@Alex's awesome animals OK, you were making me feel really old :-) check out the other books by that author written about the same time. They are all great.
Great list. I love the mandarin rat snake. Almost got one from the pet store near me last spring. So gorgeous, it almost looks like eyes all down their backs.
@@WickensWickedReptiles hey man, you’ve always been a big help with teaching me how to take care of my reptiles. And because of you I have my own little collection. Thank you for always being informative!
I would love to hear your input on Vietnamese blue beauties. I have one and there is so little information online about them. Also my wife got me a WWR shirt for Father's day and I love it
Bamboo rat snakes! Similar to mandarin rat snakes, I see them referred to as difficult to keep- because they don't need additional heat beyond room temperature. Never been able to wrap my head around how that makes them *more* difficult instead of less. They also stay smaller, and in my opinion are even more beautiful (specifically the Thai variety, which is what I have.) They've got a bit more sass and speed, but not unmanageable in my experience. They're hard to find, but not expensive when you do find them.
My friends trying to convince me that turtles are amphibians. She refuses to believe that they are reptiles so I want proof from the reptile king himself
I was surprised jeweled lacertas weren’t on this list! I breed jewlies and they are an amazing pet reptile. So so underrated and misunderstood. People think they are so skittish and can’t be tamed but my jeweled lacertas are like colorful bearded dragons.
I thought it was kinda funny how he was like "there has been documents have a Chauha and a crested gecko do the *finger moving together* ya know I died laughing not sure why maybe because of how awkward he was explaining it without saying it
Check you out with the silver play button on the wall. Well-placed my sage! You are really impressively consistently interesting with the content. So great!
It may not be as popular, but as a fellow Canuck I’d love to learn more about other cold-blooded Canadian creatures like the fellow you featured in this video - especially those in the hobby. It’s gotta be a rough climate for them!
Also i would had to the list Central American Banded Geckos ( Mitratus Gecko) i have one called Mooni and she is REALLY cute i've had her for 3 months now and it's been awsome !
I have a northwestern alligator lizard I found under a rock frozen and I took it in as my first pet. I have had it for a few months now and its really sweet. It doesn't bite or try to threaten me when I touch it or pick it up and she will cuddle up again your hand. She will also sometimes rub her head on your hand to get an itch or to help herself shed.
I am experienced with snakes. The snake list was very interesting and I would consider adding any one of these snakes to my snake family. Fantastic choices and video.
@@DTAever yeah so for mine I don’t use any heat at all. No lamps, heat mats or anything. Just natural room temps of 72-74 degrees. My bedroom is too warm right now, so I keep him in my living room and it usually stays around 74 but he doesn’t eat every week and the breeder I bought him from told me to try to cool it down a tad bit more
I’ve been out of snake keeping for about a decade now, life got a little crazy and I got out for a bit. But now that things have settled I’ve been going down all these rabbit holes trying to find the perfect species. Seeing you mention the Angolan Python had me HOOKED immediately. Starting my research and it’s looking like that’s going to be my new addition!! Thank you for giving them some attention, they are gorgeous and seem to be a great species to work with and enjoy. ❤ Thanks so much Adam!
Hell yeah we need a part 2! From the moment I saw a mandarin rat snake on my first reptile expo, I fell in love with them. Would love to keep one in the future
Another slice of fried gold Adam 👍🏾! Love, love your videos because I always learn something new. You are, THE CANADIAN G.O.A.T! Thanks for your dedication and hard work 🇺🇸🇨🇦.
My first reptile ever was an Everglades ratsnake. Still have him to this day. I think they make fine beginners. I'd love a rubber boa but I can't find them anywhere.
Hey man, I’m fourteen and started off with a couple of hognoses and an African house snake three years ago. I recently stepped up to a mandarin, a rocky start but he’s eating great and has calmed down a lot.He is like a shoelace compared to the one in the expo. Love your videos
This is a really great video idea for someone like me who's been watching reptile UA-cam and wants to get something cool and doesn't want to have a huge collection
You could add nerodia snake species in the next beginner reptiles you have never heard of! Most of Nerodia species have same type of setup u would see with corn snakes etc. because they do not live in the water, they only hunt in water. And there are plenty of nerodia species to choose from! Only con to them is that they can be harder to find than some other snakes.
Honestly I love your beginner videos. I also am a big fan of underrated pets. It brings reptiles I have never heard, onto my radar. Which is exciting to think about that first reptile and it being super cool
I'm glad you mentioned research when considering an animal for a pet. I do believe its important. Especially for the welfare of said animal. I definitely don't recommend buy first, learn later. However, an opportunity came to me due to a friends unsteady residence needs for himself and he didn't need to be dragging his pet snake around. So, I got into fostering. I've a beautiful Candino Albino Boa living with me now. The friend couldn't settle here either so I said his snake could. It was becoming more my duty to take care of him anyway and I am an animal rescuer of sorts if need arises. Sadly, there's almost too much info on youtube these days and one really does need to be careful. If two or more channels give the same info about certain care, I'll listen and implement as needed. So, thank you for your channel and your info. It's in depth but quite simple. And simple is the way I like to live. 😊
Would love to see you cover solemn island ground boas and carpet pythons. Both are amazing species of snakes with tons of personality. But I never really see any reptile tuber talk about them in anything outside have a care guide, and even then it's just the carpet pythons.
Those Angolan pythons are super cool, they look like a cross between a ball python and a Burmese python. I might have to try to find one when I can finally start keeping reptiles.
I LOVE my Chahoua!! She is so sweet and waits at her enclosure door to come out. I think all the new caledonia geckos are super easy to keep and are fun to interact with! I have Leachie, chahoua. Gargoyle and crested.
bairds rat snakes are good beginner snakes and they are super pretty. They don't get enough love here on YT brilliant content as always mate, thank you
I think russian rat snakes can also go into this list. I've yet to get one myself, but from what I've read they are incredibly hardy snakes that can handle very wide range of temperatures and humidity, about the same size as a corn snake so they don't need a giant enclosure, and have a very chill and mellow personality (generally speaking). The only negatives are brumation may be needed to live longer ( which can be a blessing since you don't need to spend money on feeders during this time), and that their colors aren't as striking and vibrant as some other exotic snakes. I love how they look personally.
I think cooler temperatures are not really difficult but a thing to keep an eye on. What I mean is, that it is easier, to heat something up to a temperature with the use of a thermostat if it gets cold during winter as to keep something cool in a hot summer day. If you have the structural options, go for it. The humidity should not be the issue since cooler temperatures more or less automatically mean higher relative humidity with the same water volume sprayed. Very interesting list. Even as a more experianced reptile keeper I would like to have everything from it :)
I'd love to see you make an updated care guide on Chinese Cave geckos! There isn't much content on them... it would also be cool to see an enclosure tutorial for them!!
I think sarasinorum geckos of New Caledonia are under rated and beginner level. They are kept very similar to a crested gecko except they need a mid 80s basking spot. They are really cool and quite a bit bigger than a crested gecko
I got a unique species as my first reptile, Lampropeltis alterna, Grey-Banded Kingsnake. All the benefits of a typical king (easy care, ready eaters) with gorgeous colors and patterns as well as a more relaxed attitude.
@@WickensWickedReptiles lol. As I got this notification I’m packing my cave geckos up for a beach road trip. I don’t like leaving them home alone and one is wild caught, I think.
A pretty good beginner reptile you didn't mention is uromastyx. They aren't a rare pet to see people have, but I also wouldn't say they are popular when compared to a species like beardies. Uromastyx are pretty, come in morphs of almost any color, and are vegetarian. They would actually make a good video topic.
no idea if you’ve made a video about regular beginners but are leopard geckos beginners? i’ve always wanted one but i don’t know much about reptiles because i’ve never had one! could you make a video or direct me to a video all about them?! i’d love to know more about them so i can get one once i’m ready!!
i don't know why some people say, high humidity need means an animals is not suited for a beginner. if you put a little effort in it and not just build your enclosure the one day and put your animal in the next day, it's simple to figure out, how to keep the humidity at an high(er) level. all you need is a little patience to wait to buy your animal until the settings of your terrarium are right. Nice Video, maybe in part 2 more not-snakes :D but i have to say: the mandarin rat snake is lit.
Definitely need a part 2!
for sure will make it then :)
for the ring neck snake!
For the leachies!!
@@WickensWickedReptiles viper geckos are pretty easy
Ye pt 2 will be a win
I loved the Outsiders reference. “Stay golden Ponyboy, stay golden.”
so glad someone got it
@@WickensWickedReptiles I remember reading those books. They were great. The outsiders, rumble fish etc.
@Alex's awesome animals OK, you were making me feel really old :-) check out the other books by that author written about the same time. They are all great.
I was just about to comment about it
@Alex's awesome animals same, I readit in school and OMG, it so good I cant
Chahouas are bloody brilliant, hes my first and only reptile, lol and i LOVE him
I love me a chewie
@@WickensWickedReptiles also you definatly get that "OMG SUCH A COOL ANIMAL" when any other reptile keeper comes over 😂
I'd say most African house snakes are pretty underrated beginner reptiles
totally agree!
My biggest issue has just been finding one that’s responsibly captive-bred, but I was one so bad!
Definitely an amazing species, hopefully they can be bred to be slightly bigger and they would be nearly perfect imo
@@morelle12 They do seem to be bred very easily in captivity though I think the main reason you don't see many is because they aren't very popular
African house snakes are mostly CB I think; they're harder to *not* breed. They breed easier than humans.
Great list. I love the mandarin rat snake. Almost got one from the pet store near me last spring. So gorgeous, it almost looks like eyes all down their backs.
they are amazing! I still regret not buying the one you see in the video
Been looking forward to this! Can’t wait! And this intro is bad ass!
I hope you enjoy!!!
@@WickensWickedReptiles hey man, you’ve always been a big help with teaching me how to take care of my reptiles. And because of you I have my own little collection. Thank you for always being informative!
That Rubber boa looks like an earth worm to me....very wild stuff! And damn...I really want to get one of those cave geckos one day.
they are so weird to hold too, they feel so different
I would love to hear your input on Vietnamese blue beauties. I have one and there is so little information online about them. Also my wife got me a WWR shirt for Father's day and I love it
theya re great, I have included them in videos before like the big colubrids video, so cool your wife got you a shirt. what a keeper!
i get so excited every time you upload!!! would you ever think about doing a video over different jobs you can have working with reptiles?
Great idea!!
Warning: Do not try to bounce rubber boas.
fact!
Hahaha
Du du du max Verstappen
Bamboo rat snakes! Similar to mandarin rat snakes, I see them referred to as difficult to keep- because they don't need additional heat beyond room temperature. Never been able to wrap my head around how that makes them *more* difficult instead of less. They also stay smaller, and in my opinion are even more beautiful (specifically the Thai variety, which is what I have.) They've got a bit more sass and speed, but not unmanageable in my experience. They're hard to find, but not expensive when you do find them.
My friends trying to convince me that turtles are amphibians. She refuses to believe that they are reptiles so I want proof from the reptile king himself
Part 2 alright and even part 3 if you can. Good stuff man.
working on Part 9 now, it'll be more prolific than the Fast & Furious franchise haha
Part 2 would be great. I have learned so much from your videos.
I was surprised jeweled lacertas weren’t on this list! I breed jewlies and they are an amazing pet reptile. So so underrated and misunderstood. People think they are so skittish and can’t be tamed but my jeweled lacertas are like colorful bearded dragons.
Do you have any hatchlings available?
@@PrototypeGaming89 yep! Contact me on Instagram @kkcreatures for details
Thanks for sharing!!
Your description of cave geckos is the best!
I love those emo bois
I’m so glad you made that reference to the outsiders
DO IT FOR JOHNNY!
I absolutely love your videos not only do you have a TON of information but you always make me laugh, always look forward to a new video from you
I absolutely love to watch you, you have taught me so much!
Thank you so much Chantelle!!
S.E. Hinton's staying power continues to astonish.
right!?
Yes part 2! Never thought about these! Definetly adding to my list of research!
awesome!
Chauhoa gecko is on my list of reptiles to own one day.
for sure!
omg, that mandarin rat snake is so BEAUTIFUL!
totally!
Love the new intro slideshow shots keep up the good work man.
thanks!
That playlist button looks good back there
I am so happy to have it for real!
@@WickensWickedReptiles enjoy every accomplishment 🙌🏻
yesss pls do a part 2!! and maybe 3, 4 & 5?? loved this, super interesting!
Coming soon!
Watch Diamond now plot the next ear chewing, for not being called unique LOL.
for sure!
This was a really interesting video !
Hey Diamond ! Good to see you , get that ear buddy !
"Imma get it dawg" - Diamond
Thank you, Adam! You’re very informative, amusing, and adorable!
I totally agree we need a part 2
I thought it was kinda funny how he was like "there has been documents have a Chauha and a crested gecko do the *finger moving together* ya know
I died laughing not sure why maybe because of how awkward he was explaining it without saying it
Yes, definitely need Part 2
Yes rubber boas the only snake my parents let me keep for a while
amazing!!
I cant even keep snakes only lizards got a bearded dragon atm
@@winnen8872 yah I was like that for the longest until they said it’s like a worm and if I keep it in a pvc and they never see it I can get one
Check you out with the silver play button on the wall. Well-placed my sage! You are really impressively consistently interesting with the content. So great!
thanks so much!
It may not be as popular, but as a fellow Canuck I’d love to learn more about other cold-blooded Canadian creatures like the fellow you featured in this video - especially those in the hobby. It’s gotta be a rough climate for them!
have you seen this ua-cam.com/video/OcbgCCDQZR0/v-deo.html
@@WickensWickedReptiles I haven’t yet… thanks!
Yes please to a part 2 of this video - I would actually love a whole series 🤩🤩🤩
Is it even a video with Diamond if he doesn't try and go for an ear nibble? XD
he's getting closer
Yes!
YESSS! Goddammit, bring on pt. 2!!!
Rubber boas were my favorite when I was a kid! So great to see them on this list!
Mine too!
I'm new in the Hobby and i love this kind of videos it makes me really exited about all this reptiles i never knew about! I WANT A PART 2 !
Also i would had to the list Central American Banded Geckos ( Mitratus Gecko) i have one called Mooni and she is REALLY cute i've had her for 3 months now and it's been awsome !
so happy you enjoyed it!@
@@WickensWickedReptiles LOVE FROM PORTUGAL!
Somebody needs to make a MCR cover using cave geckos animated lol
totally agree!
Looking forward to part 2!
for sure!
Yes for part 2!! Throw in price tags too lol I'm always learning so much from you. Prepping for the big day.
I have a northwestern alligator lizard I found under a rock frozen and I took it in as my first pet. I have had it for a few months now and its really sweet. It doesn't bite or try to threaten me when I touch it or pick it up and she will cuddle up again your hand. She will also sometimes rub her head on your hand to get an itch or to help herself shed.
very cool!
I am experienced with snakes. The snake list was very interesting and I would consider adding any one of these snakes to my snake family. Fantastic choices and video.
Thanks for sharing
I want the fucking mandarin rat snake!!
@@linziRyan1965 I just bought one this week. It’ll be here next week I can’t wait. You should get one !
@@maliksmith7074 can I ask what temp you’re keeping yours at? I’ve seen so many different caresheets with different temps lol
@@DTAever yeah so for mine I don’t use any heat at all. No lamps, heat mats or anything. Just natural room temps of 72-74 degrees. My bedroom is too warm right now, so I keep him in my living room and it usually stays around 74 but he doesn’t eat every week and the breeder I bought him from told me to try to cool it down a tad bit more
This was great! I love to see the more rare kept animals that are still something I could have! Definitely need a part 2!
Part 2 please my good sir awesome videos every week!!
For sure!
Hey my Canada brother, we for sure need a part two of this video please!!!! Keep up the awesome work you do !!!
On it!
Great list! I have been saving up for a Chahoua. That has been on my list for awhile.
great to hear! I love these crazy New Caledonian Geckos
@@WickensWickedReptiles I didn't even like geckos until I started watching your channel, now they are my favorite, especially my crestie.
I’ve been out of snake keeping for about a decade now, life got a little crazy and I got out for a bit. But now that things have settled I’ve been going down all these rabbit holes trying to find the perfect species. Seeing you mention the Angolan Python had me HOOKED immediately. Starting my research and it’s looking like that’s going to be my new addition!! Thank you for giving them some attention, they are gorgeous and seem to be a great species to work with and enjoy. ❤ Thanks so much Adam!
Hell yeah we need a part 2! From the moment I saw a mandarin rat snake on my first reptile expo, I fell in love with them. Would love to keep one in the future
Will do!
I am so glad you talked about Chahoua! They are my absolute favorites! I love them and wish I could have one.
Yay he uploaded your my favorite UA-camr I’m going to my first expo this year but just looking around
thanks so much for watching! You're awesome!
Another slice of fried gold Adam 👍🏾! Love, love your videos because I always learn something new. You are, THE CANADIAN G.O.A.T! Thanks for your dedication and hard work 🇺🇸🇨🇦.
So nice of you!!!
This is the exact kind of video id like to see more of thank you!
more to come!
My first reptile ever was an Everglades ratsnake. Still have him to this day. I think they make fine beginners.
I'd love a rubber boa but I can't find them anywhere.
They are super hard to find!
@@WickensWickedReptiles Indeed. Let me know if you find a reliable source for some.
Yes part 2 is a must
will make for sure!
Yes - looking forward to it.
Yes to a part 2!
alright!
Great list!!! Part 2 - yes please!!! ☺
Enjoyable and interesting video 👍
Coming soon!
Yes please definitely need a part 2
for sure!
Hey man, I’m fourteen and started off with a couple of hognoses and an African house snake three years ago. I recently stepped up to a mandarin, a rocky start but he’s eating great and has calmed down a lot.He is like a shoelace compared to the one in the expo.
Love your videos
wicked!!
The B-Roll is always so good 😍
thanks so much! Today's video has some new stuff
This is a really great video idea for someone like me who's been watching reptile UA-cam and wants to get something cool and doesn't want to have a huge collection
Glad you enjoyed!
You could add nerodia snake species in the next beginner reptiles you have never heard of! Most of Nerodia species have same type of setup u would see with corn snakes etc. because they do not live in the water, they only hunt in water. And there are plenty of nerodia species to choose from! Only con to them is that they can be harder to find than some other snakes.
they do kinda have a rep of being mean though
Honestly I love your beginner videos. I also am a big fan of underrated pets. It brings reptiles I have never heard, onto my radar. Which is exciting to think about that first reptile and it being super cool
Part 2 is a must
for sure!
Def agree with the Chinese Cave Geckos. Theyre a visual punch with laid-back care.
for sure
Angolan pythons feel like a Leopard gecko with way closer together scales LOL
sounds about right
Part 2 would be awesome. I also really love to see an in depth setup for the top 2 in this list
ok!
I'm glad you mentioned research when considering an animal for a pet. I do believe its important. Especially for the welfare of said animal. I definitely don't recommend buy first, learn later. However, an opportunity came to me due to a friends unsteady residence needs for himself and he didn't need to be dragging his pet snake around. So, I got into fostering. I've a beautiful Candino Albino Boa living with me now. The friend couldn't settle here either so I said his snake could. It was becoming more my duty to take care of him anyway and I am an animal rescuer of sorts if need arises.
Sadly, there's almost too much info on youtube these days and one really does need to be careful. If two or more channels give the same info about certain care, I'll listen and implement as needed.
So, thank you for your channel and your info. It's in depth but quite simple. And simple is the way I like to live. 😊
Part deux please! There's more that you can bring to our attention.
ok
Would love to see you cover solemn island ground boas and carpet pythons. Both are amazing species of snakes with tons of personality. But I never really see any reptile tuber talk about them in anything outside have a care guide, and even then it's just the carpet pythons.
Love the hollywood undead reference also loved your videos on blue tongued skinks so much that I’ve decided to get one of my own
thanks so much for watching
@@WickensWickedReptiles I love watching your videos and you have opened up my eyes to the reptile community and I can’t thank you enough
Gargoyle Geckos are amazing, but kinda common like cresties. Still cool looking though!
(I saw your Outsiders reference)
I'm so glad someone got it. DO IT FOR JOHNNY!
Those Angolan pythons are super cool, they look like a cross between a ball python and a Burmese python. I might have to try to find one when I can finally start keeping reptiles.
Gotta love the poop snake. They are super chill
agreed!
Mandarin rat snake.. I'm in! What beautiful colors. Looking 4ward to part 2..
Yes i think it would be awesome to do a part 2
coming soon!
I LOVE my Chahoua!! She is so sweet and waits at her enclosure door to come out. I think all the new caledonia geckos are super easy to keep and are fun to interact with! I have Leachie, chahoua. Gargoyle and crested.
This video put Cave geckos on the map for me. I had honestly never heard of them or even seen them and now I’m dying to get my hands on one
ua-cam.com/video/0BwvcjgZ4ZA/v-deo.html - enjoy
Thank you so much for this list. Particularly your #1&2. I never knew about them about them and now really want them lol. Yes please do more of these!
bairds rat snakes are good beginner snakes and they are super pretty. They don't get enough love here on YT
brilliant content as always mate, thank you
Couldn't agree more!
Much better than a pet rock,,,I mean royal,,ah ah,,,for your first snake
I think russian rat snakes can also go into this list. I've yet to get one myself, but from what I've read they are incredibly hardy snakes that can handle very wide range of temperatures and humidity, about the same size as a corn snake so they don't need a giant enclosure, and have a very chill and mellow personality (generally speaking). The only negatives are brumation may be needed to live longer ( which can be a blessing since you don't need to spend money on feeders during this time), and that their colors aren't as striking and vibrant as some other exotic snakes. I love how they look personally.
I think cooler temperatures are not really difficult but a thing to keep an eye on. What I mean is, that it is easier, to heat something up to a temperature with the use of a thermostat if it gets cold during winter as to keep something cool in a hot summer day. If you have the structural options, go for it. The humidity should not be the issue since cooler temperatures more or less automatically mean higher relative humidity with the same water volume sprayed.
Very interesting list. Even as a more experianced reptile keeper I would like to have everything from it :)
for sure
One of your best videos. Angolan pythons are officially on my radar!
I'd love to see you make an updated care guide on Chinese Cave geckos! There isn't much content on them... it would also be cool to see an enclosure tutorial for them!!
Keep going with this series! Do you have a video on your cave geckos?
here you go - ua-cam.com/video/0BwvcjgZ4ZA/v-deo.html
@@WickensWickedReptiles Thanks! Great video.
Not only do I watch this channel because it has a lot of awesome content but Adam is Gorgeous also woofers
I think sarasinorum geckos of New Caledonia are under rated and beginner level. They are kept very similar to a crested gecko except they need a mid 80s basking spot. They are really cool and quite a bit bigger than a crested gecko
Thank you for your permission about the the game Adam it's going great
No worries!
The Chapelle Show clip😆 Part 2 please!!! I'm a new reptile mom and love the info!!
"Y'all got anymore of them reptile vids"
Do a part 2 loved this video
thanks so mcuh
I got a unique species as my first reptile, Lampropeltis alterna, Grey-Banded Kingsnake. All the benefits of a typical king (easy care, ready eaters) with gorgeous colors and patterns as well as a more relaxed attitude.
I think part 2 is important . we need the part2 of this video man
I love seeing you mentioning the cave geckos more. I’ve been singing their praises for years. They’re so easy and cool.
Always recommend them to beginners. They’re so easy
ua-cam.com/video/0BwvcjgZ4ZA/v-deo.html
@@WickensWickedReptiles lol. As I got this notification I’m packing my cave geckos up for a beach road trip. I don’t like leaving them home alone and one is wild caught, I think.
Chahoua and Rubber boa are both certainly on my list!
both are dope
A pretty good beginner reptile you didn't mention is uromastyx. They aren't a rare pet to see people have, but I also wouldn't say they are popular when compared to a species like beardies. Uromastyx are pretty, come in morphs of almost any color, and are vegetarian. They would actually make a good video topic.
I love me a Uro
Loved the reference to "The Outsiders" in Part 1! 😉
DO IT FO JOHNNY!
@@WickensWickedReptiles JOHNNY NOOOOO😭😭😭
no idea if you’ve made a video about regular beginners but are leopard geckos beginners? i’ve always wanted one but i don’t know much about reptiles because i’ve never had one! could you make a video or direct me to a video all about them?! i’d love to know more about them so i can get one once i’m ready!!
i don't know why some people say, high humidity need means an animals is not suited for a beginner. if you put a little effort in it and not just build your enclosure the one day and put your animal in the next day, it's simple to figure out, how to keep the humidity at an high(er) level. all you need is a little patience to wait to buy your animal until the settings of your terrarium are right.
Nice Video, maybe in part 2 more not-snakes :D but i have to say: the mandarin rat snake is lit.
I totally agree!
Right? And that’s good practice no matter what humidity requirements the animal has.
@@leonettab7479 yes. I would Always recommend it for every animal. But as a beginner, you should probably monitor it a bit longer