Surfers Underneath the Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, California

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  • Опубліковано 15 вер 2024
  • From Wikipedia:
    The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the one-mile-wide (1.6 km) strait connecting San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. The structure links the U.S. city of San Francisco, California-the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula-to Marin County, carrying both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 across the strait. It also carries pedestrian and bicycle traffic, and is designated as part of U.S. Bicycle Route 95. Recognized by the American Society of Civil Engineers as one of the Wonders of the Modern World, the bridge is one of the most internationally recognized symbols of San Francisco and California.
    The idea of a fixed link between San Francisco and Marin had gained increasing popularity during the late 19th century, but it was not until the early 20th century that such a link became feasible. Joseph Strauss served as chief engineer for the project, with Leon Moisseiff, Irving Morrow and Charles Ellis making significant contributions to its design. The bridge opened to the public in 1937 and has undergone various retrofits and other improvement projects in the decades since.
    The Golden Gate Bridge is described in Frommer's travel guide as "possibly the most beautiful, certainly the most photographed, bridge in the world." At the time of its opening in 1937, it was both the longest and the tallest suspension bridge in the world, titles it held until 1964 and 1998 respectively. Its main span is 4,200 feet (1,280 m) and its total height is 746 feet (227 m).
    Aesthetics was the foremost reason why the first design of Joseph Strauss was rejected. Upon re-submission of his bridge construction plan, he added details, such as lighting, to outline the bridge's cables and towers. In 1999, it was ranked fifth on the List of America's Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects.
    Irving Morrow, a relatively unknown residential architect, designed the overall shape of the bridge towers, the lighting scheme, and Art Deco elements, such as the tower decorations, streetlights, railing, and walkways. The famous International Orange color was Morrow's personal selection, winning out over other possibilities, including the US Navy's suggestion that it be painted with black and yellow stripes to ensure visibility by passing ships. The color of the bridge is officially an orange vermilion called international orange. The color was selected by Morrow because it complements the natural surroundings and enhances the bridge's visibility in fog.
    The bridge was originally painted with red lead primer and a lead-based topcoat, which was touched up as required. In the mid-1960s, a program was started to improve corrosion protection by stripping the original paint and repainting the bridge with zinc silicate primer and vinyl topcoats. Since 1990, acrylic topcoats have been used instead for air-quality reasons. The program was completed in 1995 and it is now maintained by 38 painters who touch up the paintwork where it becomes seriously corroded. The ongoing maintenance task of painting the bridge is continuous.
    Coordinates 37°49′11″N 122°28′43″W
    Carries 6 lanes of US 101 / SR 1
    Locale San Francisco, California and Marin County, California, U.S.
    Official name Golden Gate Bridge
    Maintained by Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District
    Website goldengate.org/bridge
    Design Suspension, Art Deco, truss arch & truss causeways
    Material Steel
    Total length 8980 ft, about 1.70 mi (2.74 km)
    Width 90 ft (27.4 m)
    Height 746 ft (227.4 m)
    Longest span 4200 ft, about 0.79 mi (1.27 km)
    Clearance above 14 ft (4.3 m) at toll gates
    Clearance below 220 ft (67.1 m) at high tide
    Architect Irving Morrow
    Engineering design by Joseph Strauss, Charles Ellis, Leon Solomon Moisseiff
    Constructed by Barrett and Hilp
    Construction start January 5, 1933
    Construction end April 19, 1937
    Opened May 27, 1937; 87 years ago
    Daily traffic 88,716 (FY2020)

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