The Dark History of Shanghaiing
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- Опубліковано 14 чер 2024
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About Thoughty2
Thoughty2 (Arran) is a British UA-camr and gatekeeper of useless facts. Thoughty2 creates mind-blowing factual videos about science, tech, history, opinion and just about everything else.
#Thoughty2
Writing: Damien Knightley
Editing: Jack Stevens
Script Development: Steven Rix
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KIDNAPPING IS ALWAYS UNLAWFUL AND Its still legal to kidnap folks to this day (legal is the opposite of lawful) - The cops kidnap folks every day legally. Calling it "arrest" doesnt change what they do.
I dont know if you've heard of I, Libertine but it seems like something you would make a video on. Check it out
This is the exact reason my family is here in America. Early 1700’s my family and some cousins went to a party in a manor somewhere in England and met a ship captain who tempted them with a tour of the ship. Once they were on board they set sail for America and my family became indentured servants for seven years before buying their freedom and moving further west.
Holy crap.... my ex husband was a merchant marine. He told me how Crowley Shipping used to do this too to fill their ranks aboard their ships. They were from San Francisco
Yep, white people were slaves too.
@@larracollins2499 the Royal Navy had "press gangs' check them out! 😉
@@van3158 indentured servitude is different from proper slavery (though not by that much ) but in the end you WERE freed from servituded. Just an FYI.
Don’t feel too bad for them, otherwise it’ll seem like you’re pitying your own existence.
"You should enjoy the little things in life"
Me: *Looking down and bursting into laughter*
😳
well,
at least you can laugh about it .....
...... I guess ......
i cant see anything down there under my beer belly..
I'm confused wheter this is sigma or virgin behavior
Damn……. that took me a sec to figure out what u mean
@@lattepus7888 do you trust shoe polishers ?
There used to be drunken people taken from the waterfront bars in Baltimore all the time. If the ship needed a crew, they would kidnap men from local bars. People think I'm crazy for reading old books, but people back in the day were entertaining lunatics too!!!
I think this happened to be near Curtis Bay once
I'm glad you read old books. So do I. The internet doesn't have all the information.
San Francisco too
Reading books is pretty common.....
any book recommendations?
When I was about 20, I met my bio-dad who shared with me an oral history taken from one of his paternal ancestors. It told the story of the oldest known patriarch... A young Dutch man who at 16 was Shanghaied from a port city. I'm not sure when this happened but that man died during the Great Depression. His story about being used as crew and slave labor at ports in the U.S. sounds just like what this video describes. He escaped and ended up buying land in Los Angeles before it was developed and died a rich man.
Now take that knowledge and understand you wouldn’t have the life you have if he hadn’t suffered don’t be a sjw and look for some way to blame people of today for something that happened two centuries ago
@@Pokelemon3434 your argument boils down to "you are alive because of shit" but you dont even know if he wanted to be born. also i have no idea why, for wat reason you are trying to argue with him.
@@Pokelemon3434 my father died of cancer and my step father molested me when I was a kid. I'm stronger because of it. Thanks dad!
@@MichelleHell that’s not in the context that was meant but sorry for that if it’s even true
@@MichelleHell Your ancestors would be at least. They get that+ hunger+ seeing 3 or 5 or their kids die+ LOSE a few fingers or body parts+ no regular baths+seeing their land get ravaged and used by soldiers+they would be extorted by all entities like nobles, and the church.......AND YET THEY WOULD STILL CRY ABOUT STUFF LESS THAN YOU.
See the the differences? Our technology is evolving but we are un-evolving.
I’ve often imagined life 200 years ago, the things that come up are anything but pleasant. Down to the smallest issues. So life on a ship would only serve to amplify that horror..
Yeah But if you could just be a heartless asshole you could live the good life
@@raymondpendergrass6772 umm, sure, I guess. But I can’t so as I previously said, it’d be horrible.
I learned a lot about being a Merchant Seamen (he was 2 generation seamen). When aboard the ship the captain was called the Master. If he thought you weren't working hard he could choose not to pay you, have you flogged, dipped and ran under the ship scraping the barnacles. God only knows what else. One tid bit I found partically interesting was that crew would have crosses tattooed on their backs because it would be considered sacrilegious to flog them with a cross on that body part.
What do you mean crimping has nothing to do with hair ;(
The story goes surprisingly well with the wine commercial. Please, drink responsibly!
😂
Downvoted for the spam.
@@whatilearnttoday5295 spam is everywhere! Spam is our life nowadays.
@@whatilearnttoday5295 lol. Hardly spam
i love to just listen to his videos while doing something else like homework, playing games etc. ngl
keep up the work!
Omg!! Does anyone remember that episode of SpongeBob called "Shanghai" when SpongeBob and Patrick was literally stuck on the boat? It all makes sense now lol
Never watched the spondge
Yessssss
Holy ship I do! Great call!
@@lronbutters5688 yesss honestly in their prime that season was top tier
Dam didn’t think about that till now good call
You can still tour Portland's Shanghai tunnels. They are eerie. Seeing the trapdoors above where people were dropped and kidnapped is just frightening.
I wanna know why Joseph “Bunko” looks STRANGELY like “Thoughty2” 🤔
he reincarnated now to talk about himself of his past.🤓😂
Thoughty2 looks like he has just been transported from fighting in the trenches on the western front
I remember a Bonanza show had them in San Francisco being shanghaied
Shanghaiing is the worst. What a jerk
You just aged yourself, boomer. Nobody except dinosaurs remember _Bonanza._
Ooops, I did it too.. Great show, btw!
I remember that one.
Season 1 Episode 28. I looked it up. Before my time but Bonanza is still in reruns.
"The Cartwrights, with Hop Sing, finish a cattle drive in San Francisco. Ben warns the other men of the dangers of the big city. Nevertheless, some of the men are careless and naive. Two of the hired hands disappear, and Ben suspects that the men were "shanghaied." With invaluable assistance from several of Hop Sing's cousins, the Cartwrights locate the missing men and break up the racket."
Wow you too? My dad loves that show.
I was terrified of being shanghaied, that and quicksand. I thought there would be a lot more quicksand in my adult life
Born in raised in Portland. I totally forgot about this story! I think I learned it as a kid but found it too fantastical to even imagine and just forgot it.
Yup born a raise as well ✨
You never went on tour in the tunnels and were raised here? I was raised in Roseburg and even I went on that tour well before I moved to the area.
Dude someone NEEDS to make a show about this.
Found this channel last week and I think I’ve watched everything lol
You're late but not really
You always were my favorite Uncle
You missed the pre mustache era
@@Notallowed57 How did he miss it if he "watched everything"?
@@Kragithgood point
I'm from Oregon, and I've been down in the Shanghai tunnels beneath Portland, and lemme tell ya, they are super creepy to the max!! Dark corridors, prison cells, and rats abound, but the worst are the pits. 70+ ft deep shafts that bodies were thrown into. Not a place you want to be trapped, especially without a flashlight.
When he said crimping I totally thought a mighty boosh reference was on the cards...
How brilliant would that have been?! Love the Boosh 😍
Glad to see someone who knows at least something of the crunch 👍
😆👏👏
Crimpity crimpity now now, crimpity crimpity ask me how
We have a local cheeky melodramatic play called Shanghaied in Astoria, that is performed annually during the summer season and ends on Labor Day. It's based off of the history of our area, including people being Shanghaied, when part of Astoria was built on docks along the Columbia River, before the huge fire. Astoria is nicknamed the Lil San Francisco of the west. Because of how similar it is to San Francisco.
Look it up. Astoria Oregon is rich with history.
And is absolutely beautiful.. the backdrop if kindergarten cop with arnold Schwarzenegger (though I'm sure you knew that 😂)
Shanghaied is the best! Astorians unite!
Triangle tavern still has a trapdoor that was used for shanghaiing
@@christopherposey8554 Wow! I didn't know that. I've never been in that bar or pretty much most bars, except for the Wet Dog which is a pub and bar at Shilo Inn Oceanfront, where I used to work.
@@lavona8204 and The Goonies house, the Free Willy house, the house from Short Circuit and certain areas that they used in the Black Stallion. They filmed part of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 3 over in Tongue Point. I think they've used our Astoria Bridge for car commercials.
I think Astoria, Portland, Seattle or Alaska would be a good place for a vampire story, because of it's history with the Shanghaieing and the underground businesses. Portland Oregon looked like a dream come true on the surface, when they first settled here. Being in a cold and overcast climate, would might make things easier for vampires to take advantage of.
There's a reason why crimp rhymes with pimp, they'll help you deck out your crew for the small price of their 'payed' labor.
And here I thought Joseph got the nickname "Bunko" because of the sound his wooden club does when he hits it over the head of "future" sailors. *bonk*
This was uploaded literally just now... How is this comment 4 hours early🧐🧐
@@TalismanTopG- ssssssssus
Not_Me yeah tf
Good one
@@TalismanTopG- maybe bloke clicked the "Join" button beside the Subscribe
Oh dang I thought the title said “why it once was illegal”, I thought that laws changed and I could finally come out as a dungeon haver
May I suggest editing the comment to "dungeon keeper?"
@@BodyMusicification no suggesting things recently became illegal
@@BodyMusicification Edit your own comment into a demand rather than a suggestion.
@@Kragith No, but I will rephrase it as such in a reply: @Connor Miller please edit your comment to contain "dungeon keeper" rather than "dungeon haver" at your earliest convenience.
@@BodyMusicification I have a dungeon. I don’t keep my dungeon.
4 bottles of wine for 80$, and you have to pay every month... that's a steal!
Well, since crimping is now illegal, Thoughty2 had to turn to highway robbery. 😅🤣😂
@Big die good wine is expensive in the USA. I was in France and got a bottle of wine that may have been the best wine I ever had and I paid about €3,00 for it (about $4.00-$5.00 us funds).I happen to find the same bottle in the USA and it was $25.00
@Big die no kidding! The wine was cheap, and phenomenal, the cheese was cheap and phenomenal, and even food in restaurants was not nearly as expensive as it is in the USA. I don't know why you always hear how expensive it is to go to France! Now to be fair I was working (I am an entertainer) so I did not pay for my flight, or my hotel, or ground transportation so those could have been expensive, but I don't think they were any more than most places. I had dinner one night sitting outside 20 feet from the Mediterranean Sea in the French Riviera. In France they have dinner specials that are all inclusive (including the tip!) it came with a glass of wine, soup, bread, fresh fish with vegetables, potatoes etc, AND dessert! All for €25,00 (maybe $30.00 us) you and I both know a meal like that in that location (similar location) would have been an easy $100.00 in the USA! And no it was not 30 years ago, it was about 5 years ago.
@@paulesterline5714 I feel like ordinary people in the USA get screwed so much, from servers needing tips to survive, very few vacation/sick days and healthcare that could bankrupt you.
America is meant to be a rich and powerful country, but compared to the living conditions in other, similar places, it's looking more and more like a developing country for some of its citizens.
I have American friends, and I wish for their sake there was more desire to reform the system. Stay safe.
@@DrT0705 you are 100% correct! Thank you. Maybe one day we will get our problems in better shape. We have some of the best Dr's in the world but only the rich can afford them.
For ten years, I worked at one of the most iconic bars in downtown Portland, Oregon. The basement, a place where us employees spent a considerable amount of time but was off-limits to the public, was somewhat maze like and bricked off in spots. It had at one time been a part of the network of infamous "Shanghai tunnels". I was asked by management several times to deal with entities associated with the building's dark past. I just moved far away from that city a few weeks ago and here Thoughty2 goes and makes video about it. Brought a pang of bittersweet nostalgia for that place...
Your lucky you moved far away from that decaying crime ridden crap hole, I need to try to sell my house and do the same
What do you mean with entities?
@@deanfirnatine7814 j
How am I not surprised that you lived in Portland for 10 years with a lame, fake-ass name like that 😆
What entities ? Ghosts ? How do you deal with ghosts lol
In earlier days the British navy would tour public houses. If they found someone not paying attention to their glass they would drop in a shilling. If the unlucky person then took a sip from the glass. He would immediately be grabbed and dragged to the waiting ship. The logic was he had accepted the "King's Shilling" (and thereby joined the navy).
This seems to be a myth, according to Wikipedia: "There are recurring tales of sailors being pressed after a shilling was slipped into their drink,[5] leading to glass-bottomed tankards. However, this is likely to be a myth, for the Navy could press by force, rendering deception unnecessary.[4]" en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_shilling
@@Ozymandias1 I was told this sixty years ago, by a military man, at that time it was thought to be factual. Press gangs were a frequent threat in areas with access to ports.
I live near Portland and there's the famous Shanghai tunnels underground there.
I've been in the Shanghai Tunnels in Portland Oregon, I live 20 minutes away and did the tour. Plus I've worked down there when I was younger and the whole west side is full of underground tunnels. I've been down there a lot and it's a bit creepy.
This is so cool! I just went through a tour of this exact thing in Portland over Halloween weekend. A brewery is above some of those tunnels and they take people on tours through them showing all the old messed up stuff that's down there. A sick weekend trip if anyone is in the area. Old Town Pizza & Brewery in Portland - They even had one of those wooden Indian statues down there. I didn't know the significance of it until this video :) very cool!
The 18th century British Navy used press gangs to man ships.
I’m from Portland Oregon lol and those tunnels were fascinating growing up
He never said WHICH Portland! Oregon or Maine? Or the UK maybe?
OK when he mentioned Republicans and Democrats I knew it wasn’t the UK, and he FINALLY said Oregon. But leaving us in suspense so long! He could have said Oregon the first time!
Good story though!
Going there sounds like a good way to get Shanghai’d lmao
The Indian statue is a thing normally associated with Cigar shops. Just like a red and white stripped pole indicates a barber shop, or 3 gold balls indicated a pawn shop, a statue of an Indian would indicate a tobacco shop. They were all hand carved, and can still be found in auctions. There's even a Seinfeld episode all about Jerry buying one and giving it away as a gift.
Father Crimpmas 🤣
Always a bit of humour on a serious subject.
They actually pulled a squid game on them
Well with the incrediable shortages of crews on the modern merchant fleet. this might be a neat thing to bring back.
I have ancestral involvement with a similar story involving young men from Ireland who would look for opportunities to sail as part of a ships crew to gain passage to America. At the time, British Impressment (the term used in the family history of this involvement) was responsible for young men finding themselves on a ship at sea. Prior to this, they enjoyed a few drinks in a pub to bid farewell to a friend who was going to sea. It seems a drink and a toast to friendship could evolve into a drunken bash where they ended up the indentured sea faring crew of a ships captain who had the use of these young men for as long as they were useful to the ship and its captain. My great great grandfather was one of these young Irishmen whose seafaring career ended when he jumped ship in Mobile Bay. The saga continued as he and his brother evaded search parties, as there was a bounty on the heads of runaways from British ships. The written history is far more enlightening and could easily be a TV Movie.
"Heyyy. Thoughty2 here, ever wonder what happened to thoughty1? Well step inside my basement to see for yourself."
Thanks for another great video. Keep up the good work, thanks.
Interesting indeed.
You’re a great story teller. Thanks
One of the top 3 uploaded of strange dark and mysterious things! Thank you!
Excellent Channel. I just subscribed. I've already learned so much I never knew. Thank you!
these animations felt extraordinarily dark today, Thoughty
There is a tunnel system in Savannah that was used just for this. Also not all people being crimped went along for the ride nicely they would sabatoge the vessels by setting them on fire or they would be in on the con and jump ship and swim to shore.
Great content as always 🔥🔥
the Lindbergh law, the Lindbergh law,,, i remember my history teacher teaching this. he would repeat over and over, the Lindbergh law, the Lindbergh law,,, lol
Amazing video! Thank you for creating this video!!! Never kneow this happened
This chapter is astonishing good. I've never thought of something as bizarre as this. Great work . Book, Novel or Movie worth it
LOVE THE CHANNEL MORE AND MORE.
Portland, Oregon, was the last U.S. city where shanghaiing was practiced. I'm so glad that you mentioned "Bunco" Kelly and his colorful career, especially the unfortunate men who broke into the mortuary.
But...I *_CANNOT_* believe that that you failed to mention the role which Portland's extensive network of underground tunnels, dug into the dirt and shred up with timbers, that served downtown businesses like a primitive freight subway. Many crimped men were hauled through the tunnels, out of sight of the public, to the docks.
Ya I know I was shocked, many of the saloons had tunnels to the docks, some even had trapdoors
Today, one can go into the Portland Underground (a real thing), & go through tunnels the shanghai'd people were transported through to the docks. Gives a truly creepy reality to what happened to those poor people.
"It's hard out here for a Krimp."
-Bunko the Krimp
10:43 That lighthouse is the Portland Head Light in Cape Elizabeth, Maine. The original Portland.
Gotta love cities named after other cities.
This was such a cool video!
I did prevered the old stile of your videos.
I do not really like the animations, but still I did enjoy watching it.
i love the lil animations recently theyre so cute
Im in downtown Portland standing above the entrance to the old Shanghai tunnel as i watch this on my lunch break.. what a trip.
And that's why beer mugs are glass with see through bottoms.
(They would also drop payment in their drinks once touch their lips they're now Shanghaiers property)
Some people still say a shortened form of "bunko" in South Carolina. they say something is bunk if it seems off or fishy like a con.
That bright cellas sponsership is one of the first on UA-cam I think that has actually interested me 😄
Sounds like Portland Oregon where I’m from the bars had trap doors that led to the old port docks back in the day they called them the Shanghai tunnels they would sell people thru those tunnels . Some bars still have them till this day but most tunnels were closed off (didn’t know you mentioned them until after I watched lol)
There's a good reason it sounds like Portland Oregon, it IS Portland Oregon :)
This was previously titled something like, " when kidnapping was legal "🤔
I love the graphics in these videos
As always...a rip roaring good tale!!
The Army's did also the same thing at this time.
Alright Thoughty2. Good stuff, appreciated. Can you do one on why people get so upset at feeling they're being being patronised? Because they do, and it seems out of proportion. Cheers
Growing up in Portsmouth (UK) I know a fair bit about 'press ganging.' Nice photo use of the RN flagship HMS Victory by the way :)
Dude this was so relatable I’ve been kidnapped so many times
So fucking based
What he says at the end, "At least you haven't woken up on some random ship destined for shanghai", you could still wake up somewhere you don't want to be in the U.S. or even dead. I hear an amber alert for a missing child go off at least once a week in my state, and I could only imagine the number is similar for missing adults (if they're heavily intoxicated or drugged it's probably just as easy if not easier than taking a child for them), it's just not made a big immediate public alert like the amber alert's are... Stay safe people.
Do you look at the names of the children and their captors? I am not sure about other places, but where I live almost all amber alerts are children who have been taken by their parents or other family members who aren’t supposed to have custody of them.
There's no way Larry fought 75 rounds..... my lungs and legs wouldn't allow me past 10
Wolf Larson: “Been crimping since been crimping since been crimping.”
Tf are you talking about?
Yout username is sberamht in runes?
@@dickJohnsonpeter Sea-Wolf by Jack London. Also How High
@@galaxyanimal I only know that they are runes in a Danish dialect from about 1000 AD and were found on an inscription that was in n a sword discovered preserved in a bog. I took the part of the inscription that I liked the aesthetic of best.
@@dickJohnsonpeter I only kind of know runes, but I'm sure of everytuing but the a and m.
Portland, Oregon, known in the day as, Shanghai of The West.
My “win win air B&B”!!
I'd be willing to make a fine wager that the title of this will change lol
Edit: I believe the title was something like, "This is how it was legal to kidnap people."
I could be a bit wrong though.
Already done 😆
It was : How did this hotel turn its guests into slaves on a ship
@K Siddartha Ah, My Prince. There you are. Shall i warm sirs Enlightenment pillow?
You were high when you wrote both sections of this comment.
This title sticks as is !
This guy is a very intelligent, yet very arrogant narrator
Those new animantions are great.
Thanks for the tutorial
Hmmm, I sure hope 'the great resignation' doesn't lead to this sort of thing becoming popular again
have to wonder how this will translate into the all new cruelties and indigencies of the space age
Fun fact : Back in the day there we're rival gangs. The Bloods & The Crimps
Great story
The cartoon style is delightful
Can you do a video on I, libertina. The best selling book that never existed.
I think it would make a very interesting video and it would be great to hear it explained by you.
Love your content been a sup for ages now ? Going to check out bright sellers
this is pretty much the same thing as impressment that the Royal Navy did, expect the navy men didn't get paid for it
If you read alot of novels set in the 17h century some kind of crimping always pops up.
What a coincidence. I like to drink a couple glasses of wine while I watch T2. Mmmm!
Bro, is that Big Mac attached to the face a reference to Vergo from one piece???? Hilarious!!!
Pressganging. Very common in coastal areas. John Quilliam was pressed.
Got my crimp cane ready to go now thx for the info
I do remeber a Laurel and Hardy-short from 1934 in which they wroked as Shanghaiers for a notorious captain!..
Thanks for the video “Wink”😉
11:06 that came out of nowhere 😂😂
You need to get sponsored by mustache management product... That stage stache is epic.
I ALWAYS THOUGHT U WERE THE OTHER GUY FROM " I DID A THING "
JUST FIGURED OUT YOU ARENT AND IM CRYING
Admittedly I’m very high right now but that intro from him was the funniest shit ever, not laughed that much in a while
You gotta make your audio louder man
this sounds like a "one piece" arc or something a villian from the show would do.
I have already pre-ordered your new book, what is the expected release date?
I think I’ve been there. It was called the Marine and Dock hotel in Turin, Italy.
So, great video as always Aaron.
One thing bugging me though. The sponsor. Now, I don't care what anyone else does, but I am an alcoholic and have been struggling with the disease for nearly 15 years. Yet there is no disclaimer before ANY alcohol advertising on UA-cam or anywhere else. Nobody is allowed to show cigarettes or advertise them anymore, yet drinking is apparently perfectly alright, despite being the second worst drug on the planet for you according to statistics. Now I am talking HEALTH here. When you look at how many hospitalisations and deaths that are caused BY alcohol the numbers are staggering.
I just wonder why I still walk into a grocery store and there are shelves upon shelves of booze that look like theyre SPECIFICALLY marketed to children "Dragon Soop" etc., yet cigarettes have been quietly shived under the counter.
Do a video on that? I just wonder why the same restrictions haven't been placed on something that is as dangerous.
I will reiterate- I couldn't give a shit what other people do, I am not being a preacher- I am drinking right now, I just want to stop and it's hard having it rammed down your throat every five minutes with UA-cam ads etc., I just wonder why the disparity?
Edit: I live in the UK, maybe it's different elsewhere, but I don't see much smoking on TV anymore but they seem to have replaced it with wine and beer. Ten years ago I never would have written this, but apparently people can whine and complain about everything these days instead of swallowing it down (causing me to become an alcoholic in fact) so I thought I'd give it a go for a laugh and see how many people rip me apart for being a human being with feelings 😂😂😂
That sponsor read wouldn't be allowed here that is for sure, I am not an alcoholic but I do abuse the shit out of it, and I don't really have any problems with it except for the kids.... Maybe
Good luck for the future hope you can get sober.
GOD Bless, and don't beat yourself up too much. Concentrate on loving yourself for all your good qualities!)(Keep on with ' Alcoholics Anonymous')(Consider watching Movie about an Alcoholic 'Rachel Getting Married' to help avoid this Alcoholic's behavior of blaming, and controlling others (&) Following a lower Carbohydrate, increased Certified Organic grown raw Vegetable added Diabetic Diet: stops the Physical Cravings.
Honestly we cannot just do everything in life based on the assumption it's 'for the kids'. How many child alcoholics do you know? Underage drinking will always occur because teenagers are rebellious. If kids are watching something on youtube, that's on the parents to moniter, not the creators or users. Aaron is not responsible for your children, nor are we in the comment section.
Also, you realise we can legally drink from the age of 5 in private property provided we have parental permission in the UK? This is a draconic law from a bygone era yet it has never been a remotely significant cause to alcoholism in anyone.
Anyone suffering from addiction of any sort has my sympathy, but it is ultimately up to them to moniter what they watch and read and shouldn't be forcing others without these problems to adhere to their personal needs. That's on them. I am speaking as someone who has fought addiction. Seek help through the proper channels rather than expecting the whole world to cowtow to your very specific needs. Like I said, I feel for anyone going through such touch circumstances, but it is not up to anyone but you to get yourself out of it.
Stfu, pour me!! Deal with your shit and man the fuck up! Skip the ad read, do you complain to tesco and every offy u walk past
I just love this guy's sence of humor... Thank you very much for all your laughs. Suppose you are using a earth moving machine to dick so deep into history. Thank you very much for all efforts to make sure we getting the true facts. Have a great day....
😅😅
I thought crimping was a electronics thing. Go figure.
Wine that I love? I love the type that gets me sloshed.
I LOVE your maritime videos. More please!
Big up yourself....I want you to do something about Jamaica
History