Ancient Persia and the Achaemenid Persian Empire
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- Опубліковано 7 чер 2024
- The region of ancient Persia, which is modern-day Iran, has one of the longest histories, reaching back to the Palaeolithic Age, some one hundred thousand years ago. Between circa 1500 and 1000 BCE, a Persian priest named Zoroaster, also known as Zarathustra, claimed he received a vision from Ahura Mazda. The god told him to rectify the error of following a polytheistic religion, and to instead declare that only one god exists, himself, obviously. This new religion, known as Zoroastrianism, was the first monotheistic religion in the world. This religion was later adopted by the Achaemenid Persian Empire, and those who succeeded it, namely the Parthian and Sassanian empires.
The Achaemenid Persian Empire, often just referred to as the Achaemenid Empire, was founded by Cyrus the Great who reigned from circa 550 to 530 BCE. Cyrus the Great had his policies and his vision inscribed on what is known as the Cyrus Cylinder (considered by some scholars as the First Declaration of Human Rights), where he decreed how he wanted his people to live freely and in peace with others. After Cyrus the Great died in five thirty BCE, his son Cambyses II succeeded him, and reigned for eight years until he was assassinated by a distant cousin who took the regnal name of Darius the first, also known as Darius the Great
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- CHAPTERS -
0:00 Introduction
0:40 The Early History of Ancient Persia
5:12 The Achaemenid Persian Empire
10:21 Alexander the Great and the End of the Persian Empire
13:57 Outro
- WANT TO KNOW MORE? -
Ancient Persia www.worldhistory.org/Persia/
Achaemenid Persian Empire www.worldhistory.org/Achaemen...
Zoroastrianism www.worldhistory.org/zoroastr...
Cyrus the Great www.worldhistory.org/Cyrus_th...
Cambyses II www.worldhistory.org/Cambyses...
Darius the Great /
Xerxes I www.worldhistory.org/Xerxes_I/
The Cyrus Cylinder www.worldhistory.org/article/...
Persepolis www.worldhistory.org/persepolis/
Pasargadae www.worldhistory.org/Pasargadae/
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#ancientpersia #persiahistory #achaemenidpersia
What is your favourite Persian cultural contribution?
Ice cream, chess, so many to pick from! Love to my Persian friends!
Satraps for Satrapies, Royal road and the Immortals unit in their armies:)
Iranians are the best tea makers in the world , about a million times better than the Chinese . Same with rice
Toleration of other cultures' customs and religions, women's rights, wise administration - there's so much to admire.
*_The God that everyone in the world worships._*
The Achaemenid Persian Empire is one of my favorite empires in human history.
Why it's worthless. Nothing better than a Greek . Everything in the Middle East was built by the Greeks. Everything! You apes are living. I'm still in land. What you claim is yours is just Greek kingdoms.
The Persian Empire is the true foundation of western civilization.
And for the Muslim world too especially the second Persian empire aka the House of Sasan or the Sasanian dynasty
Excuse me?
How does that happen?
Their culture was fascinating. Anyone inventing the birthday party and the guitar is a favorite with me. 😊
Guitar was invented in musilm spain not in persia
@@starcapture3040 Guitar was invented by Persian, The name of the inventor of the Guitar is unknown but it is believed to have been invented in Ancient Persia around 1500 BC, during the Ancient World era of inventions (3500 BC - 600BC). The origins of the word guitar can be traced back to the Old Persian word 'sehtar', meaning "three Strings" from 'seh' means "three" and 'tar' meaning "string".
@@starcapture3040 The word 'tar' therefore means "string" in Persian and is the root of a number of stringed instruments such as the Indian sitar, the Persian chartar, the Turkestan dotar, the Afghanistan panchtar, the Spanish quitarra, the Italian chitarra and of course, the guitar.
@@shirazatm Persians didn't create anything it's all stolen from mesopotamians
@@starcapture3040 OK
I don't need to prove you anything since there are so many historical resources for this fact. Good luck 😉
Well presented as always Kelly! Thank you!
once again thanks Kelly . You always bring to life history by your wonderful expressions. Beautiful Job !!
Thank you! 🙂
Informative as always.
With sprinkles of propaganda here and there. Wonderful.
thanks , can’t wait for this
incredible presentation!
This was great! 🙌🏼
Glad you liked it!!
great video. as someone who was born in Iran I don't Persian Empire gets as much attention as it deserves so thank you.
Becuase they didn't have Great Liertature and they coppied everything from Mesopotamia it is similer to how the Romans have done with greek culture. so they were good in militray but not in culture and most ordinary people don't care much for militray stuff in the anicent world.
@@starcapture3040 haha lol
@@starcapture3040 ok so I've learned something new today. that the roman and the persian empire are only famous and admired because they had military power :D go read about the very first example of human rights then we will talk.
@@hoseinzaremohazabie1827 Indeed! it is wrong to compare the Barbaric Persia empire to the Romans Indeed! since they built so much. but you know what the best example of what Ancient Persia was in the west it can be Sparta. Humans rights my ass, He conquered Babylon and he wanted to make sure they won't revolt so he declared in Babylonian that he would respect their culture which they copied in everything themselves since they have none. Persia have taken over the most civilized place in history and they turned it into missive desolate shithole to the point a tiny city state conquered it all in 3 battles. so don't get too high with your nationalistic approach to history you would be disappointed. Before Islam Persians had no great literature at all.
@@starcapture3040 clearly your view of Persian empire comes from the movie "300" :D you are an interesting person indeed. my guess is that you are from an Arab country (given that you don't have a real name or a picture this is just a guess and people who don't have real names and pictures on social media are scary people to talk to) or just someone who admire Islam and despises Persians because the only way to boost their cultures up is to trash culture that came thousands of years before them... . typical.
The Persian’s were the best of all ancient empires..
no they were not
@@starcapture3040 haha roflmao
@@starcapture3040 so which was ?
@@sonnyradcliffe8365 the abbasid empire under al mamon
@@starcapture3040 persian empire is the greatest ancient empire, but abbasi empire is islamic
As an Iranian, I enjoyed your video. But the most interesting thing for me was when you mentioned in the beginning of your video the first birthday was made by Parsians. Can you please give an explanation if you have time?
that anubis sweater tho
This is one of our new designs in our store of the ancient Egyptian god Set!
*_6:30_**_ There were no slaves in Persia, that's literally the point of mentioning the Cyrus cylinder. I knew you just couldn't help yourself from fabricating parts of history._*
xerxes' invasion of greece, is that what the movie 300 is about?
That movie is a big lie and anti persian
thanky vre vre math
You're welcome. 🙂
was the monotheism of zoroaster developed first than the one of pharaoh aten?
Idk, but would be very interested in anyone answering this. . .if at all possible. My eastern related history is not up to snuff frankly. Any ideas knowledgeable friends???
I think it more likely that Atenism shall be first among the mono's of any region historically tbh
During the reign of Akhenaten, although he stated that only the Aten was to be worshipped, there is evidence of the tradition Egyptian religion still being practiced in homes and in private.
The creator doesn't know too much. Some scholars say that Zoroaster preached monotheism 1000BC and some say its 10000BC.
This short film shows the history of ancient Iran with an eloquent expression.
No wonder why i learned so many songs on gutair but can not play anything after learning, creater am i being punished
What you see at 2:19 is Yasna 28. Yasnas are one of the five surviving parts of the Avesta. From Yasna 28 to Yasna 53 are stationed the poems of Zoroasther himself, also known as the Gathas(poems). Yasna 28,1 which is the oldest poem from the oldest known philosopher and perhaps tge oldest known monotheist is translated as this :
In humble adoration, with hands outstretched
I pray to Thee, O Mazda!
First of all, through Thy Holy spirit vouchsafe to me
All righteousness of action, all wisdom of the Good Mind,
That I may thereby bring joy to the Soul of Creation.
How is it that you claim Zoroastrianism to be the first monotheistic religion when the Law of Moses was written at least a century prior claiming the commandment "You shall have no other gods before me"?
The result of genetic studies: The Proto-Iranians can trace their origin to roughly modern Ukraine and Chelyabinsk, Oblast, Russia. These sites have been archeology completed and they are the so-called Sintasha and other cultures where the horse was first most likely domesticated. Before that we had the Andronova culture, with similarities to the Sintasha. On the other side, to the West of these cultures there was the Srubnaya culture that later both layered and replaced the Potapovka peoples. The Potapovka culture in turn was derived from the Poltavka culture. The genetically and culturally related “coded ware” was to the North of Srubnya and Sintasha cultures; the aforementioned “Coded Ware” culture was the first to migrate to the European continent. Although partially most of these related cultures migrated to Europe, some came back to Central Asia and Russia, some stayed in Europe. In these cultures mentioned, we see the emergence of various Iranian languages, a sub section of the larger Indo-European linguistic family that itself first bloomed in the Yamnaya culture in Southern Russia. The catacomb culture was to the South of ALL of these cultures mentioned. There were other cultures (settlements), but there no absolutely no need to go through every single one. Ultimately, the aforementioned populations were ALL related, yet with slight variations.
At any rate, below are genetic studies and scholarly works that will expand on these answers further,
“In studies from the mid-2000s, the Andronovo have been described by archaeologists as having cranial features similar to ancient and modern European populations. Andronovo skulls are similar to those of the Srubnaya culture and Sintashta culture, exhibiting features such as dolicocephaly. Through Iranian and Indo-Aryan migrations, this physical type expanded southwards and mixed with aboriginal peoples, contributing to the formation of modern populations…”- Kuzmina, 2007, p. 171.
“The Potapovka culture is thought to belong to an eastward migration of Indo-European-speakers who eventually emerged as the Indo-Iranians. David W. Anthony considers the Potapovka culture and the Sintashta culture as archaeological manifestations of the early Indo-Iranian languages.”
“In a genetic study published in Science in 2018, the remains four individuals ascribed to the Potapovka culture was analyzed. Of the two males, one carried R1a1a1b2a2a and U2e1, while the other carried R1 and C. People of the Potapovka culture were found to be closely related to people of the Corded Ware culture, the Sintashta culture, the Andronovo culture and the Srubnaya culture. These were found to harbor mixed ancestry from the Yamnaya culture and peoples of the Central European Middle Neolithic. The genetic data suggested that these related cultures were ultimately derived from a remigration of Central European peoples with steppe ancestry back into the steppe.”
“The Potapovka people were massively built Caucasoids/Europoids. Their skulls are similar to those of the Catacomb culture. Potapovka skulls are less dolichocephalic than those of the Fatyanovo-Balanovo culture, Abashevo culture, Sintashta culture, Srubnaya culture and western Andronovo culture. The physical type of the Potapovka appears to have emerged through a mixture between the purely dolichocephalic type of the Sintashta, and the less dolichocephalic type of the Yamnaya culture and Poltavka culture.”
Very well-made and informative documentary. Could've been a little longer thought, I might say, with more time spent on Cyrus's heirs, infrastructure, economy and culture. On the other hand, Persian kingdom of Achaemenid dynasty was far from stable after death of High king Xerxes I, where there had been many intruigues, assassinations and bloody dynastic wars, as well as wars with Athens (and its "alies" (many historians, and rightly so, do reccomend to use the terms "Athens and allies" or rather, "Athenian empire", in accordance to its imperialistic politics and ambition)) and rebelling satrapies, like Ionia and Egypt, and on number of occasions. Other than that, I can give you only words of praise, dear friends.
Slava
Make Video about Queen Zanubia
Hi! Here’s the link to our video on Queen Zenobia ua-cam.com/video/mzBbpCG7gvM/v-deo.html enjoy!
Alexander the great, the last monarch of the empire, well-put.
I think their respect and support toward other religions is their most important contribution.
Alexander is always present in ancient literature as the son of Devil, the accursed. And you consider him the last Achaemenid monarch? Wonder what kind of an Achaemenid monarch would be so anti Achaemenid!
Welcome to golgumbaz, bijapur, South Indian
🥳 Birthday’s of course 🎂
What did the ancient Persians look like? I understand that it might be confusing at first look due to their lack of representation, but it will actually become pretty clear upon a second glance. For now as you read this just keep in mind that most contemporary art, even the ones depicted by modern Iranians themselves are based on ancient Persian Royal art, which itself was directly copied from the Assyrians and Babylonians who came before them - a highly symbolic, flat type of art where all faces regardless of which nation was represented, looked almost identical (for more see the last two paragraphs). Some of the modern art also conflates the current Middle-Eastern phenotype with that of the ancient peoples of Iran.
The Persians and Spartans were both Indo-Europeans (Caucasians). But according to Greek historian Herodotus (Father of History), the Medes were blonds and sandy-haired Northern Iranians. Xerxes’s father, Darius, was a Mede, his mother a Persian. That collaborates centuries later with Roman poet and historian Ovid’s analysis when he said Northern Iranians (the Parthians, Scythians, Alans, Sarmatians, etc), were no different in appearance to the Celts and the Germanic tribes. The Roman author Ammianus Marcellinus, centuries earlier had stated the same.
The few realistic art work we have of the Persians themselves done by Greek and Roman artists, depicts them as white, but dissimilar to the Greeks, and far more resembling the French, the Spaniards, and reveals them as Eastern European-like. Herodotus also noted that Xerxes was supposedly one of the most youthful in appearance and handsome men in Asia during his time, whatever that means.
The most life-like depiction of ancient Persians are the “Bishapur art”, the wall and mosaic drawings done by Roman prisoners of war where they put their well-known talents to use and aided with decorating some newly constructed Persian palaces. In those, Persian women specifically and other female courtesans are depicted as almost pale with somewhat thick, flat eyebrows, with brown and black hair, very rarely some, including men, with red hair (as also depicted by Greek artists on the so-called Alexander’s sarcophagus and Sassanian floor fresco). The “Sassanian silver plates art”, also repeat the some of the same type of depictions, but since it was done by Persian artists, again many faces look similar, and have a symbolic quality to them to a certain extent, yet still a very good starting point. Other notable art include, “The Parthian solider” bust, (Greek-based), “The Dying Persian”, and “The Parthian statue”, a remarkable ancient Roman work of art with black marble used as the body, contrasting it with beige and black marble as his clothing and cape. Lastly, of importance are the many Parthian coins still in survival. Clean shaven (or not), and inspired by realistic portrayals unique to Hellenic art, Parthian kings and Princes with their Iranian weapons of choice, the bow and the arrow, look like Scandinavian war-lords, or at the very least are very Robinhood-like (see Arsaces I).
Alexander’s northern Iranian wife who was after his death murdered by his mom or his men, was named Rukhshanaa (Roxana, Roxanne). In ancient Iranian and still today’s Persian, it means, shiny-faced, light-face. Back then, and even today in Iran, the more secluded a tribal group was/is, the “lighter-skinned” in appearance they are, something that again, is Specially true for some reason or the other with Iranian women, signaling lack of intermarriage. The indigenous peoples of the Iranian plateau, the Elamites, had beautiful olive-skin with long braided hairs, whom Persian royals went on to copy, as a form of fashion of the times, as well as borrowing their long robes with wide bejeweled sleeves. Their sophisticated culture was long established before the arrival of the Persians and other Iranian tribes.
THE BOTTOM LINE? Northern Iranians aside, focusing strictly on the Persian tribes (Southern Iranians), THEY, resembled modern Albanians, Romanians, and modern Northern Italians, as well as very strongly, the Medieval Europeans (excluding Northern Europe). When you see an image of a Medieval European, from Hungary, Spain, and above all, France and Portugal, you are most likely coming very close to seeing the face of an ancient Persian. Accordingly, see the rock carving of the Khosrow II, an artistic work and an archeological piece 1000 years before the emergence of the Medieval Europe and the concept of the heavy armored warrior (what the French would later call the Chevalier, or the British, the knight). Ancient Iranian tribes hailed from Ukraine by the way, at least that’s as far as we can tell.
As the late Prof. Emeritus Richard Frye of Harvard noted, while the Iranians are not geographically Eastern Europeans, they are however, “The Europeans of the East”. Or according to encyclopedia Brittanica,
“The name Persia derives from Parsa, the name of the Indo-European nomadic people who migrated into southern Iran…in about 1000 BCE”.
It’s important to note that Persian imperial art itself in Persepolis and other places does NOT depict the Persians, or any other groups, realistically, as they all show a flat profile, with most faces looking very similar or almost identical. This was partially borrowed from the Assyrian and Babylonian empires who came before them, to portray a continuity and homogeneity of races. It was also an attempt to legitimize Persian rule, the world’s first Indo-European super power, who replaced thousands of years of semitic kingship (the Egyptians and the aforementioned civilizations). Let me repeat that one more time, ancient Persian art itself is NOT realistic, but more symbolic.
Where the “Indo” suffix of the designation, Indo-European comes from is due to the fact that while some Iranians tribes where settling in their new homeland, in modern Iran, simultaneously other Iranic tribes invaded Northern India. That is why many Indic and ancient Iranian Gods and religious beliefs display similarities. The British scholar who coined the term thought that the related-European groups passed through the Hindu Kush mountains. Although at some point the old Ariana (Iranian tribes) who invaded India were fortunately, eventually absorbed by the indigenous Brahmin population. Otherwise we wouldn’t have the nation of India, as we know it today. Something that for anyone who is a lover of cultures, arts, mathematics and good food would be unimaginable.
That’s ethnicity; linguistically Iranian languages are classified as the aforementioned Indo-European, which can in turn be termed as ancient English.
Words like, mother, father, son, daughter (dokhtar). ponder (pendaar), nice (nik,neekoo, nikki; Greek: Nike), Jasmine (yaasamin), scarlet (saghalaat, see Merriam-Webster), Melchior, art (Old Pers.: arta), mind (manaa), grab (Avestan/Eastern Persian, grab), far (related to fara, ex: faravahar; fra, par-vaaz), being (boodan), is (hast), you, tiger (tighra; Merriam-Webster), it (een), Allan (Alan, Alania; from the Northern Iranian tribes who settled in modern day Scotland), Ariana (Arya, Aria, Eire-aan, ultimately, “Iran”). Amazon (hama-zan; see “Sarmatians” in Brittanica; also Online Etymology Dictionary; also Adrienne Mayor, The National Geographic; also “The Early Amazons, JH Block, 1995), Caucasian (search engine: etymology of Caucasus), etc, are mostly still found in Farsi.
I hope this was helpful.
There are Immortals represented on the walls of Susa palace with their differences taken into notice. There blonde blue eyed people alongside dark haired brown skinned people and also almost African( more like Egyptian) looking people who are probably elamite
@@artinrahideh1229That’s very true. The Elamites had beautiful darker or olive skin. Persia from its inception was a multi-cultural nation to a certain extent. BUT, after investigating the Susa palace wall/ mosaic paintings and others, it was conclude that many of the so-called skin colour/phenotype representation in these art works do NOT aim for authenticity and are NOT realistic depiction of the Persian population; they are mostly the paint and oil colours they had available to them at the time. All of the flat profiles also look almost identical. This was by design.
But the Persians not only to a certain degree mixed with the Elamites, but Cyrus also incorporated them into the government and as high ranking military officers.
The most realistic portrays of the
Persians and Parthians were done not by themselves, but by the
Greeks, the Romans and the Phoenicians as mentioned in the article.
@@zmmz1238 I don't think that an empire stretching from Indus to Greece had a limited choice of color to decorate the palace of Darius. Plus how different do the immortals of Susa look compared to other depictions anyway?
@@artinrahideh1229
I think that’s one of mistakes that the average reader makes when it comes to history, is, saying, “I think back then...”
We can’t ASSUME anything. We can just go with what we have in terms of archeological evidence or literature, written history.
The paints used at Susa for mosaic paintings were specialty oils used for centuries by the Babylonian artists that would adhere to a mosaic’s surface without easily being peeled.
For whatever reason, partially even preference, we know definitively those paint colours were NOT chosen to represent an authentic portrayal of the Immortals’ (Persian elite
Guard units created originally by Cyrus the Great) races or complexions.
I cannot post any pictures, but as the article states, you can Google some of the the aforementioned artwork there.
If you want to see realistic portrayals of ancient Iranians Google,
“Bishspur art”
“The Parthian head Nisa”
“orontes I persian satrap gold coin”
“The Dying Persian”
“Scythian solider Kalchayan”
“colored alexander sarcophagus”
@@zmmz1238 I looked at these and compared them to the men present on walls of Persepolis, there wasn't that much difference between for example the dying Persian and Persians on the Persepolis walls( when you look at them from sides).
As for your argument about middle eastern art of that era not being realistic, I can't bring myself to accept it. There is undeniable difference between men from Africa, Ionia, Persia and Indus. Yes they might not be as realistic as others but they are not indifferent towards typical looks of people.
3:10 She says Zoroaster declared himself as God? Is she serious? Ahura Mazda - great/mass source of knowledge? - is considered the creater in Zoroastrianism not him.
He does appear in some ancient texts as a manifestation of god.
@@WorldHistoryEncyclopediawhich ones?
I’m proud to be Persian
The first known existents of Ahura Mazda according to our own persian knowledge is more than 6000 years old and not 2-3000 years as it is written in the schoolbooks.
Thanks for watching!
Zoroaster (in Greek and English) or Asho Zartosht (in Persian which was his true name) must have lived or born somewhere around 2500-1800 BC in Azarbaijan or North Caucasus which its name itself comes from the word Azar in old Persian for Fire + Baigan which means Guarding in Persian but since Arab invasion of iran in 700 AD they renamed it as Azarbaijan instead of Azerbaigan cause arabs didn't have the word G in their Language so Azarbaijan = Guardian of Fire hence the birth and flourishing of Zoroastrianism and amount of fire temple around that region it also known for Atorpategan in Parthian empire and couple of more names that I don't remember now
There are Some peoples that want to downgrade Persian civilization by placing birthday of Zoroaster right at the establishment of Achaemenid dynasty of Persian Empire like 600BC or some placing his birthday right at 1000BC in Google (as if they don't want anyone to be older than Abraham) but Aryan migration to Iranian plateau probably happened around second millennia BC and they settled there around 1800bc, continued their nomadic lifestyle there till 800 and 600 BC which they became civilized and established Median Empire and Persian Empire in order... anyway I was saying that aryan migration from modern day Russia to Iranian plateau happened around second millennia BC but my point is that even then Scythians who were nomads and lived around north of Caspian sea, parts of central Asia and Caucasus, their Language was part of Iranian language groups and didn't came to Iranian plateau, had Zoroastrianism as their religion, so we are talking about a Pre-migration religion and that's why im saying that Zoroaster the founder of Zoroastrianism lived sometimes around 2500-1800BC
And not 600BC or 1000BC or 1500BC
Today in modern Persian we say Atash for "Fire" instead of Azar in Avestan and old Persian, modern Persian also has Arabic loanwords resulting in Muslim invasion of Iran and stuff...
It also use Arabic alphabet for writing (again for the same reason) instead of Middle Persian Writing before arabs invade...
But most of the key words remained relatively untouched since Old Persian till now
Like: Baradar (Brother), Madar (Mother), Pedar (Father), Dokhtar (Daughter), Nam (Name) etc....
The Word Persian is English way of saying Persian which came from Greek sources to the English, the word Farsi is Arabic way of saying Persian (loan word) they also don't have P,
And finally the word Parsi is Persian way of Saying Persian which is its true name and Pars or Parseh came from that which greeks turned it into Persia and Perspolis or Persis
Nationalists believe that we should use Avestan Script or middle Persian for writing instead of Arabic script, and some nationalists even try to speak pre-islam Persian which unfortunately people in general thinks that you're trying to be Poetic and will mock you for that but that was how our ancestors spoke before.
Dariush came to the throne by right ned id not betray.please chech other sources.herdot is aliar.thank you🙏🌹
Iranian ❤️❤️🇮🇷🇮🇷🙏🙏🙏
No I did not know that the Persians invented the birthday party, but I do now!
*_They literally designed the modern world._*
The word Parsu/Persian is found earlier mentioned in the Rig Veda. Its name come from a tribe living in north western India.
Christianity stole Zoroastrianism wholesale
Iranian ❤️❤️❤️🇮🇷🇮🇷🇮🇷
🙂
@@WorldHistoryEncyclopedia ♥️♥️♥️♥️♥️🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏
Also i am God person, Cyrus then Jesus. Now wade Krause
I am reborn Cyrus the great.. ya screwed up hard.. now
The PoorMan
wade krause
Sorry to be the most immature one in the comments here, but as much as I find ancient Persia fascinating, I could not shift my focus from that shirt with Anubis and what appears to be his rather sizeable member! 🤣
Hi Tim! This sweater is with one of our newer designs with the Egyptian God of chaos Set (and he’s wearing clothes!)
@@WorldHistoryEncyclopedia Oh well, as long as it's Set then it's all alright! 😄
🤔