In this episode, we mentioned 6.75 million as the total Soviet casualties, but that number actually refers to losses in what is now considered Russia alone. Estimates for total Soviet losses vary widely, from 6.75 to 11+ million, with many historians suggesting it’s closer to 8.7 million. There isn’t a clear consensus on the exact number.We also mentioned total Soviet major naval vessel losses at 659. That number mistakenly included 139 motor torpedo boats and 128 submarine chasers, by definition not major naval vessels. The correct total is 314. Thank you to those who caught that and let us know, we’ll be updating the video soon.
The statistic that smacked me in the face the most when I encountered it is from Daniel Yergin's excellent and Pulitzer winning history of oil The Prize...page 361... "Altogether, between December 1941 and August 1945, the US and its allies consumed almost 7 billion barrels of oil, of which 6 billion came from the United States." I believe that, more than any other single statistic, indicates just how critical a contribution the USA made to the Allied war effort...take that oil supply away by any method, and the Allies almost surely lose the war.
What this caused was every Japanese with a sword wanted to try it out on someone, mostly Chinese civilians. Two Japanese friends separately told me of old men in their families, veterans, long after the war, drinking beer, laughing and joking about murdering civilians.
Sparty, Indy and the rest of the team, thank you for doing this, and thank you for continuing after the regular episodes finished. This is something genuinely special.
All three series, The Great War, WW2, and now The Forgotten War - Korea should be required viewing for any student of 20C history. Most documentaries take a much too broad a brush to the subject matter while Indy, Spartacus and co's week by week approach is vastly more educational. I can't say I've enjoyed all the content as some of it left me angry, in tears, horrified or just plain numb, but I was reminded of much I did know and educated about even more that I didn't. Thank you all for that.
Ehhhh. Look, I love these channels, but they are quite specifically 'broad brush' videos. Even going by week by week, they have to gloss over sooooo much just to fit it all in in a 15-25 minute format. There are entire books written on just specific battles that are covered in these videos in like 3 minutes. That's not a knock on the channel, it's just the chosen balance they felt they had to go for in order to make the production of these videos viable and watchable with the resources they have. They've done as well as anybody could have expected, but these channels absolutely do not make for a true scholar-esque education on the subjects. Fantastic videos for layman, but doesn't really cover the deeper discussions and analysis of serious study.
"I do not love the bright sword for its sharpness, nor the arrow for its swiftness, nor the warrior for his glory. I only love what they defend." Farmer, The Two Towers, J.R.R. Tolkien. Appropriately, this episode is airing on Remembrance Day/Veterans Day weekend. All honor is due to those who fought and died defending that which they loved.
Congratulations, Time Ghost, on making the single finest World War 2 documentary of all time. Hell, it very well be the finest doc on ANY subject, EVER. I’m extremely proud to be a member of the timeghost army. The very existence of said army, now well informed because of this channel, numbering in the thousands, may one day very well lead to a war NOT happening. Because the Army truly will “never forget”. Thank you all, from the crew and the writers, the tech people to the social media team, and last (but certainly not least), Spartacus Olsen, Indie Neidel, Anna Dinehart and Astrid Olsen. I’m getting a little emotional just thinking about all the work that everyone did. It couldn’t have been fun. Sparty’s “War against Humanity” must have been near torture to research and talk about. I know I’m remaking here, so I’ll end with this. 🎉THANK YOU 🎉 the world is a better place because you all are in it. I can’t think of a greater compliment. Cheers to you all🍾🥂. *not to steal this channel’s thunder, but “The Korean War with Indie Neidel” and “The Rise of Hitler” are both phenomenal as well. I know you’ll keep up the incredible work. 🎉
@ By all means, be motivated. The new content is incredible. But please take a minute to realize what you all have accomplished here. It was amazing undertaking, and you all pulled it off in a profound way. Thank you for all you’ve done. I know I’m not alone in this sentiment.
This series has been fantastic, and what a great way to summarize the terrible and tragic scale of the war. This is certainly one of the videos I'll be returning to. Thank you so much to the entire team for the work you've done in putting this all together.
Behave Hello More Moto. The cost in monetary cost of WW2 is not a frequently mentioned topic, so it’s perfectly possible to study this for decades without coming across that number.
The comparison that you should have made, was Detroit’s war production vs the worlds. As an example, on Detroit plant, the Detroit Tank Arsenal, produced over 35,000 tanks. One plant.
But then again it wasn't under constant bombing raids, it's people didn't have the constant threat of invasion from an enemy only 32 miles away across the English channel. The US didn't suffer 30% of all it's homes destroyed nor 1% of it's population killed in the war. The US had 0.3% of it's population killed in the war.
@@mainstay. The United States(a young nation and for a long time not taken seriously as a superpower on the global stage of that era) didn't start that war. We did finish it though.
Since you mentioned non-combat transports for the navy, it’s only fair to mention the numbers for the ground forces. The USA built around 2.4 million trucks and jeeps, including about 400k that went to the USSR via lend-lease. Many historians consider it to be the USA’s greatest contribution to the Eastern Front and a major reason why Operetion: Bagratin was such a massive success.
Australia mobilised about one million for WW2 but was hampered by its huge losses (for its size) in World War 1. These losses (about 55,000 dead and double that number permanently disabled) meant in the immediate post World War 1 era there was a shortage of families. I had a number of older spinster aunts from that era, it was kind of sad for them. Consequently, the country simply didn't have a large recruiting base of young males in 1939-40.
I tell all who will listen, and recommend your channel, it really is the most eye opening, heart-felt depiction of history. Love you all for it, here's to the future! 😊
I hope they do a legacy special on the environmental impact of WW2, something I don’t think I’ve seen before. Think about all the ships that were sunk full of oil and all the chemicals that were made for the war effort
In the we have ways podcast they covered this question. They said it was not a priority and was not calculated. The American gov is still cleaning up the atomic bomb testing sites. We the British dumped everything in the Irish Sea that we didn’t need or couldn’t sell. The WW1 battle fields are still have no go areas due to pollution. They now call it ecocide and the war in Gaza is the latest environmental tragedy we have unleashed.
Add in that at the end of the war a lot of unneeded equipment was pushed into the ocean instead of shipping it back to the US. In Germany, the Allies took German chemical weapons stocks and sank them. They are leaking now and there was some internatiomal controversy about how to mitigate the potential damage as the ships and containers continue to deteriorate.
11:19 Just behind the Il-2 is the Soviet Yak fighter with around 35 000 made during the war, variants Yak 1, 3, 7 and 9. They have different designations but are variants of the same aircraft, just like Spitfire marks.
Italy should have been mentioned when discussing sub-machine guns. Overall, Italy produced somewhere in the neighborhood of 500,000-600,000 submachine guns during the war, with the Beretta models (particularly the M1938 and M1938/42) being the most common.
yeah really should have been included, around 3,000,000 rifles were produced, 3,300 tanks and SPG's, 13,000 aircraft, with 9,000 being fighters, 6 Battleships 19 cruisers, 59 destroyers and 116 submarines. About 500,000 Italians died during the war 300,000 military and 200,000 civilian.
Some of the World War production numbers when broken down into very small parts are mind boggling. The Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp engine was used in the following aircraft: B-24 Liberator C-47 Dakota F4F Wildcat PBY Catalina And a few others. The manufactured 173,000 engines ….. these had 14 pistons each. That is 2,422,000 pistons! That is just one small part.
The Rolls Royce Merlin powered , Spitfires , Hurricanes , Lancasters , Halifax's , Wellintons , Beaufighters , Mosquito's . Mustangs, and a few RN aircraft, So whats your point .
@, it’s really about the sheer number of even small parts and in my case it was the number of pistons for one engine type. It was just as an example of how little, but vital part was needed on a grand scale. And since you mention that wonderful V-12 powerhouse, the Merlin …. Rolls Royce made around 149,000 and another 55,000 were made under license in America by Packard. Those 204,000 engines needed 2,448,000 pistons.
You guys are having way too much fun! 😂. Wrote that before the last couple of minutes that truly brought the numbers of the devastating loss to all sides into perspective.
This all reminds me of how Victor Davis Hanson described WW2 in his introduction to ‘The Second World Wars’: ‘It was a war that exhausted superlatives’.
Your first sentence is the one that struck me hardest....19 people every minute...for 6 years. That's one person every three seconds. Incomprehensible. While I truly appreciate (and enjoy somewhat) what you are doing, educating people will NEVER bring about an end to warfare.(I don't believe we are capable as a species of 'not fighting') Wars are started by people who don't have to fight them.
To put this number in a different perspective, there's currently an estimated 260 births and 121 deaths per minute. 19 more death per minute today would barely slow the current population growth. (This doesn't mean that the war wasn't terrible, don't get me wrong)
@@acespizzer19 deaths per minute had strictly to do with the war alone. Doesn’t include deaths from natural causes (cancer, old age, etc). Also keep in mind that the birth rate would also have been drastically reduced during the war.
@@Aegis-_- I understand perfectly. The world population was also much lower in the 1940s, at about 2.3 billion. So 70-85 million direct/indirect deaths was about 3% of the world's population. The Spanish Flu in 1918 was 25-50 millions death for example (50 millions would also be 3% of the by then population). Once again, I'm not trying to minimise the effect of the war, just to show what's the typical scale scale of those number.
This is one of the best videos I've ever seen, especially in terms of the perspective one can gain. It R E A L L Y has changed my entire perception of the scale of WW2 on a fundamental level. Thank you guys so very much for this video.
Thank you so much for this. I would like this video seen by a lot more people. The cost to humankind was staggering. In the UK there has been criticism from some quarters of Remembrance Sunday and the use of poppies as glorifying the war. In fact is it exactly the opposite. Younger people must know what these conflicts bring. Never forget as you say. I am writing this as the son of a navigator in RAF Bomber Command during WW2. But I should also say that he volunteered for this role and believed it was a war worth fighting after Poland was invaded in 1939.
Another great piece to round off the series! Back on the ww1 channel you made a Video about famous figures of that conflict and what became of them after it. Are you planing something Like that this time around? I would Love to See that
I was born in 1960 in Merseyside, UK. I grew up in a house that had bomb damage and there were empty plots all around my home where houses had been completely destroyed by Luftwaffe bombs. The bomb damage to our house, which lowered its value considerably, is the reason my father, who was classed as a “semi-skilled” worker could afford to buy it. He was a British soldier for the six years of the war, I don’t know very much about his war service, I know he was in the African desert fighting Rommel. The only other thing I know is that he was involved in the liberation of Bergen-Belsen. I know because I came across a small photo album of pictures he took there, the living skeletons, the piles of corpses stripped of all human dignity. I found that photo album when I was seven. I can never forget.
Indy and Spartacus and two of my favorite UA-cam personalities. As was true with your World War 1 UA-cam series, your World War 2 UA-cam series is a masterpiece created with limited resources. Netflix should hire your team to create a World War 1, a World War 2, a Korean War, and a Vietnam War series for them... I have watched all off you World War 1 and World War 2 videos. I am looking forward to your next project.
To my knowledge this is the best breakdown of the numbers that I've seen of 45 years (I started when I was 10) of reading books and watching documentaries about WW2 (and other wars). In fact, I'm not sure if I've ever seen anyone go this far into any war. Thank you
I have only subscribed to this channel for less than a week, and i already love it! Keep up the good work :) Also, Rest in Peace to everyone who was lost during this tragic part of our history.
I once heard a rather simplistic comparison (made by Robert Citino, if I remember right. I paraphrase) - the Axis was always operating from a position of resource and manufacturing deficiency, and strove to make up that gap by fighting a total war in terms of social mobilization and a maximization of violence against ALL enemy targets. The Allies initially were stunned by the Axis war efforts, but made steadily increasing industrial and resource mobilization the centerpiece of their war effort - eventually the Allies learned to fight as savagely as the Axis, the Axis never learned to produce like the Allies.
The number of US carriers produced was understated. The US produced more than 100 escort carriers alone, and about another 20 Fleet and Light carriers during the war. One statistic missing is the number of merchant ships sunk, over 5,000 allied merchant ships were sunk during the war, mostly by the Germans, the Japanese lost over 1,100 merchant ships. There are many fascinating statistics about WW II, but it is very important to remember the great cost in suffering and in lives the war produced. I wish mankind had learned its lesson, but I am afraid that it did not.
On the topic of WW2 fighter production, don't underestimate the Yak design. Considering that Bf 109s are counted from Emil to Kurfürst, without making a difference at (for example) Friedrich - which was a significant improvement structurally and engine-wise - we should also accumulate the total production of Yak fighters. That includes Yak-1 (8,721), Yak-7 (6,399), Yak-9 (16,769), Yak-3 (4,848) -- in the total we get 36,737 aircraft produced. That is more than Il-2 or Bf 109.
In addition to supplying themselves, the United States also delivered staggering amounts of vehicles, aircraft, rifles, submachineguns, pistols, artillery, food, ammunition, medical supplies and other sundries to their wartime allies. The Soviet Union was supplied over 400,000 wheeled vehicles (mostly trucks) alone.
The statistic that smacked me in the face the most when I encountered it is from Daniel Yergin's excellent and Pulitzer winning history of oil The Prize...page 361... "Altogether, between December 1941 and August 1945, the US and its allies consumed almost 7 billion barrels of oil, of which 6 billion came from the United States." I believe that, more than any other single statistic, indicates just how critical a contribution the USA made to the Allied war effort...take that oil supply away by any method, and the Allies almost surely lose the war.
I like that one a lot. However my favorite is the USA was the fourth largest navy at the start of the war. By the end of the war not only was the USA navy the largest navy but larger than the rest of the world navies put together.
Are those figures including the USSR or just the non communist allies? I am curious since if it does include the USSR, it puts to rest the question of did Lend Lease help the USSR survives and makes me ask "what the fuck were the soviet authorities doing all those oild fields?"
@@iKvetch558 Then my question is: "what the fuck were the soviet officials doing with all of their oil fields? Letting them sit idle for the last 3 years of the war?". Jesus, the incompetence on display is astonishing. Thank you for your prompt answer.
@@nairpic7360I believe that the bulk of Soviet oil production was in areas that were taken by the Germans, or at least threatened enough to require that the wells be spiked and the production equipment destroyed. They were able to get some good production going farther east where the Germans did not reach, so my understanding is that the vast majority of the billion or so barrels that the USA did not supply came from the Soviets own production, but between the damage they did to keep the Germans from using the oil and the damage that the Germans did when they retreated the Soviets were getting a lot of oil from the USA.
One of my great-uncles served as a navigator on board a Liberty ship. He would tell you that WWII was a war of stuff. Who could make the most stuff and get it to the front was at the best advantage.
Yes, more statistical data please...just so that we can all be repeatedly overwhelmed by the sheer magnitude of this brutal war. And, I am enjoying the legacy specials so please keep providing content in this area.
Excellent info. I heard (somewhere) that Stalin used the high death toll Russia suffered as a reason not to repay his Lend Lease debt. Also, it continues to astound me (from an American viewpoint) at how much planning and foresight it took to get the right mix of weapons, men, food and other supplies calculated, manufactured and transported to some far away location and THEN the fighting could start.
Excellent episode and information. I'm curious however .... do the "British" production numbers include the common wealth countries like Canada? I'd give one New Zealand to find out :)
We have learned that psychological consequences of war as well as the medical consequences of wartime injuries also had a cost. Those that survived the war did so with long term effects. As a son of a soldier disabled in combat in that war I know the price paid not only by the survivors but at least one generation of their children and perhaps even more felt the impact as well
When I was in charge of a defense project in1988 I found myself spending a million dollars a day for a four month period. It was hectic, so your million dollar a day comparison hits home with me.
While covering cargo ships was a vital statistic that won the war for the Allies, trucks, jeeps and rail cars would've been equally interesting to analyze. Logistics win wars as the saying goes.
What horrified me is, depsite the horror of this war, people will vote to far right again, who will probably lead to more hatred, and more war. Some leader use fear and antagonising of other, dehumanising technique to autorise the bullying, deportation and killing. People never learn, or the one who learn die and don't teach well the new generation. We need channel like this one more than ever. Never forget.
If anything, all that proved is that humanity completely lacks the fundamentals to even begin creating a civilization, and proved that we never learned anything at all. Therefore, one must ask, not whether we can be saved, but should we even be saved in the first place. Because clearly, our justification for our existence is becoming flimsier as we speak.
Glad that at the end you mentioned the Aircraft losses due to none combat causes . Training accidents in the USA were enormous , not always fatal to crews but definitely to aircraft.
1:11 It is good to see that the Aden Protectorate (South Yemen) is shown as Allied (British) - unlike an earlier map (behind Sparty and Indy) which had it neutral like its Northern neighbour Yemen.
A lot of US machine gun production is taken by M2 Browning .50 cal but that is being put into planes and on vehicles too. Don't know if that is included but it pumps the numbers a lot considering almost every US plane had at least 2-3 of them :)
I think of this tragedy very often. So much death and misery. I do want to say how much I appreciate the wonderful video content and especially the excellent graphics on this channel! I seldom comment, but I do watch every episode. Thank you.
As to the Soviet production numbers during WWII, it would be truly interesting to see an analysis of the relation of these and the raw materials provided by the U.S. As an example, how many Soviet aircraft would have been built without the aluminium shipped by the U.S., how many tanks without the iron imported? This on top of all the military equipment, food and other supplies provided from overseas to support the Soviet war effort? Did the U.S. aid really make much of a difference? How much was it in today’s terms, how much in relation to the U.S. GDP at the time? Was it perhaps even crucial for the Red Army not only to turn the tide but to make it first to Berlin and to occupy much of Europe, to leave only after the collapse of the Soviet Union? Perhaps a subject for a special episode.
When counting how much equipment was being produced you have to include the time lapse. For instance, America only produced the Sherman tank from 1942 to 1945, while Russia produced the T-34 and it's variants from 1940 to 1952.The same with rifles, Germany produced the same rifle from the 1930s to 1945 while America produced the standard issue Garand from 1938 to 1945. The Russians used a lot of American made weapons, aircraft, ammunition, and warm clothing which they still deny to this day. America actually started shutting down war production the day after VE day!
Wow, Yamamoto said it best in his diary haha "I fear all we've done is awaken a giant and fill him with a terrible resolve." He didnt know how right he was.
That famous quote attributed to Yamamoto is almost certainly apocryphal. Provoking a sleeping giant is exactly what he was trying to achieve, the ultimate objective of the Pearl Harbor attack. Task achieved successfully - for which the admiral would pay with his life
@Spindrift_87 see now, I always thought it was that Yamamoto didn't care for the plan to attack but was a loyal military man so followed orders. Which of course left me with the impression he was smart enough to know better but loyal to his own detriment.
I love the gravitas you guys give to this topic. It's extraordinarily important we don't forget the amount of destruction and death wars like this have.
Gwen Dyer, in his 1985 companion book to his PBS series WAR, defined a "world war" as any conflict in which most are all of the major world powers are involved at the same time. The first of these he regarded to be the Thirty Years War of 1618-1648. The next was the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714). The next was the Seven Years War of 1754, 1756-1763. Then the French Revolutionary and Napolionic Wars (1791-1815). Then World War I (1914-1918) and World War II (1939-1945).
Should also be noted each tank can be a source for spare parts in its own. A huge quantity of tanks destroyed means a trove of parts to rebuild and repair
The liberty ships actually were part of the material science course in my university, because some of them literally just broke into two parts, because of bad welding.
I remember reading in a ww2 magazine( can't remember the name of it) but it gave statistics on tank production...one example was the amount of tiger tanks made vs the amount of pershing tanks made. Between 1942 to 1944 they made roughly 1,347 tigers...with the pershing tank they made 2,202 between Nov 1944 to Oct 1945, just slightly under a year. It showed the difference in how tanks were built between the two.
Sad that so many millions died then. As for the stats, I'm familiar with most of them. Mind boggling numbers then, and still so more than 80 years later.
The thing that always showed how dominate the USA was in W W II was the fact that the entire Manhattan Project and the effort involved in dropping the two bombs was done with our pocket change in budget terms.
solid banter between the two hosts! interesting things to consider... aeroPLANE carriers (prehelicopters), but also if WW2 cost the equivalet of $4.85 Trilllion [which is 8 times the amount of gold that has ever been mined (thanks Spartacus)], and the world is just say $33 Trillion (i know its way more) in debt, well that goes to show how "pretend" our current money is and how undervalued [manipulated?] the price of gold is
Just as a little side note - today is the 85th anniversary of Kristallnacht, or the Night of Broken Glass, the day that the Nazis began their war on Jews in earnest.
A chillingly informative book "Final Solution: The Fate of the Jews 1933-1949" David Cesarani OBE, explains a long process, mercilessly effective. Read the book - and weep.
U.S. Memorial for World War II in Washington, D.C. has a massive display of stars that represents the Americans killed in WWII, the "Freedom Wall". And then you read the fine print and realize that each star represents 1000 Americans killed. In a small way it helps you to understand the magnitude of the sacrifice they made.
My dad said the war was assembly line slaughter starring your friends, neighbors & family. He deployed to England in !942 as one of 400 airmen in his group. He came back in 1946, one of 86 of the original aircrew, his group having been refilled 4 times…
In this episode, we mentioned 6.75 million as the total Soviet casualties, but that number actually refers to losses in what is now considered Russia alone. Estimates for total Soviet losses vary widely, from 6.75 to 11+ million, with many historians suggesting it’s closer to 8.7 million. There isn’t a clear consensus on the exact number.We also mentioned total Soviet major naval vessel losses at 659. That number mistakenly included 139 motor torpedo boats and 128 submarine chasers, by definition not major naval vessels. The correct total is 314.
Thank you to those who caught that and let us know, we’ll be updating the video soon.
the gdp, how on earth did they ever think they would win...
The statistic that smacked me in the face the most when I encountered it is from Daniel Yergin's excellent and Pulitzer winning history of oil The Prize...page 361...
"Altogether, between December 1941 and August 1945, the US and its allies consumed almost 7 billion barrels of oil, of which 6 billion came from the United States."
I believe that, more than any other single statistic, indicates just how critical a contribution the USA made to the Allied war effort...take that oil supply away by any method, and the Allies almost surely lose the war.
I’m only 2 minutes in, and I had no idea there were only 72 sovereign countries back then.
A shit tonne of swords best measurement
@@nicholaskonetski158664 to 72 depending on whom you ask 😂
"They had a shit ton of Swords". Thank you making me spit out my drink, Indy. lol.
My favorite measurement of all time.
While you were mastering modern warfare, logistics and industrial efficiency... I was mastering the blade.
What this caused was every Japanese with a sword wanted to try it out on someone, mostly Chinese civilians. Two Japanese friends separately told me of old men in their families, veterans, long after the war, drinking beer, laughing and joking about murdering civilians.
Didn't think they would get *that* technical.
If you're going to measure troops in "Romanias", then it follows that swords must be measured in "shit tons".
Mussolini's Italy, seeing it isn't included in most of the data - "am I a joke to you?"
Everyone - "yes"
A literal mine of jokes😂
@@RémiWarin A piñata of jokes
Are you implying that Italy was broke? 😱🤣
Sparty, Indy and the rest of the team, thank you for doing this, and thank you for continuing after the regular episodes finished. This is something genuinely special.
We don't plan on going anywhere anytime soon, thank you for watching!
I knew the figure of total dead already, and still was not prepared for the impact of Sparty's closing speech.
Thank you for your work. Never forget.
Spartacus seems to have given the lower estimate. The estimate i remember is 17-22 million. Just from the holocaust...
That opening stat: averaged out, 19 deaths/minute or roughly a death every 3 seconds........for _six years._ To any rational mind, horrifying.
the lights and camera around 21:40 make the monologue even more chilling. Good work
Indie's comment on swords dropped me, I laughed so hard
Fr, it’s always amazing to hear him cuss lol
Now I want to see how much one of those swords costs.
Would be brutal in close combat, but I'd rather have the machine guns
@@wazkangz955 That's the thing about profanity: the less a person curses, the more it carries weight when they do.
@@wazkangz955 Most likely significantly less that a Sten. Katanas produced during the war were extremely crude.
Some were ancestral, some cheaply machined. Heck some were Sabres taken from the Dutch east indies that were manufactured in... Columbus Ohio
All three series, The Great War, WW2, and now The Forgotten War - Korea should be required viewing for any student of 20C history. Most documentaries take a much too broad a brush to the subject matter while Indy, Spartacus and co's week by week approach is vastly more educational. I can't say I've enjoyed all the content as some of it left me angry, in tears, horrified or just plain numb, but I was reminded of much I did know and educated about even more that I didn't. Thank you all for that.
Ehhhh. Look, I love these channels, but they are quite specifically 'broad brush' videos. Even going by week by week, they have to gloss over sooooo much just to fit it all in in a 15-25 minute format. There are entire books written on just specific battles that are covered in these videos in like 3 minutes. That's not a knock on the channel, it's just the chosen balance they felt they had to go for in order to make the production of these videos viable and watchable with the resources they have. They've done as well as anybody could have expected, but these channels absolutely do not make for a true scholar-esque education on the subjects. Fantastic videos for layman, but doesn't really cover the deeper discussions and analysis of serious study.
Right. So perfect for students. @@maynardburger
"I do not love the bright sword for its sharpness, nor the arrow for its swiftness, nor the warrior for his glory. I only love what they defend."
Farmer, The Two Towers, J.R.R. Tolkien.
Appropriately, this episode is airing on Remembrance Day/Veterans Day weekend. All honor is due to those who fought and died defending that which they loved.
Tolkien wasn’t Japanese.
@@johnmc67what?
Tolkien was a WW1 veteran…
Faramir
Production statistics prove that Roosevelt's saying of the U.S. being" the arsenal of democracy" was absolutely correct!
Congratulations, Time Ghost, on making the single finest World War 2 documentary of all time. Hell, it very well be the finest doc on ANY subject, EVER. I’m extremely proud to be a member of the timeghost army. The very existence of said army, now well informed because of this channel, numbering in the thousands, may one day very well lead to a war NOT happening. Because the Army truly will “never forget”. Thank you all, from the crew and the writers, the tech people to the social media team, and last (but certainly not least), Spartacus Olsen, Indie Neidel, Anna Dinehart and Astrid Olsen. I’m getting a little emotional just thinking about all the work that everyone did. It couldn’t have been fun. Sparty’s “War against Humanity” must have been near torture to research and talk about. I know I’m remaking here, so I’ll end with this.
🎉THANK YOU 🎉
the world is a better place because you all are in it. I can’t think of a greater compliment. Cheers to you all🍾🥂.
*not to steal this channel’s thunder, but “The Korean War with Indie Neidel” and “The Rise of Hitler” are both phenomenal as well. I know you’ll keep up the incredible work. 🎉
Heartfelt thanks from all of us for this very motivating comment!
@ By all means, be motivated. The new content is incredible. But please take a minute to realize what you all have accomplished here. It was amazing undertaking, and you all pulled it off in a profound way. Thank you for all you’ve done. I know I’m not alone in this sentiment.
This series has been fantastic, and what a great way to summarize the terrible and tragic scale of the war. This is certainly one of the videos I'll be returning to. Thank you so much to the entire team for the work you've done in putting this all together.
Thanks for the lovely comment Adam!
Having studied WWII for decades now, this is the first time I have heard figures on it's cost. Thanks.
Thanks for the comment.
There's more to "costs" than mere money.
You haven't studied it for decades if you were unaware of this till now.
Liar
Behave Hello More Moto. The cost in monetary cost of WW2 is not a frequently mentioned topic, so it’s perfectly possible to study this for decades without coming across that number.
The comparison that you should have made, was Detroit’s war production vs the worlds. As an example, on Detroit plant, the Detroit Tank Arsenal, produced over 35,000 tanks. One plant.
And then there was Tankograd in the Sovjet Union. But yeah, back than Detroit was a real Gamechanger for US war-Economy
But then again it wasn't under constant bombing raids, it's people didn't have the constant threat of invasion from an enemy only 32 miles away across the English channel. The US didn't suffer 30% of all it's homes destroyed nor 1% of it's population killed in the war. The US had 0.3% of it's population killed in the war.
Tanks for sharing
No need to justify the disparity in production @@mainstay.
@@mainstay. The United States(a young nation and for a long time not taken seriously as a superpower on the global stage of that era) didn't start that war. We did finish it though.
One Romania seems to go unnoticed during WW 2.
It goes unnoticed today.
When it does not leave a big mark, perhaps.
If I remember my history correctly, Italy switched sides in 1943. Romania and Finland followed suit in 1944.
Italy was a liability for the Germans. They picked the short straw.
USSR invaded Romania (Besarbia) in 1940 - so was Romania's involvement in Barbarossa just self defence?
Since you mentioned non-combat transports for the navy, it’s only fair to mention the numbers for the ground forces. The USA built around 2.4 million trucks and jeeps, including about 400k that went to the USSR via lend-lease. Many historians consider it to be the USA’s greatest contribution to the Eastern Front and a major reason why Operetion: Bagratin was such a massive success.
"They had a shit ton of swords..."
Talk about bringing a knife to a gunfight...
when the gun runs out of bullets you're gonna wish you had the knife.
Non zero chance that’s where it came from
Australia mobilised about one million for WW2 but was hampered by its huge losses (for its size) in World War 1.
These losses (about 55,000 dead and double that number permanently disabled) meant in the immediate post World War 1 era there was a shortage of families. I had a number of older spinster aunts from that era, it was kind of sad for them.
Consequently, the country simply didn't have a large recruiting base of young males in 1939-40.
I tell all who will listen, and recommend your channel, it really is the most eye opening, heart-felt depiction of history. Love you all for it, here's to the future! 😊
Thank you for your kind comment and support over the years!
-TimeGhost Ambassador
I hope they do a legacy special on the environmental impact of WW2, something I don’t think I’ve seen before.
Think about all the ships that were sunk full of oil and all the chemicals that were made for the war effort
In the we have ways podcast they covered this question. They said it was not a priority and was not calculated. The American gov is still cleaning up the atomic bomb testing sites. We the British dumped everything in the Irish Sea that we didn’t need or couldn’t sell. The WW1 battle fields are still have no go areas due to pollution. They now call it ecocide and the war in Gaza is the latest environmental tragedy we have unleashed.
That’s a great idea! Let me see what we can do …..
Probably huge. Considering russia’s war in Ukraine alone releases about the same amount of Co2 as the Netherlands does in a year
Add in that at the end of the war a lot of unneeded equipment was pushed into the ocean instead of shipping it back to the US.
In Germany, the Allies took German chemical weapons stocks and sank them.
They are leaking now and there was some internatiomal controversy about how to mitigate the potential damage as the ships and containers continue to deteriorate.
Undetonated mines is a big issue in Europe and effects people every year.
It is good to have a special like this about the overall statistics this Saturday as it is nearly Armistice Day / Remembrance Day / Veteran's Day.
Thanks for watching.
Indy and Spartacus should do more joint episodes like this! They play off each other so well!
Amazing video!!! The banter between Indy and Sparty never fails to put a smile on my face
11:19 Just behind the Il-2 is the Soviet Yak fighter with around 35 000 made during the war, variants Yak 1, 3, 7 and 9. They have different designations but are variants of the same aircraft, just like Spitfire marks.
What a number crunch. Thank you for sharing! Never forget.
After 10 years of watching you guys, that was the most enjoyable episode so far!
This show warms my heart. Especially after the events of last week...
Italy should have been mentioned when discussing sub-machine guns. Overall, Italy produced somewhere in the neighborhood of 500,000-600,000 submachine guns during the war, with the Beretta models (particularly the M1938 and M1938/42) being the most common.
yeah really should have been included, around 3,000,000 rifles were produced, 3,300 tanks and SPG's, 13,000 aircraft, with 9,000 being fighters, 6 Battleships 19 cruisers, 59 destroyers and 116 submarines. About 500,000 Italians died during the war 300,000 military and 200,000 civilian.
@@Gustav000Over 20,000 civilians were killed in the allied bombings of Foggia. Just one detail of history that has been swept under the carpet.
@tancreddehauteville764
If it was swept under the carpet, how do you know about it?
Though after doing more reading, it seems the 20k number is nonsense. There is a wiki article with that total, though it has no citations
@@theodorekorehonen It's not nonsense. Why would it be nonsense?
Some of the World War production numbers when broken down into very small parts are mind boggling.
The Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp engine was used in the following aircraft:
B-24 Liberator
C-47 Dakota
F4F Wildcat
PBY Catalina
And a few others.
The manufactured 173,000 engines ….. these had 14 pistons each. That is 2,422,000 pistons!
That is just one small part.
The Rolls Royce Merlin powered , Spitfires , Hurricanes , Lancasters , Halifax's , Wellintons , Beaufighters , Mosquito's . Mustangs, and a few RN aircraft,
So whats your point .
@, it’s really about the sheer number of even small parts and in my case it was the number of pistons for one engine type. It was just as an example of how little, but vital part was needed on a grand scale.
And since you mention that wonderful V-12 powerhouse, the Merlin …. Rolls Royce made around 149,000 and another 55,000 were made under license in America by Packard.
Those 204,000 engines needed 2,448,000 pistons.
You guys are having way too much fun! 😂. Wrote that before the last couple of minutes that truly brought the numbers of the devastating loss to all sides into perspective.
Thank you for watching.
This all reminds me of how Victor Davis Hanson described WW2 in his introduction to ‘The Second World Wars’:
‘It was a war that exhausted superlatives’.
incredible breakdown, this really helps me understand the war better
Your first sentence is the one that struck me hardest....19 people every minute...for 6 years. That's one person every three seconds. Incomprehensible.
While I truly appreciate (and enjoy somewhat) what you are doing, educating people will NEVER bring about an end to warfare.(I don't believe we are capable as a species of 'not fighting') Wars are started by people who don't have to fight them.
That would be roughly 29,000 per day.
To put this number in a different perspective, there's currently an estimated 260 births and 121 deaths per minute. 19 more death per minute today would barely slow the current population growth. (This doesn't mean that the war wasn't terrible, don't get me wrong)
@@acespizzer19 deaths per minute had strictly to do with the war alone. Doesn’t include deaths from natural causes (cancer, old age, etc). Also keep in mind that the birth rate would also have been drastically reduced during the war.
@@Aegis-_- I understand perfectly. The world population was also much lower in the 1940s, at about 2.3 billion. So 70-85 million direct/indirect deaths was about 3% of the world's population. The Spanish Flu in 1918 was 25-50 millions death for example (50 millions would also be 3% of the by then population).
Once again, I'm not trying to minimise the effect of the war, just to show what's the typical scale scale of those number.
This is one of the best videos I've ever seen, especially in terms of the perspective one can gain. It R E A L L Y has changed my entire perception of the scale of WW2 on a fundamental level. Thank you guys so very much for this video.
Thank you so much for this. I would like this video seen by a lot more people. The cost to humankind was staggering. In the UK there has been criticism from some quarters of Remembrance Sunday and the use of poppies as glorifying the war. In fact is it exactly the opposite. Younger people must know what these conflicts bring. Never forget as you say. I am writing this as the son of a navigator in RAF Bomber Command during WW2. But I should also say that he volunteered for this role and believed it was a war worth fighting after Poland was invaded in 1939.
Another great piece to round off the series!
Back on the ww1 channel you made a Video about famous figures of that conflict and what became of them after it.
Are you planing something Like that this time around?
I would Love to See that
Yes, we are and as a matter of fact soon there should be a video along those lines coming ….
I am so glad of this channel. It blows my mind. How many people don’t know the history here. Thank you so much
This was interesting, especially since my dad and grandmother worked in the Kaiser Shipyard in Portland, OR during the war.
I was born in 1960 in Merseyside, UK. I grew up in a house that had bomb damage and there were empty plots all around my home where houses had been completely destroyed by Luftwaffe bombs. The bomb damage to our house, which lowered its value considerably, is the reason my father, who was classed as a “semi-skilled” worker could afford to buy it. He was a British soldier for the six years of the war, I don’t know very much about his war service, I know he was in the African desert fighting Rommel. The only other thing I know is that he was involved in the liberation of Bergen-Belsen. I know because I came across a small photo album of pictures he took there, the living skeletons, the piles of corpses stripped of all human dignity. I found that photo album when I was seven. I can never forget.
Indy and Spartacus and two of my favorite UA-cam personalities. As was true with your World War 1 UA-cam series, your World War 2 UA-cam series is a masterpiece created with limited resources. Netflix should hire your team to create a World War 1, a World War 2, a Korean War, and a Vietnam War series for them... I have watched all off you World War 1 and World War 2 videos. I am looking forward to your next project.
Thank you very much
For those wondering, Ian Mcollum (Forgotten Weapons) has a video on the mass-produced katanas.
To my knowledge this is the best breakdown of the numbers that I've seen of 45 years (I started when I was 10) of reading books and watching documentaries about WW2 (and other wars). In fact, I'm not sure if I've ever seen anyone go this far into any war.
Thank you
I have only subscribed to this channel for less than a week, and i already love it! Keep up the good work :) Also, Rest in Peace to everyone who was lost during this tragic part of our history.
You missed the entire war
Bro, you gave 6 years to catch up on
I once heard a rather simplistic comparison (made by Robert Citino, if I remember right. I paraphrase) - the Axis was always operating from a position of resource and manufacturing deficiency, and strove to make up that gap by fighting a total war in terms of social mobilization and a maximization of violence against ALL enemy targets. The Allies initially were stunned by the Axis war efforts, but made steadily increasing industrial and resource mobilization the centerpiece of their war effort - eventually the Allies learned to fight as savagely as the Axis, the Axis never learned to produce like the Allies.
The number of US carriers produced was understated. The US produced more than 100 escort carriers alone, and about another 20 Fleet and Light carriers during the war. One statistic missing is the number of merchant ships sunk, over 5,000 allied merchant ships were sunk during the war, mostly by the Germans, the Japanese lost over 1,100 merchant ships. There are many fascinating statistics about WW II, but it is very important to remember the great cost in suffering and in lives the war produced. I wish mankind had learned its lesson, but I am afraid that it did not.
On the topic of WW2 fighter production, don't underestimate the Yak design.
Considering that Bf 109s are counted from Emil to Kurfürst, without making a difference at (for example) Friedrich - which was a significant improvement structurally and engine-wise - we should also accumulate the total production of Yak fighters.
That includes Yak-1 (8,721), Yak-7 (6,399), Yak-9 (16,769), Yak-3 (4,848) -- in the total we get 36,737 aircraft produced. That is more than Il-2 or Bf 109.
In addition to supplying themselves, the United States also delivered staggering amounts of vehicles, aircraft, rifles, submachineguns, pistols, artillery, food, ammunition, medical supplies and other sundries to their wartime allies.
The Soviet Union was supplied over 400,000 wheeled vehicles (mostly trucks) alone.
Nov. 2024 brought me here. How is your type of content not in every US curriculum at every level. Cause it's like we've forgotten.
The statistic that smacked me in the face the most when I encountered it is from Daniel Yergin's excellent and Pulitzer winning history of oil The Prize...page 361...
"Altogether, between December 1941 and August 1945, the US and its allies consumed almost 7 billion barrels of oil, of which 6 billion came from the United States."
I believe that, more than any other single statistic, indicates just how critical a contribution the USA made to the Allied war effort...take that oil supply away by any method, and the Allies almost surely lose the war.
I like that one a lot. However my favorite is the USA was the fourth largest navy at the start of the war. By the end of the war not only was the USA navy the largest navy but larger than the rest of the world navies put together.
Are those figures including the USSR or just the non communist allies? I am curious since if it does include the USSR, it puts to rest the question of did Lend Lease help the USSR survives and makes me ask "what the fuck were the soviet authorities doing all those oild fields?"
@@nairpic7360 That number includes the USSR.
@@iKvetch558 Then my question is: "what the fuck were the soviet officials doing with all of their oil fields? Letting them sit idle for the last 3 years of the war?". Jesus, the incompetence on display is astonishing.
Thank you for your prompt answer.
@@nairpic7360I believe that the bulk of Soviet oil production was in areas that were taken by the Germans, or at least threatened enough to require that the wells be spiked and the production equipment destroyed. They were able to get some good production going farther east where the Germans did not reach, so my understanding is that the vast majority of the billion or so barrels that the USA did not supply came from the Soviets own production, but between the damage they did to keep the Germans from using the oil and the damage that the Germans did when they retreated the Soviets were getting a lot of oil from the USA.
Congrats 1M subs this channel deserves it!
Thank you very much Victor. Now, onto the next million!
One of my great-uncles served as a navigator on board a Liberty ship. He would tell you that WWII was a war of stuff. Who could make the most stuff and get it to the front was at the best advantage.
Yes, more statistical data please...just so that we can all be repeatedly overwhelmed by the sheer magnitude of this brutal war. And, I am enjoying the legacy specials so please keep providing content in this area.
I discovered y'all just a while ago , but have watched lots of your clear eyed vids ! Salute !
Excellent info. I heard (somewhere) that Stalin used the high death toll Russia suffered as a reason not to repay his Lend Lease debt.
Also, it continues to astound me (from an American viewpoint) at how much planning and foresight it took to get the right mix of weapons, men, food and other supplies calculated, manufactured and transported to some far away location and THEN the fighting could start.
Excellent episode and information. I'm curious however .... do the "British" production numbers include the common wealth countries like Canada? I'd give one New Zealand to find out :)
We have learned that psychological consequences of war as well as the medical consequences of wartime injuries also had a cost. Those that survived the war did so with long term effects. As a son of a soldier disabled in combat in that war I know the price paid not only by the survivors but at least one generation of their children and perhaps even more felt the impact as well
EXCELLENT & OUTSTANDING SHOW FELLAS!
I miss this channel
We never went anywhere! We still release episodes every week and have an episode every Saturday. Thanks for watching.
@ Thank You Guys
When I was in charge of a defense project in1988 I found myself spending a million dollars a day for a four month period. It was hectic, so your million dollar a day comparison hits home with me.
While covering cargo ships was a vital statistic that won the war for the Allies, trucks, jeeps and rail cars would've been equally interesting to analyze. Logistics win wars as the saying goes.
Well, it's nice to be here. Read a lot on WW II, nice to see a channel dedicated to it.
Where ya been???
Tracking the developments which portend another large scale conflict.
@AnjanS-rp4qk Thanos?
@@C.Chandler_MayImmortality? Or the fictitious antagonist of the Avengers? Or the fact that major conflict zones are burning?
Or did I miss something?
Thank you for reminding us all. Never Forget.
What horrified me is, depsite the horror of this war, people will vote to far right again, who will probably lead to more hatred, and more war. Some leader use fear and antagonising of other, dehumanising technique to autorise the bullying, deportation and killing.
People never learn, or the one who learn die and don't teach well the new generation.
We need channel like this one more than ever. Never forget.
Only idiots and homosexuals vote for left. Just take a look at the different sides and the very people that vote for that side, to have a picture
Thankfully the left would never do something similar or worse.
If anything, all that proved is that humanity completely lacks the fundamentals to even begin creating a civilization, and proved that we never learned anything at all. Therefore, one must ask, not whether we can be saved, but should we even be saved in the first place. Because clearly, our justification for our existence is becoming flimsier as we speak.
Glad that at the end you mentioned the Aircraft losses due to none combat causes . Training accidents in the USA were enormous , not always fatal to crews but definitely to aircraft.
still good to see that the channel achieved 1 million subs.
1:11 It is good to see that the Aden Protectorate (South Yemen) is shown as Allied (British) - unlike an earlier map (behind Sparty and Indy) which had it neutral like its Northern neighbour Yemen.
Monty Python summed it up best, "What a senseless waste of human life."
A lot of US machine gun production is taken by M2 Browning .50 cal but that is being put into planes and on vehicles too. Don't know if that is included but it pumps the numbers a lot considering almost every US plane had at least 2-3 of them :)
I think of this tragedy very often. So much death and misery. I do want to say how much I appreciate the wonderful video content and especially the excellent graphics on this channel! I seldom comment, but I do watch every episode. Thank you.
Thank you to Indie and Sparty and the whole team for bringing us the terrible "statistics" of WWII... Never forget...
As to the Soviet production numbers during WWII, it would be truly interesting to see an analysis of the relation of these and the raw materials provided by the U.S. As an example, how many Soviet aircraft would have been built without the aluminium shipped by the U.S., how many tanks without the iron imported? This on top of all the military equipment, food and other supplies provided from overseas to support the Soviet war effort?
Did the U.S. aid really make much of a difference? How much was it in today’s terms, how much in relation to the U.S. GDP at the time? Was it perhaps even crucial for the Red Army not only to turn the tide but to make it first to Berlin and to occupy much of Europe, to leave only after the collapse of the Soviet Union? Perhaps a subject for a special episode.
Sorry to have missed the premiere! Excellent episode to show the full width and expense of the War.
When counting how much equipment was being produced you have to include the time lapse. For instance, America only produced the Sherman tank from 1942 to 1945, while Russia produced the T-34 and it's variants from 1940 to 1952.The same with rifles, Germany produced the same rifle from the 1930s to 1945 while America produced the standard issue Garand from 1938 to 1945. The Russians used a lot of American made weapons, aircraft, ammunition, and warm clothing which they still deny to this day. America actually started shutting down war production the day after VE day!
Wow, Yamamoto said it best in his diary haha
"I fear all we've done is awaken a giant and fill him with a terrible resolve." He didnt know how right he was.
That famous quote attributed to Yamamoto is almost certainly apocryphal. Provoking a sleeping giant is exactly what he was trying to achieve, the ultimate objective of the Pearl Harbor attack. Task achieved successfully - for which the admiral would pay with his life
@Spindrift_87 see now, I always thought it was that Yamamoto didn't care for the plan to attack but was a loyal military man so followed orders. Which of course left me with the impression he was smart enough to know better but loyal to his own detriment.
An apt episode for 11th November Armistice Day. Staggering facts and figure. Well done TimeGhost and, as ever, thanks.
I love the gravitas you guys give to this topic. It's extraordinarily important we don't forget the amount of destruction and death wars like this have.
Gwen Dyer, in his 1985 companion book to his PBS series WAR, defined a "world war" as any conflict in which most are all of the major world powers are involved at the same time. The first of these he regarded to be the Thirty Years War of 1618-1648. The next was the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714). The next was the Seven Years War of 1754, 1756-1763. Then the French Revolutionary and Napolionic Wars (1791-1815). Then World War I (1914-1918) and World War II (1939-1945).
Great video! History is so important. I hope humanity never comes close to WWII levels of madness again.
Should also be noted each tank can be a source for spare parts in its own. A huge quantity of tanks destroyed means a trove of parts to rebuild and repair
After Indy mentioned to "look up at the skies" i got an airliner ad.
This can't be a coincidence.
A startling and somber episode.
Thank you from this excellent work you keep on doing. 💪🏻
The liberty ships actually were part of the material science course in my university, because some of them literally just broke into two parts, because of bad welding.
Good News, Time Ghost is here so we Never Forget. Bad News, lots of people have forgotten.
Staggering! As a GWOT infantryman and humanitarian coordinator in Afghanistan and Ukraine these numbers are almost unimaginable!
I remember reading in a ww2 magazine( can't remember the name of it) but it gave statistics on tank production...one example was the amount of tiger tanks made vs the amount of pershing tanks made. Between 1942 to 1944 they made roughly 1,347 tigers...with the pershing tank they made 2,202 between Nov 1944 to Oct 1945, just slightly under a year. It showed the difference in how tanks were built between the two.
6:12 Sparty's reaction 😂
Sad that so many millions died then. As for the stats, I'm familiar with most of them. Mind boggling numbers then, and still so more than 80 years later.
Sad thing is that people still dying today due to one mans ego-Putin.
@@Jody-kt9ev Wait ! It'll be way worse, ego#2 was just elected ....
@@MrStevosOnly President not to start a war in a long time.
What are you smoking you dumbass?
The thing that always showed how dominate the USA was in W W II was the fact that the entire Manhattan Project and the effort involved in dropping the two bombs was done with our pocket change in budget terms.
I love these guys. There videos are always informative and entertaining!
solid banter between the two hosts! interesting things to consider... aeroPLANE carriers (prehelicopters), but also if WW2 cost the equivalet of $4.85 Trilllion [which is 8 times the amount of gold that has ever been mined (thanks Spartacus)], and the world is just say $33 Trillion (i know its way more) in debt, well that goes to show how "pretend" our current money is and how undervalued [manipulated?] the price of gold is
Thank you for the description of warfare and loss from that war.
Just as a little side note - today is the 85th anniversary of Kristallnacht, or the Night of Broken Glass, the day that the Nazis began their war on Jews in earnest.
Never forget!
A chillingly informative book "Final Solution: The Fate of the Jews 1933-1949" David Cesarani OBE, explains a long process, mercilessly effective. Read the book - and weep.
U.S. Memorial for World War II in Washington, D.C. has a massive display of stars that represents the Americans killed in WWII, the "Freedom Wall". And then you read the fine print and realize that each star represents 1000 Americans killed. In a small way it helps you to understand the magnitude of the sacrifice they made.
What about trucks? They had a tremendous effect on the war!
The statistic that most shocked me was the percentage of humanity that died. Truly one should "never forget".
A comment to show my support for the channel, and to feed the YT algorithm
Much appreciated Salty, see you next time!
My dad said the war was assembly line slaughter starring your friends, neighbors & family. He deployed to England in !942 as one of 400 airmen in his group. He came back in 1946, one of 86 of the original aircrew, his group having been refilled 4 times…
Thank you for you sharing your research.
On this Remembrance Sunday 2024, “Lest we forget!”
Those that fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it.
Wonderful accounting and wonderful historical coverage episode introduced