The Mystery of the Biggest Genomes
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- Опубліковано 12 вер 2018
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3 billion base pairs is a pretty typical genome size for organisms like us, but there are a few plants and animals with genomes so huge they completely blow this number out of the water.
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Sources:
www.cell.com/trends/plant-sci...
www.oxfordreference.com/view/1...
www.britannica.com/science/eu...
www.nature.com/scitable/topic...
blogs.scientificamerican.com/...
www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/...
www.nature.com/scitable/topic...
academic.oup.com/aob/article/...
www.nature.com/articles/299151a0
journals.plos.org/plosbiology/...
academic.oup.com/gbe/article/...
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Is the hostess pregnant?
Uhm, the dna on the thumbnail has the wrong chirality!
racemization?
A 3 Gbp genome is not common in eukaryotes, not even in animals. Maybe in amniotes at most.
Gostei da skl.sh/scishow15...!.
I feel like you should have mentioned the tendency for warm blooded animals to have smaller genomes than cold blooded animals, which is probably due to the fact that we do not need to code for so many different enzymes that do the pretty much same thing but at different temperature rages.
I may not know you but you are human like me, I wish you the best.
Aren't big gnomes just regular people?
*regular people with big gnome hats
😂
I wonder how large the genome is of muscle hank's muscle cells?
I'm betting 40 billion base pairs
Let's wait a while and see lol
Unfathomable
147M for muscle, leaving the remaing 3M for the rest.
Muscle Hank has genome days at the gym where he adds bulk.
Shane Rooney “genome days” 😂
I knew my fern was hiding something.
I’ll keep a closer eye on it from now on!
Thanks for the chuckle!
First it will tell you that its name is Audrey, then it will start shouting 'FEED ME!'
Bishka100 - I think I’ll give it to my cousin Seymour, the florist.
Green lives matter xd
I hope Seymour is not a vegetarian. I don't think Andrey likes vegetarians
Basically just sloppy programming... but for DNA.
I was looking for this comment
DNA is already sloppy coding. These organisms are just sloppier.
It's a lot of commented out code. Onions don't use version control.
Instead of commented out code, it could be conditional if else statements.
Now that we have crispr, has anyone wondered what would happen if we manually prune the "useless" genomes in a species?
I have, just now! *h5*
Hold my reaction tube!
That's how they determine what DNA sections do. Destroy a tiny part and see what screws up. Lots of previously thought "junk DNA" has turned out to serve vital functions.
@David Gutowski while I'd really like to read that paper, bacteria don't have chomosome pairs. Maybe you missunderstood something..? If not and they really stripped a bacterium of all junk DNA, not bad!
I know about a recent synthetic biology project that trashes everything not absolutely necessary to create a "minimal organism" which is absolutely astonishing! The created organism is funnily enough the only living thing not related to anything else in the classic sense :)
I just checked a few sources and it seems the smallest artificial form of life has 531kb of DNA (=473 genes, 149 of which are of unknown funktion)
My source was a paper from 2016 by the venter lab, if there is something newer anyone knows of please let me know!!!!
Hello sci show folks! I'm doinf a lot better and through therapy and medication I am much happier lately and I wanted to thank you for the hard work and love you put into your videos. I made some really horrid and uncalled for comments on some of your videos a few months back and although it was no excuse to be mean, I was struggling with some really heavy mental issues and I lashed out st strangers on the internet. I hope that you see this and accept my apology because I absolutely love the work you all do and I have watched almost every video you all produce. Thank you for all the knowledge you have shared with the world and for just being amazing human beings in general. I am sending you all lots of love and good vibes and I hope you have amazing day.
I thought the title said gnomes for some reason
You already used this comment oof imma delete mine
Dank Matter Oof sorry dank matter. I don’t mean to disrespect the master commenter
It's because you were thinking of Miss Piggy.
i did too
not a gnoblin, not a gnelf
Maybe they are the survivors from a period of extreme irradiation or toxicity. Only those with redundant sets of usable DNA coding pulled through.
That's very good.
It’s interesting that the lung fish and salamander are the evolutionary step onto everything else that evolved on land.. I’m curious if that has any reason to the large genome.. because it seems to me that it would encourage more mutations in those species then branching off into a new one but that’s just a thought
Some interesting hypotheses shared here. I particularly find the hypotheses that tubors have larger genome sequences due to their ability to store large amounts of energy, interesting.
Thank you for the video great presentation
I love how this ties with my Biology curriculum and I can count this as wider reading
Skillshare should teach them lizards how to code for more efficient genomes . . .
Real good job 🙂👍
Great share!
For some reason I love the title of this episode.... I mean I really enjoyed the episode as well but the title just has something special.
8happyperson there’s something about “the mystery of” titles that make me smile too! What’s your favourite sci show episode recently?
Thanks, Olivia! Good work
MiniDebz it was a great episode! Who is your favourite presenter???
@@TommoCarroll Haha, they're all informative, but I like Olivia. Ladies representing science is always a good thing and I see comments hating Olivia basically because she's a woman and I just want to boost her a little bit
DNA is a jumbled mess, got it.
Salamanders just haven't learned about compression.
They haven't downloaded WinRAR xdxd
Shhh!!! The Zipamanders will take over the World
Wow! Thank you so much for making this video! It is so interesting to see how complex life and human DNA is! And Animal DNA is so complex and interesting as well! AND BOY are there some huge Genomes! DFTBA!
There is huge evidence of intelligent design all throughout the universe!
@David Gutowski all hail the FSM!
HAHA not funny
And Why's that?
We got it SciShow, bigger isn't better!
"cold blooded" and creatures and those without wombs need complication in dealing with varying temperatures that warm blooded creatures can do without. Theres also a lot of stuff in genomes that gets chaotically swapped in and out between generations and survives for a long time after it's effectively not being used, ensuring that at least some individuals can for example deal with an ancient disease that hasn't been around for a while in case it returns.
I wonder if these plants and animals with "extra large" genomes are some kind of fundamental evolutionary building block. Maybe there are fungi with a high number of genomes too?
If you're wondering, the reason most other living beings have smaller genome sizes is because of cellular structure, if y'all remember basic bio: eukaryotic cells are either animal or vegetal, animal cells only have a fosfolipid bilayer for a membrane, vegetal cells have a membrane plus an additional cell wall, which allows the cell to withstand higher osmotic pressure and allows it to substantially increase the concentration of metabolites within the cell, including bigger organelles and the inclusion of chloroplasts.
TIL: Fungi don't exist. /S
+Patrick McCurry lmao I don't do mycology, but fun fact they also have cell walls made of chitin, yet we don't actually see a whole bunch of prevalence of bigger genome sizes, in actuality one fungi species Mycoplasma genitalium is a model used for the study of minimal genomes of "free living" eukaryotes (bc this one particularly is a pathogen), this means the minimal amount of genes needed to "live". if y'all need more genomic info I'd advice on taking a course of Comparative Genomics, there's such a wide ocurrence of differing genome characteristics in all kingdoms, not only animalia and plantae!
I'm surprised that amoebas weren't covered. They have 290 billion base pairs and they're just single-celled organisms.
Same, I thought for certain they would at least mention them.
im not a gnoblin
im not a gnelf
im a gnome!
and you've been
GNOMED!!
Not me ! I live in Gnomemans Land :p
Gnoooooooooo!!!
thepookus I gnow gnow what you once gnew...
The title made me really excited about uncovering the secrets of really big gnomes for about a second and a half.
With the flowering plants taking over the world thing I have to say:
ALL HAIL OUR FLOWERING PLANT OVERLORDS!
"Every single thing that makes you who you are" is not your genome, but your experiences and thoughts. Also, the model of tubers and bulbs as basis for polyploidy does not explain extreme polyploidy common in roses and apples, for example.
Great!
"Just remember. They're bigger, and a lot weirder, on the inside." So, like a TARDIS?
Lungfish, salamanders, and ferns have ancient ancestries. No doubt the have been viral infections along the way which expanded the DNA strand.
Great topic and delivery as always but I must say, looking good❤
LOVE YOUR VIDEOS!
I'm just curious about what SciShow sources are to keep track of so much science :)
i can't even imagine 3 billion base pairs, and now there's 150 billion base pairs?!
Wow olivia, you are amazzinggg....
When she mentioned onions at the end, it reminded me of Shrek. Suddenly, the "ogres are like onions" comparison just got a lot more interesting
"and a fern" LMAO
Just a thought to this: the plants and animals with huge genomes maybe able to adapt to more changes to there environment and diseases because of their large genome,
there are two copies of the genome in every cell. So there are 6 billion base pairs in each of our cells.
Maybe salamanders have an advantage of having a larger genome because the duplication preserves the integrity of the genes of regrown cells. Maybe it’s worthwhile to have more duplicates with the increased cell growth rate. The real question is whether salamanders frequently develop cancer?
Salamanders might store some data of nearby cells to more accurately rebuild
Which is the software you use to edit your videos
I first read this as gnomes and was very confused for about 1 second
Wonder if we could use out diploid genes and make our cells use the extra copies for error correction to help prevent cancer and radiation damage.
Among animals sturgeon often have polyploidy with no drawbacks.
Is there a correlation between genome size and cancer resistance?
To the best of our knowledge, these larger genomes don't necessarily code for more proteins. Much of the genome will either be redundant or control regulation of protein-coding DNA. So, a larger genome would mean that segments of DNA that are less important would take some of the brunt of cancer-causing agents like ROS, which can defer tumour formation. However, the important segments of DNA that code for proteins are more frequently seen at the inner border of the nucleus & are less condensed -- therefore first in line to be hit by radiation/ROS etc.
There are some really interesting open-access papers available that discuss this if you have a Google 😁
I will never look at onions the same T_T
See, Shrek was right.. Onions have LAYERS (of DNA)...
UNLEASHING POTENTIAL - PSYCHOLOGY VIDEOS I will never look at onions again. Not after last time...😭😭😭
When I look into onions it moves me to tears.
When I onions the layers, tears, tears
[I can't buzz word]
Yea plants are a lot more complex than most people realize.
Did Skill share classes on coding for kids 12-13 yrs of age?
Funny thing is that less then 10% of the genetic data is needed for the actual shape. Most of it goes to building proteins.
I knew it, size doesn't matter! Smaller genomes are good enough to get the job done.
The way you end every sentence
...last word of every sentence has all together different accent...😂
Poluploidy is how you get these massive strawberries vs wild strawberries
Too bad they only breed the strawberries for size, not for sweetness.
Onions: They're bigger on the inside, and have layers, like ogres. Onions are Time Lord Ogres.
So you're telling me that if we had less base pairs.. we would heal faster? So that's how they made Wolverine.
Flowers, salamanders, and lung fish are older than us as a species. As time went on, DNA became more streamlined.
There are other even older species with far smaller genomes.
Here because I just woke up from a nap and read the title as “The Biggest Gnomes”.
No gnomes, but not disappointed. 😹
"Right now there are 3 billion pairs of DNA molecules inside each of your cells" Except the red blood cells of course, which contain none. 😊
Is there anything in life where bigger IS better?🤔
Mate competition, to a degree. Being bigger than your opponent is usually better as long as it isn't excessively disadvantageous in other ways. Being bigger for cetaceans is very useful as it takes far more energy to stay warm in water than air, especially when you're "small".
Patrick McCurry Woosh
Sam George shhhh, don't yell him.
Sebastian Elytron well, something bigger needs bigger food as well
Ur Mum !
'coz there is more of her to love (in the Platonic sense)
More base pairs, more duplicate genes, more adaptable? (Biologically)
Primates are more adaptable due to memory/learning.
Isn't this what also happens in coding a software? I don't know much about programming but I have heard that a sotware that can do something with less amount of code than other one is better programmed.
Early computers had memory as a scarce resource. For some time now the bottleneck is developer capacity. So the best programs are those that are easy to create, understand, and adapt to new requirements.
I would guess the extra DNA might
have to do with regeneration.
Growing back appendages.
Could it all be based on broken symmetry?
I wonder how many genomes Kars has.
I'm surprised they didn't mention the amoeba that has 670 billion base pairs.
Genome size is NOT about complexity is about having more adaptive options, like having a billion of blueprint to produce protective proteins and chemicals.
That duplicated genomes maybe are important so the DNA make backups in case one get damaged, just as we do with computer data.
Sounds like "Genome Envy" to me.
Great, we even have cells with bloatware now.
Olivia doesnt seem like she normally does. You okay girl?? Sending love
Check out the autopolyploidy of white sturgeon
5:00 Every single thing that makes an onion an onion.
LAYERS !
Onions have layers.
Hey Olivia, is that a tatoo of Lilymon on your forearm?
Ogres are also bigger and a lot weirder on the inside. Also layers.
So genomes have bloatware.
The sea urchin has one of the hugest. Wierd for such an ancient animal.
I thought this was a video on gnome-lore
that voice
I watched that all the way through and I am left with one question...what are the tattoos!?
ie..they look neat is the unstated compliment
.
00:10
All my cells? No, pretty sure my gametes only have 1.5 billion and they aren't paired...
Ahh i just love that Game
I think it that if it has a bigger Genomes it's before they are not as new or updated as other like an old none optimised beta app ve a final build. But i wonder if it has advantages like helping the organism against cancer or viruses because it has copies of DNA maybe you could self check to get rid of cancers and fight off viruses. Maybe we need to go old school Gnomes like a salamander, again in our bodies to protect ourselves from these diseases.
So since we split from sharks our genome has duplicated two times. And most fishes an additional time
I read ‘biggest gnomes’
ME TOO 🤣
maybe more DNA means a lower chance of the coding base pairs being hit by ionizing radiation.
Oh wow i got here early
Wonder how much DNA code a starfish has
I have to correct you for once, we don’t have 3 billion pairs of DNA molecules in our cells, we have 3 billion base pairs ( a.k.a. nucleotides), DNA is a polymer of nucleotides
That's a bold dress
Ok smarty pants, but who has the biggest gnomes!?
Misread as giant gnomes. #GiantGnomeMasterRace
💙
That's my opinion but I think we actually forget about 0,03% of our DNA the most important thing that hold it all together . I'm currently really sick and I think it's probably due to Minkowski Chauffard sickness witch is an hereditary problem of 11.2b gene . I'm trying to find out more about it to help myself and other people too , and the answer probably lie with the 0.03 % we are missing out on . If we can understand the rest we can cure many RNA sicknesses too . If we supose that the quantic value of the universe is 18 or 9 that may explain it better I believe.
If our genmes are what make us what we are mine have a lot to answer for!
g sharp
I had read that the human genome makes for an equivalent of 3GB.
Which is about a 2hr HD movie, as she said
More DNA means a longer evolutionary heritage. I bet that the length of DNA eventually will grow to where it eliminates the species. What will survive are the off-springs that have reduced chromosome set..
Why is the preview picture a biologically-inaccurate left-handed DNA helix?
Who cares? It's not like people should be getting the majority of their science knowledge from UA-cam thumbnails anyway
Typically human logic: "We haven't figured out why they have bigger genomes. We haven't figured out what the extra genome is doing. But our genome size is best. Bigger is not better."