Modern Methods of Extraction | Supercritical Fluid Extraction 1 | Basics of Phytochemistry (Part 05)

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Basics of Phytochemistry (Part 04) = Modern Methods of Extraction (Pressurized Liquid Extraction)
• Modern Methods of Extr...
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is the process of separating one component (the extractant) from another (the matrix) using supercritical fluids as the extracting solvent. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) utilizes supercritical fluids, which above their critical point exhibit liquid-like (solvent power, negligible surface tension) as well as gas-like (transport) properties. Supercritical fluids exhibit physicochemical properties of both liquid and gas states [89,90] and have a density similar to liquid (0.3-0.8 g/cm3), a viscosity similar to gas (10− 4-10− 3 g/s cm), and a diffusion coefficient that is intermediate between liquid and gas (10− 3-10− 4 cm2/s). Because of these properties (low viscosity, relatively high diffusivity), advanced separation techniques are based on the enhanced solvating power of gasses above their critical point. SFE method is an extraction technique using fluids in conditions that are elevated above their critical point of temperature. The supercritical fluid density is similar to liquids, whereas its viscosity is comparable to gas. On the other hand, its diffusivity is between gases and liquids. These properties enable supercritical fluids to penetrate deeper and faster into solid matrices. The most commonly used solvent in the SFE method is Carbon dioxide due to its reasonable cost, and safety. It also prevents extracts from destruction as it provides a non-oxidizing atmosphere in extractions. The major restriction in using supercritical CO2 is that it is inappropriate to apply it as a solvent for polar components. However, incorporating an organic solvent such as methanol or ethanol can significantly enhance extraction efficiency.
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