Modern Methods of Extraction (Supercritical Fluid Extraction 2) | Basics of Phytochemistry (Part 06)

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Basics of Phytochemistry (Part 05)= Modern Methods of Extraction (Supercritical Fluid Extraction-01) • Modern Methods of Extr...
Definition
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is the process of separating one component (the extractant) from another (the matrix) using supercritical fluids as the extracting solvent.
A supercritical fluid is any substance (liquid or gas) at a temperature and pressure above its critical point (the end point of the phase equilibrium curve), where distinctive gas or liquid phase don does not exist and exhibits the properties of both gas and liquid. Both the temperature and pressure of the supercritical fluid are higher than the critical point.
Supercritical fluids exhibit physicochemical properties of
1. Liquid like: Density, negligible surface tension, solvating characteristics (solvent power, dissolve chemical constituent like liquid)
2. Gas like: Viscosity, compressibility, and relatively high diffusivity (diffuse/transport through solid-like gas)
These properties, enable supercritical fluids to penetrate deeper and faster to solid matrices and thus extraction efficiency and extraction rate are enhanced with less thermal degradation occurring.
Advantages of SC-CO2 (Supercritical carbon dioxide).
1. It is the most commonly used supercritical fluid for SFE because
2. It has a moderate critical temperature (31.3°C) and pressure (72.9 atm.) allowing supercritical operation at relatively low pressure and near room temperature.
3. Because carbon dioxide is a gas at room temperature, it can easily be separated/removed to yield a solvent-free extract.
4. Prevent extracts from destruction as it provides a non-oxidizing atmosphere in extractions.
5. At the industrial scale, supercritical carbon dioxide is reused, minimizing waste generation.
6. Solvent of choice in the extraction of flavor and fragrance compounds, since it is odorless, colorless, cost-effective (available at low cost), nontoxic, nonflammable, safe, highly pure, and recyclable gas.
7. Excellent solvent for non-polar analytes.
The drawback of SC-CO2 (Supercritical carbon dioxide).
SC-CO2 is that it has low polarity (non-polar nature) and can be less effective in extracting polar compounds from plant materials. However, incorporating an organic solvent as modifiers such as methanol or ethanol can significantly enhance extraction efficiency.
Disadvantages of Super Critical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
1. Requirement of high pressure and temperature, it increases the operational cost of this method as compared to conventional methods of extraction.
2. Cost of the equipment is very high.
Application of Super Critical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
1. More versatile extraction technology for obtaining residual solvent-free extracts.
2. SFE has been successfully applied to the production of vegetable oils.
3. SFE has been magnificently used in pharmaceutical and food analysis and also has polymer as well as environmental applications
4. Commercial scale is used for the decaffeination of coffee ad tea, refining of cooking oil, and recovering flavor from the spices.
5. Many essential oils commercially extracted by this technology. Examples are ginger oil, nutmeg oil, rosemary oil, cinnamon bark oil, thyme oil, etc.
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