Why NANO Vision Isn't Science Fiction
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- Опубліковано 2 чер 2024
- Thanks to Novartis for partnering with us on this video. To learn more head to: www.novartis.com
How did science push past a barrier for optical microscopes and law of physics that stood firmly for 146 years? Kyle explains this Nobel Prize-worthy technology and what our best researchers and real-life superheroes are using it for today.
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Thanks for watching, Super Nerds! Special extra episode today, then PROJECT THOR tomorrow. See you in Footnotes - kH
Novartis? Really man?! Doing PR for thooooose guys now?
This is one of the best videos you done. Fascinating stuff. Thank you.
BIll Geo Talking about fascinating tech that might help a lot of people without commenting on or even mentioning the particulars of a company that does a million different things? Yes. - kH
Your right Kyle, most pieces of fiction does magic wrong. Because the definition of magic is pretty much the use of a supernatural being or deity, anything else is not magic but science!
Hey Kyle,
Loved the episode as always, your video's are my saving grace for when I want to explain something to my nephews. Today you made a comment about how you never prefer magic which made me think of this rather new series Dr. Stone. I know you are not the biggest of anime nerds but I really think you will like this show. It's all about a guy who want's to to save/rebuild the world through science.
Keep up the great work and thank you for your contribution in keeping people educated.
Poor Tardigrade. Kyle becoming a villain is more obvious.
Also working with big pharma now. Truly evil.
@@dustinwrye What is big pharma, is that a company?
The company that sponsored this video was Novartis.
@@ameliablight6888 "Big Pharma" = The pharmaceutical industry, as a whole
D W damn, that was gonna be my comment
Doubtful any tardigrades were harmed in the making of this video. Doubtful they even can be harmed.
Light: "Hi. I'm a particle!"
Physicist: "Ugh... Don't start _that_ again, I am _not_ in the mood!"
HAHAHAHA
I don't get it
@@janek8195 Light can behave as either a wave or a particle. Imagine the difference between a wave in the sea and a handful of sand. They are quite different and light can act as both. This is because light comes in energy packages called photos, which act as particles ... even though they are made of energy waves ... that act as particles
...
@@3353080 yeah I know about wave particle duality but I don't get the joke
@@janek8195 The joke is that, as light can act as a wave or particle, depending on the test, this will produce different results which is annoying to the scientist.
Despite the fact that electron microscopes can resolve images so finely that we can see individual atoms, nanoscopy has a number of massive advantages for the field of biology.
The biggest is that a cell does not need to be dead for nanoscopy to be used, unlike electron microscopes. See an electron microscope concentrates a beam of electrons down to less than an Angstrom in diameter, but it must be performed in a vacuum, with a number of other preparations that kill the cell. However, these issues are not as prevalent with nanoscopy, allowing biologists to study a living cell.
The other big one is that more resolution is not necessarily better for biology. Much of biology is based around the concept of form-function. In general, being able to see the individual atoms of a protein is not as useful as being able to see its general shape, with discovering the general mechanism of protein folding so we can predict its general shape being one of the most important open questions in all of biology.
Another thing, if I remember correctly, is that in order to see molecules with an electron microscope, the molecules are changed in order to be seen. With nanoscopy, we can see them as they are and get a clearer understanding of them ( I know this is an extension of your point about cells but still)
The world wouldn't be so beautiful when you can see all the germs around you in 4k resolution.
Zac C, thank you! This answers my precise question thoroughly. As for seeing germs (via the commenter below) I think that WOULD be beautiful- like abstract or science fiction art. We can choose to be fascinated instead of afraid
@@thanos4314 That's a good point, and definitely something to keep in mind. Fortunately, the mass of the electron beam is much less than that of the atoms its impacting, so even though it is changing it, it isn't affecting a whole lot. Mostly it slightly changes the electron cloud rather than move the atom as a whole.
Meliodas is big brain
“I never prefer magic”
Says the one that religiously plays magic
I invoke the Clarkception: "Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic." Therefore, "magical" explanations are allowable for these thought experiments. Some future technology might make the hypothetical magical thing possible.
Dexis I was going to make the same comment
A mythological being that doesn't prefer magic, guess that's why he's weilding his hammer less and less.
I never prefer magic..
Unless it's the Gathering
@@bjrabang3111 Yes, but he comes from a realm where magic and technology are one and the same
Sad little water bear that got punched around by Kyle
Tardigrades are a terrible build and their players should be ashamed of it
Beating up and probably killing harmless critters. And yes water bears are physically weak enough to die from that. They are only insanely resistant against enviromental hazards, not against direkt physical attacks.
@@TakeshiTao Tier Zoo ftw!
I use giant growth
@@TakeshiTao i bet you think your so cool.
Kyle: "Because that's what science heroes do"
Me: I UNDERSTOOD THAT REFERENCE SCIENCE THOR!!!
"I UNDERSTOOD THAT REFERENCE"
I see what you did there Super Nerd Captain America.
Science Thor
I gte it
In my microbiology class at college, we just had a discussion on the limits of regular microscopy and the same limit that you spoke of. I sent it to my professor so he can hopefully show it to other students. He also got his Ph.D in neuroscience, so the connection at the end of the video makes it even better! Thanks for another amazing video
Wow, that does sound amazing
So what happened?
And?
What happens after?
One of my favorite parts of science is that when research is done and something new is found we don't say "they discovered it" referring to the researchers we say " _we_ discovered it" referring to humans.
Then this videos should interest you : ua-cam.com/video/TWYHmkmctb8/v-deo.html talks literally about this
But can it see why kids love the taste of Cinnamon Toast Crunch?
I'll see myself out.
Only in the advertising and General Mills website
My Great-Grandma is suffering from Alzheimer’s. Went to see her recently, and she could only mumble a few words. She was a husk, her brain too damaged by this horrendous disease. Glad to see Novartis working on finding a way to cure it. Nevertheless, a very well done video, keep them coming!
My heart and Hope's go out to u guys. Hru now?
Nice channel btw lol
ditto what Mihail said
Trust me guys, even though the theory is fascinating, you really develop a brand new appreciation for the electron microscope when you use an actual light microscope and then look at pictures of electron micrographs, especially when the magnification is the same- it's like seeing everything with myopia and then suddenly putting on your glasses!
this video is about using light microscopy to achieve nanoscopic imagining (super resolution)
I actually prefer light microscopy. While there are times the lower resolution drives me nuts, I enjoy being able to see the context of a cell
I have spent many a year searching for intelligent videos! I've been so thrilled to come across everything you've made!!
As someone with a degree in computer science and math, I've always wondered if you will ever do a, "this is what we know vs here's what we need to figure out" video.
Have a great one Kyle and keep up the great work! !
I have an interesting topic, Thor
How much force does it take to stop an earthquake with a punch?
weebs everywhere (#_#)
yujiro?
No, that's Jellal.
You only need to be Yujiro.
Better question. Has Wolverine ever lost a limb? And did his mutation help? See, told ya it's better.
Love the channel. I came for the scifi thought experiments, but I'm growing attached to these 'real world' episodes. They're so enlightening.
Ahh, Another refreshing drink for my knowledge thirsty brain.
uploaded 24 seconds ago, i guess i refreshed at the right time
No. You were 23 seconds too late.
Dro Leht asian parents be like
Hey Kyle, love the show! There's also another method of nanoscopy being researched which actually allows a person to see things on similar scales in real time without computer modeling. Basically, researchers are making what are known as microspheres and forming them into a large grid which then allows light to magnify and bend in a way that is visible to us! I got the chance to see this technology in person, and saw a little plus sign that was micrometers wide with a millimeter scale microsphere and a normal microscope that you can buy at the store. Since it was a demonstration this wasn't the bleeding edge of the technology, but it get's thousands of times smaller than what I saw, and it could even be a different future explanation for the superhero nano-vision power!
This episode was amazing. I love the focus on the topic, not just the pop-culture value.
Did I just travel to the future? Did Earth just spin backward? What day is today? What just happened? Did Kyle mess with the Infinity Gauntlet again? WHAAAATTTTF
" is this project Thor episode"??? #mindblow
Nah, this one was an unexpected, yet still a welcome, episode.
And if they find a cure, most people probably wouldn't be able to afford it.
That's what happens when research is done by private companies, when it's done for the people some diseases can be erased from earth, like smallpox.
Sadly, maybe true. At least until the initial patent phase is passed. Then it might go to the phase where even people making the generic version will agree to keep the price artificially high, so they all make more from it, until eventually they shift their attention to something else, when it will become more generally affordable. Not sure how long that is, but seems reasonable to estimate people will be able to actually afford it about 50 years after they start selling it. A problem for sure.
Hey Kyle. Don't you need two slits for the two-slit experiment diffraction pattern?
thats for the interference pattern, for the diffraction you only need 1
@@sarangkatyare9797 True. Oops.
To get the wonky interference pattern of light photons you need to use a double slit so it doesn't matter how many Swartz you have because it'll still achieve the same results as long as there's more than one
"There is no more doubt in my mind, Kyle is evil"
-Einstein, I think.
Can someone tell me where Kyle went between 11:27 and 11:32? All I saw was some guy with glasses that I definitely don't recognise.
One of the great mysteries of the universe.
Vsauce with hair?
That was his incognito Clark Kent to his usual thorness.
Evil Kyle super villain beats up a helpless tardigrade. Muahahahahaha!
When Science Thor breaks out the Sins...
*Super Villain Kyle Confirmed*
What I like about the fact that Because Science is now its own channel, is that not every single video has to be about a certain superpower of a comic or movie character or something like that. The channel is still focused on that area but it's also possible to do something else.
Another great show, thanks!
Would love you to do a show explaining the Double Slit experiment, especially with regards to how the results changes between acting like a wave to acting like a particle purely through being observed!
This was a fantastic video, I learned so much in a simple way. It helped learning how light works in waves. I never understood science too well but learning about the nanoscopic was amazing. Impressive how scientists have learned to zoom even closer to even see Alzheimer’s. Hopefully this brings us closer to finding cures. Great video!
Kyle: "I never prefer magic."
Also Kyle: "I will destroy anyone who challenges me in Magic (the Gathering)"
Hmmm.........
Kyle I love all your videos but these that deal with real science are my favorite. So incredibly fascinating to hear about scientific breakthroughs. Keep up the good work love the show!
P.S. Where did Dr. Moo go? She was really finding her groove. Every episode was better than the last.
Perfect timing!!! This cleared up so much for me. I was confused about how they "tagged atoms" in the bonnethead shark studies. This was so interesting and entertaining! 😊
Blowing up a water bear to be giant, only to beat it up, seems like a pretty villainous thing to do. You sure you aren't turning into one?
@@trainjackson63 they may be little chubs I remember at that size of thing would have two inch claws and would try to eat you with its weird mouth pulsates
That’s one light limit destroyed, how about that light speed limit too, eh? LET ME DREAM
Great show and really happy to see that microscopy is getting a whole episode dedicated to it.
Single molecule localisation microscopy (SMLM- try saying that 5 times quickly) allows resolutions down to 10s of nanometers and allows us to go past the Abbe limit. However, this tends to be damaging to cells and there is another range of techniques that get down to around 100nm. This still gets past the Abbe limit and includes confocal microscopy techniques as well as structured illumination microscopy (worth a video by itself).
The one of the main advantages of using optical techniques over electron is that as you mentioned it is possible to "tag" proteins with fluorescent markers. After tagging it is possible to watch these proteins and how they move around. Multiple colours can be used for different proteins all at the same time and so cellular dynamics can be observed.
Electron microscopes have different contrast techniques as they dont have the advantage of using wavelength of electrons but they are able to go subnanometer. Interestingly, there is a technique called electron disperse xray spectroscopy that looks at the photons given off from the sample when electrons interact with it. This provides information on the elements that are present.
Fyi- microscopes are cool... but I am a little bias
WOOOOOOOOO, extra episode and an excellent message! Awesome episode!
Dude, you used a double-slit interference pattern on the wall with only one slit for the light to pass through.
I was annoyed by that too
Nope, that was the single slit diffraction pattern.
@@hatchera I stand corrected, although the extra bumps should still be way smaller, the double-slit ones are about the same size as the middle one.
This is amazing! Kyle but, wouldn't the electron microscope that you stated at the end of your video would essentially kill the cells or tissues that one is looking at due to high levels of radiation bombardment?
btw really love the show
Some optical techniques use high power lasers and kill cells in a matter of seconds to minutes. Light is radiation afterall 🤷♂️
For electron microscopes the electron beams have to be accelerated in a vacuum to stop the electrons from bumping into air and losing beam coherence. This means that your sample typically has to be in a near vacuum environment. (There are ways around this limitation but that is another story for another day)
think you vids are great AND I feel obsessed with your highlights. the nanoscopy images are incredible!
I was thinking about various super powers yesterday and my brain came to the concept of gravity manipulation and it made me wonder what the full possibilities of a power like that could be. That's something I'd love to see Kyle tackle at some point while it's enlightening when he talks about the negative side effects of certain superpowers and why they wouldn't actually be good to have in real life I'd love know more about what the possible full potential of certain super powers could be if some could actually do them.
In the case of gravity manipulation most fictional stories boil it down to just making things heavier or lighter but I can't help but feel the kind of things you could do by applying that kind of ability in the proper manner are potentially much more then that but then I'm not expert on the subject.
Totally not a villain here is now working for a pharma Corp. Something like Umbrella I think.
Kyle truly is EVIL!
Why did he punch the poor water bear ;_;
Because they deserve it. Watch TierZoo's video on Tardigrades, they're truly a low tier build that used all of its evolution point badly.
I don't know if I saw one the size of a medium sized dog I'd probably crap myself cuz I'll say this I know what they really look like they aren't very cute they look both cute and chubby with all four sets of legs but that face is not very cute
@@SaCeuran XD
@@borttorbbq2556 XD I guess ur right
cuz no one can tell him nothin about......
I had written a test on optics and waves earlier today and now I get an awesome video to boot, sweet stuff. Also Edna Mode would have a few choice words about the cape you're sporting there.
Hey Kyle, love your show. In astronomy we use light defraction patterns to help focus telescopes by using a Bahtinov Mask. The bahtinov mask creates diffraction spikes which are lined up to achieve an ideal focus. There are other similar masks like the Carey mask and perpendicular mask.
Kyle! did you just explained the Young's Double Slit Experiment with a single slit?
That's what a single slit diffraction looks like. If it were a double slit experiment the peaks and valleys would be much more exaggerated as there would be more interference. The peaks would be higher relative to the valleys.
So your saying that happens when the size of the slits is less then half the wavelength?
Nope, that was the single slit diffraction pattern.
Did you really depict the"Double Slit Experiment" with a single slit? (Great video as always)
Nope, that was the single slit diffraction pattern.
That was one of THE coolest vid that i have seen from you guys. Great job
Hey, loved the video!
I just thought it was worth noting that although the resolution of the microscopy techniques keep improving, they don't necessarily replace one another. They all have ups and downs, and they all work for a specific task. This is obviously obvious when you're talking about something like a light microscope versus an electron microscope, if you want to look at a bacterium you can't use the electron microscope. But when it comes to things like the STORM/PALM-like microscopy (that uses SIM microscopy on flourescent proteins), that you mentioned in the video, it's less apparent.
Things like "Is the cell alive?" and "Can I genetically engineer my cell?" become increasingly important. For example using STORM on a live cell is practically impossible as you need to make use of antibodies carrying fluorophores that specifically attach to your target protein, this requires the permeation of the cell membrane (not something that cells particularly like or tend to survive). Conversely, doing PALM is equally impossible on a wild strain that you have no "genetic control" (sounds like a rock band) over, you simply cannot get the fluorophores attached to the proteins without creating a fusion protein of it with something like GFP (green fluorescent protein). Oh, and even more generally with these scanning microscopy techniques, you have to remember that they are also captured over a span of time, meaning you can't really get an image of the entire system at a point in time (not very useful you're trying to capture a snapshot). I really like this article if you guys want to know more about this field: Super-resolution microscopy at a glance (2011) by C.Galbraith.
Dang man, take it easy on that tardigrade. You punched it so much it is probably a retardigrade now. Sorry, I'll see myself out.
Hey Kyle how realistic is the eagle from Space 1999?
Barry Bend I’d say not very realistic because gravity - realistically, there are a few ways we might be able to simulate gravity, but that retro spaceship doesn’t appear to employ any, namely rotating the crew areas - but then again how does rotation (“centrifugal”/centripetal) gravity work? That’s the real question and tons of other sci-fi employ it - could it work?
How fast would you need to rotate and what shape would work best? What’s the minimum diameter that a cylinder would need?
Interstellar, Gundam, Armageddon, Babylon 5, Kim Stanley Robinson (author), are a just a few inspirations for this kind of realistic gravitational (plot) device.
Hey Kyl;e, love the show (And thanks for the second Supernerd! Woot!).
But yeah, I got nothin' to say here other than the fact that if you hadn't mentioned Scanning Tunneling Electron Microscopes I was gonna say something... lol.
And my favourite recent "Small Thing seen for the First Time" was that just recently scientists from the University of Glasgow had managed to take an image of two quantuum-entangled photons. Totally insane right!?!?!
Another amazing video!
Wait what happened to the regular uploading schedule?
Oh yeah, it's Wednesday
could you try to science Hamon? from Jojo's Bizarre adventure
Hi kyle, i had the good fortune to be able to take a nanotechnology course during my time at college and our campus let us tour the different labs on campus. But 2 of the ones we got to play around in were Scanning Electron Microscope lab and the Atomic Force Microscope lab. The AFM is even more precise than the SEM but is more susceptible to noise and background vibrations and is more limited in the readings it can take. But to oversimplify, it uses a nanoscale probe to move across a sample of whatever you wanted to look at and reading the fluctuations in the reactions at the tip of the probe it can discern individual atoms
Your description of STORM techniques and the build up to super resolution techniques was absolutely fantastic. Your science communication techniques are wonderful, Kyle, and you should be on television with these abilities.
On the topic, by far, the coolest super resolution techniques is Structured Illumination Microscopy, or SIM. By knowing how lenses work, we can essentially attribute size scales to a frequency of light, which, when dispersed by a lens, spans broader and broader in physical space, beyond the size of the lens eventually. This technique illuminates the structure with a known pattern, usually an array of lines, whose spatial separation is essentially the frequency limit of the lens because of the dispersion. The usually unresolvable emitters inside the material you're studying have their light rays experience a so-called beating effect, where their effective frequency mixes with the imposed pattern just like sound waves. These beats can help reconstruct an image consisting of sizes beyond the Abbe limit, I think by about 20%.
Of course, nanostructures generated under EBL can be seen under an SEM with sizes up to the nanometer scale. I can't remember what the resolution of X_Ray telescopes are though.
How much energy would you need to throw a microscope into the sun?
... from a trebuchet?
Do you draw all the images or do you imploy an artist?
I think he said in an interview that he draws everything himself
Great video Kyle.
You can actually see the ABBA limit on a macro scale. For example when train headlights are seen from far away they appear as a singular triangular or even just circular shaped light. As they begin to approach you at a crossing or point where you are stamding you will see the light will become 3 distinct lights (in North America at least). Its not until the train is almost in the crossing or point where your at that you realize that there are actually 4 headlights on a train engine but the middle light is actually 2 lights right next to each other. This is best seen at night but trains always have their headlights on during the day too so it can be tested wherever trains are!
Microscope limits at .2µm, just try pinch to zoom 😂
Harvard: Aye, bruh you wanna scholarship??
he is talking about micrometers not milimeters. micrometers are a thousand times smaller then milimeter
@@michielstreefland7711 r/woooosh
Hope you here in the comments understand this is a joke of course.
its written .2um i think
Do you have something against water bears?!? Shame on you Thor!!
Hey Kyle, can you do a video on what would happen inside stopped time (like from Jojo's Bizarre Adventure, when Dio constantly stops time using his stand) or how things would work when time is stopped
Thanks!
I think it's super cool that the way you would overlay the pictures of the laser returns the same way that we look at radar returns using adjustable raster and sweep decay to create a solid picture over time.
I see the Void has lost its place in the time continuum!
Holy, Im early
Going even further, I remember reading an article a while back about some scientists photographing an individual atom. They floated an individual atom between a laser and a camera. The laser was turned on and the camera was able to pick up the atom's silhouette. I can't recall for certain which element they used.
Good catch!
Love your channel But I'll have to point out that I will dislike this video.
I suggest you check who your sponsors are before accepting their sponsorship.
Addition: Your sponsorship is also the most likely reason why you talked about finding a treatment and not a cure as this follows the policy of pharmaseutical corporations after the Goldman Sachs analysis that outright said that creating cures is unsustainable despite the benefit to individuals and society, even going as far as warning against the prospect of eradicating hepatitis C as a major loss of customers.
To be fair, some illnesses can't be cured without rewriting the patient's DNA, only treated.
To be fair, it is better than them just ignoring the problem. Anyone else is free to research a cure if they want and so undermine the treatment
thanks for clarifying electron microscope part
I really prefer when Kyle says only “Because Science” in the conclusion, then the theme arrives next. It really looks like a fucking cool bad-ass moment...
Hi man. Great work, funny videos. Could you make some videos of the powers that scientificly we do want?
Excellent video!
Hey Kyle, great episode!
However, isn’t there a point of magnification where it’s impossible to “see” anything. I mean smallest than the smallest wave length, I’m talking about the Planck length.
Where what we are trying to view constantly changes because in our attempts to view something that small we change or alter the system by introducing energy.
This is a great question, at the Planck length you're talking about the size of strings from string theory. I'd recommend Brian Greene's book "The Elegant Universe" for a great discussion of what happens at that scale
Exactly! What I was thinking! Like how do you see strings? Is that even possible? Thank you for responding and sharing
Hi, Kyle- as both your pupil and fellow educator (high school English teacher) I am a big fan of the show! ^_^
I had a linguistics comment (can this count as science? the science of language?) about your pronunciation play with the word nanoscopy ( 6:30 ). In order to sound "way more fun," poets and other writers often play with the meter of words as you did here. Oftentimes, this is simply that: more fun. However, sometimes this syllable slander changes the meaning of words entirely, and in even more common cases, changes its part of speech.
As an example, consider the word "construct." Depending on where the stress is, the part of speech changes:
CONstruct - (noun) a building or structure
conSTRUCT - (verb) to build something
English often weirdly warps in ways we wonder about, but it seems to come natural to native speakers so we often don't even think about it. But many people studying English as their second language don't grasp the concept of meter (or stressing syllables) because such metrical systems don't exist in their native language. So imagine being taught something like this without ever having to stress syllables before:
thermo = THERmo
meter = MEter
thermometer = therMOmeter
Well, Kyle, there('s) mo' meter I could talk about here, but I think if this comment gets any hotter, your favorite element might burst out their mom eater.
Thanks for having an awesome show! Can't wait to catch you on the next one!
Yo Kyle, I'm lovin the show, awesome!
I correct you with your pronunciation, its olsimers, I thought it was old timers disease too.
Maybe its because I'm in Australia.
Anywho, keep up the good work!
I love to hear that this is a thing! I hope to see it improve.
My name is Ashton and when you said thanks for watching at the end I got freaked the hell out since I'm home alone.. I thought I was going crazy for 2 seconds!
Kyle is the MAAAN!!!! Love the show! What size does a moon have to be in order to have its own moon?
Amazing video and very well presented (I'll take it is as an ispiration for some presentation XD ), but I would like to give you some updates on this area. Indeed, recent works takle this problem changing "point of view" and (just to summarize tons of calculations) using quantum mechanincs tools, even if it's still in a early stage, there are clear evidences that is possible to beat Raylegih's curse. If you want would be amazing to start a discussion about it :)
@5 minutes in, you described what is used in optical leak testing. Where you use a laser differential field to detect a hermetically sealed product to make sure that there is no gas leaking.
Hey Kyle your channel’s every content. I just want to ask if you upgraded/change your camera? Black channels looks really true and crisp together with the lighting or my eyes just mutated.
Well focused video. :)
Yeah, I'm glad you brought that up at the end. I was thinking, I know scanning electron microscopes have been around for quite some time now.
Love this version of Because Science that explains current science. Can see how this could change future and past episodes.
Hi Kyle,
What you are talking about today also goes by the name Super resolution microscopy (SRM) (by the way, since it is super, don't you want to destroy it or turn it into something evil?). It has even greater potential in science than many of us realize both for biological science and non-biological. During my PhD. studies I looked into the possibility of visualizing vacancy defects in crystalline materials (it was a crazy idea to my advisor that she wanted me to verify and see if we could get thrown in to my phd), something that is either impossible or pretty difficult to do with any other microscopy technique unless the defect concentration is very high. Even transmission electron microscopy with systems like the Titan TEM, you cannot be expected to find vacancy defects very easily in complex structures unless the defect concentration is very high because you are examining an extremely small portion of the sample. Not to mention that it often takes a good amount of modeling to actually verify diffraction contrasts and what they mean in any High Resolution TEM image (the type of images that people will also sometimes claim you are seeing individual atoms, though you are only seeing diffraction gradients / atomic columns) and you have to assume that the sample preparation did not actually distort what you are examining. In those systems you have to make a focused ion mill within an SEM first and thin the sample down before it gets into a TEM. The assumption is that you did not place the defect there / it already existed. With SRM, these type of issues go away.
Now for biological samples, nanoscopy / SRM techniques are great because the risk of damaging the samples is drastically reduced. Ultimately, the resolution limit is based on the photobleaching of the dyes that are used. However, for non-biological samples, there is the potential to actually go even smaller. The researchers that made STED SRM had already proven that this can be done in diamonds where they found Nitrogen-vacancy defect color centers and that the resolution of limit is only limited by the STED beam power limits. For STED SRM, they could image Nitrogen-vacancy centers and clusters in 3D space over the distance of microns with a resolutions at much finer scales (to around 100 nm from the 2009 paper and could potentially be further improved because no fundamental has been determined). If you limit the imaging to 2D space, the spacial resolution drops to less than 3 nm if you look at some of other papers. Here are two papers from Stefen Hell's research group which discuss these aspects: 1) Three-dimensional stimulated emission depletion microscopy of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond using continuous-wave light. 2) Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy Resolves Individual Nitrogen Vacancy Centers in Diamond Nanocrystals.
For the studying of wideband gap materials (i.e. visible light transparent materials), this is an unprecedented potential. No other technique allows you to potentially locate and visualize point defects in 3D space to this degree. As you know, playing with defect chemistry allows for great control of a material's properties. Si is the easiest example. Our computer chips are all made essentially through controlling the doping of Si with N or P dopants to increase the concentration of electrons and holes in different regions of Si. There are a couple more parts, but those are the starting points. TEM is mostly out of the question even with tomography techniques as you cannot possibly analyze that volume of material. Atom probe tomography techniques such as LEAP (local electrode atom probe tomography) cannot come close to replicating this. They still do not capture enough of the atoms (less than 95 to 90% if I recall). In order to capture point defects you must capture 100% and specially map them perfectly because you are looking for where material is missing effectively and causing structural disorder. Often times, scientists have to utilize secondary techniques to model out and guess what is causing various phenomena such as charge conduction in these types of materials. Eventually competing theories have come up and now with SRM, we may be able to come to better understandings of what is causing these defects if the defects being sought are luminescent sources.
My old advisor had this crazy theory for solving a big question in the ferroelectric material's community and while I did not get a chance to actually test it, my initial look into it found that it appears to be a viable means as long as you have the right laser source and cameras. I do hope someone gets to test it out one day. We have only begun to scratch the surface of what can be studied with this technique and a lot of scientific questions will either be answered or strongly hinted at through this technique.
Kyle is a 4th wall breaking comic book (video?) Character and I love it
He's the secret love child of Thor and Lady Deadpool.
Right at the end Kyle talks about Electron Microscopes, they are fantastic and can resolve images to very high magnifications. The trouble with them, and why they're not used for the sort of research Kyle was talking about, is that all the subject matter has to be dead. The chamber that the electrons pass through in order to get an image is kept under vacuum and at very low temperatures. The samples are also typically fixed in chemicals and covered in an atom thick layer of gold, for scanning electron microscopes. Transmission electron microscopy uses other electron dense dyes, depending on what you're looking for in your samples.
It’s so amazing what science can do, thanks for the KH
2:18 RIP water bear.
You spoke about Light and at the end, you mention Electrons but another possibility is scanning tunnelling microscope a process of using a single atom point of Platinum wire (or potentially Carbon nanotubes) and a current that using a quantum mechanical effect to ‘tunnel’. I think if a hero had their fingers with these as touch-sensitive hairs then they could pass their hands over and receive a complex picture at a 0.1nm to 0.01nm scale.
I thought the title said NACHO vision. Not disappointed though, keep up the great work Kyle.
You showed an interference pattern with only a single slit. I don't know if it was an oversight but the light would diffract through a single slit but not interfere as it has nothing to interfere with. If you added a second slit then you would create to diffractions that interfere with each other creating that interference pattern. Keep on sciencing people
This concept seems quite simple...
I feel the hardest part would be making the tools.
Either way, great video! I enjoy learning about breakthroughs.
You confirmed what I thought. Light dynamics is where physics lost me. I liked physics classes in high school, but when we got to light and how it works, I couldn't understand it whatever I did. That hasn't changed really.
Anyways, it's cool we got past these limits people before thought is final. Maybe someday we'll find a way to overcome other percieved limitations we currently know. Like lightspeed. It's really uplifting.
Kyle! Your hair are glowing so much in this episode! ✨✨😎 #becausescience
Please talk about the Sun powered sea slug “elysia clorotica”.
Love the show by the way.
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy or STEM, uses a similar technique but with electron microscopes. It can produce a visual output where you can view molecules and the "shadows" of atoms.
While the Optical Microscopy can get to the 10's of nano-meters (nm), the Electron variant can get to 0.05 nm.
DNA is about 2 nm across and a water molecule is about 0.27 of a nm across.
Hey Kyle, I have a question I hope you could tackle in a video.
The ability to slow down time. many iterations of slowing and stopping time have been made over the years but the idea have always bothered me because of so many reasons like what if you did stop/slow time locally? would that start to alter time zones or if you did it globally would everything be flung at 800 km/h because the earth stopped rotating? I hoped you could maybe tackle the problem the way they did it in the flash series where the "turtle" doesn't actually slow time down, but generate waves of pulses that simulate slowing time down, or using some form "negative kinetic energy" so also simulate slowing down time
anyways great video as always
Hey kyle,
At the end of this video, you mentioned TEM (Tunneling Electron Microscope) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope).
IBM once made a video which was made with just a bunch of atoms, which were visualised by an electron microscope and which was filmed as a stop motion video.
By making that video, they prove that they were able to:
a) see molecules. In this case, the molecules were carbon monoxide molecules.
b) capable of rearranging molecules to make shapes (mind you, they didn't interact in any way with each other, so no weird transmutation or other sci-fi related stuff)
By making this video, IBM was accredited the record for the Guinness book of world records fort he World's Smallest Stop-Motion Film.
The video is called: A boy and his atom