat and massacre at the hands of the Americans is humbling and hurts my heart.
The American can not avoid his eventual comeuppance. This world will some day be our own again.
Give us episodes about the mighty Samson, or such characters Like these!! 💜💜📚📜🗿
please more education about the first nation people. It is not only needed, but extremely interesting!