@@TheNCVofficial It would definitely be more informative, yet it might look a bit crowded and messy when zooming out, so it doesn't seem to be a good idea to add station names...
I love how you visualized the “pre-metro” segments of the system before they were converted to full metro (like what happened to Boston’s metro, for instance). I feel that transition period from pre-metro to full metro is important to a knowledge in these route history visualizations.
Cool video! Though would be great if you also showed the four light rail lines (Lidingöbanan, Spårväg City, Tvärbanan & Nockebybanan), since these are also incorporated into the rapid transit map
But then they would probably need to add all the old tram lines too, since some of the ones you mentioned are in fact old tram lines (either ones that didn't stop, or that were re-born). Which would be VERY interesting, yes, but would mean a whole other level off detail.
@@GustavSvard The channel @stockholmshjärta did just that, proving that it’s possible, but it’s probably still very difficult. I wouldn’t expect anyone to go to that level of detail.
Sugestions for new videos 1⁰: Seoul 2⁰: Moscow [3⁰: Berlin DONE] 4⁰: Frankfurt 5⁰: Rio de Janeiro (supervia, VLT, BRT) 6⁰: St Petersburg 7⁰: Barcelona 8⁰: Buenos Aires 9⁰: Chicago 10⁰: Hong-Kong 11⁰: Lisbon 12⁰: Madrid 13⁰: Cidade de México 14⁰: Montreal 15⁰: Munich 16⁰: Osaka 17⁰: Oslo 18⁰: Santiago del Chile 19⁰: Shanghai [20⁰: Stockholm DONE] 21⁰: Vienna 22⁰: Milan 23⁰: Singapore
We have trams as well as the metro computer rail, roslagsbanan and saltsjöbanan. But this is more focused on the long distance public transportation and not on trams and busses. When you come to Stockholm, Sweden you will see at any station a rail map that contains the metro, commuter train, the narrow tracked railway roslagsbanan and the mostly single tracked railway that runs modified tube trains (saltsjöbanan) along with the 5 tram lines.
Great video! There are a few errors. 1. Tvärbanan, Lidingöbanan Nockebybanan and spårväg city, which are tram lines, should be included. 2. You missed the huge future expansions, like the expansion of the blue line, opening of a yellow line and a grey line. Ik I’m a bit late but still
Waiting until one of the lines actually reaches Sydney City might be appropriate. At that point the map would illustrate the reason for the metro being built.
Brings back memories... did an exchange in Stockholm in university and used the system at least weekly. Would love to see Rotterdam and/or Amsterdam on your channel :D
This looks absolutely amazing! Such a well planned transit network. I am only missing an ringway line. The centre must be a chokepoint if so many commuters have to pass it.
There is a tram that does a sort of half loop mitt.sl.se/ficktid/karta/vinter/SL_Sp%C3%A5rtrafik.pdf. But the very centric design is a problem that there are a number of planned projects that will hopefully help alleviate the pressure on the central station.
You've precisely spotted the main problem with this network. There is a rather capable tram service (Tvärbanan) that partly fills this purpose. The eastern strait remains 'open', even for road traffic, for that you have to rely on...boats. But more is soon to come. The blue line will be extended to Nacka in the south-east, and in a decade or so we will see another central connection across the water to the west.
3:48 - The closure of the commuter rail between Kårsta and Rimbo was a mistake. It would have been a beneficial route today, maybe even if it was extended to Norrtälje. Plenty of people are living there and they do commute to Stockholm.
The rails did go to Norrtälje in the past, and yes it would have been a great thing to have now. The old station in Norrtälje is right in the middle of the city, would have been great. would have needed som remodelling of the tracks at Rimbo to allow through-service, and the ultimate dream would have been for the tracks to keep going from Norrtälje to the port at Kapellskär so one could take the train right up to the ferry to Finland.
Good video again, i like metro map videos from you and other people. Can you do a Prague Meto and funicular, yes it small but for me will be great video.
Mexico City too plus bonus if you put the logos for each station! I really am obsessed with their station logos it feels so cool even though I'm an adult now hehe
I think that the commuter train service ("Pendeltåg") to Gnesta started far earlier than 1995, but I have no exact date. In 1995 the intermediate station at Södertälje Syd was opened, but by then the trains to Gnesta had been running for years. But a great map - thank you!
Great illustration once again. And yes, showing the stations, wherever possible, is a nice touch. So, if I got this right, Stockholm had suburban rail transformed into metro rail when the second big expansion happened? I like seeing how much complicate the metro networks are in most cities. Here in Greece, Athens has only 3 metro lines, the two of which were initially built only 20 years ago and this or the next year the works for the 4th line are about to begin. And finally the metro of Thessaloniki is almost finished, after being a meme for being under construction for like 30 years.
Can you make a series introducing planned lines and systems by making the video series separate from the evolution series as a continuation of evolution videos posted, including systems that had done before?
Please add in the next video information about the number of stations in each of the lines under their names and the total number of stations in the metro system. Sorry for the mistakes, I write using a translator.
By the way, remember I told you yesterday that your channel is not empty, you would release videos at least once a week? So, I found you metro systems that are very simple, like Pyongyang or Glasgow (up to 40 km total length): Sydney (Australia), Baku (Azerbaijan), Yerevan (Armenia), Brussels (Belgium), Belo Horizonte (Brazil), Salvador (Brazil), Budapest (Hungary), Tbilisi (Georgia), Mumbai (India), Jaipur (India), Jakarta (Indonesia), Almaty (Kazakhstan), Warsaw (Poland), Novosibirsk (Russia), Yekaterinburg (Russia), Nizhny Novgorod (Russia), Mecca (Saudi Arabia), Baltimore (USA), Dnipro (Ukraine), Kyoto (Japan), Marseille (France), Helsinki (Finland).
Do : 1) Hong Kong MTR 2) Singapore MRT & LRT 3) Kuala Lumpur & Klang Valley Integrated Transit System 4) Shanghai Metro 5) Shenzhen MTR 6) Guangzhou Subway 7) Moscow Metro 8) Osaka Subway 9) Washington Subway 10) Chicago L
Do Helsinki? :) I think it is an easy task to do. We have only one metro line. But we have very good commuter rail and light rail service as well. New "Jokeri/Joker" line is going to open soon. They are also building a new metro extension to Kivenlahti and new light rail service to Laajasalo.
Saltsjöbanan is supposed to end at slussen but can't right now due to construction at slussen because they are fixing a new buss terminal and staion for saltsjöbanan.
As a local: Yes, basically. Only one station added since, and that came after all the Red & Blue stations. It'll all change within ten years tho, as the Blue is getting extensions including taking over the Hagsätra branch of the Green line, and the Green line is getting a small branch from the inner city northwards.
I hate when people talk about American cities not being large enough to support subways. Stockholm has a great system and there are about 30-33 cities in America with populations at or above their’s.
I think that american cities are not dense enough. To much sprawl with single houses to make a metrosystem useful. In Stockholm and other European cities there are large midrise and highrise suburbs with a population large enough to make it worth building a metro.
@@marte3351 Adding public transit is what will create density and fix that problem. When a city in america finally builds a light rail or brt line, high density housing and other buildings pop up right around it.
I think when they built the metro bridge at Gamla Stan it would've been better to have two tracks for mainline rail & have the two 12tph metro lines share tracks for this section. The metro would've been slightly less reliable but the mainline would've been considerably more reliable.
@ccityplaner12: It´s not two 12 tph metro lines between Slussen and T-centralen, Tub 1 ("Green") has up to 30 tph, Tub 2 ("Red") up to 24 tph. The main line (if you mean the two tracks used for long- and medium distance trains) is now running at far less than its capacity, so thera are no reliable issues caused by train frequency.
Felicitaciones a los ingenieros y obreros suecos trabajan muy duro para construir a los nuevos trenes cada estaciones y lineas en el Metro de Estocolmo, Suecia
LISBON pleaseeee. It’s not that big comparing to other European cities but I would love if it was done! U could also put the future expansions for the next few years as uve done with other cities like Delhi and Sao Paulo
@@diogorodrigues747 I can agree with u but Porto metropolitan mainly goes to the surrounding areas as Póvoa de Varzim and Matosinhos and it’s mainly a surface metro But I’d love to see it too
Could you do evolution of the DART and Luas in Dublin please? It would be a really short video but much appreciated! Love your vids! From Dublin, Ireland 🇮🇪
Btw full details of the Luas and DART evolution: 1984: DART opens from Howth to Bray 2000: DART extends to Malahide and Greystones 2004: Luas Green opens from St Stephen's Green to Sandyford and Luas Red opens from Tallaght to Connolly 2009: Luas Red extends to The Point. 2010: Luas Green extends to Brides Glen 2011: Luas Red extends to Saggart 2018: Luas Green extends to Broombridge and Parnell. An extension on the Luas Green line will also open to Finglas in the next few years but the date hasn't been confirmed.
As many of you suggested, stations are now shown on the map. Let me know what you think of the new implementation!
You just made a good decision right there
I think it makes the map more compacted, but if you were to add the station names aswell,
*that would be stunningly good*
This system is more efficient.
@@TheNCVofficial It would definitely be more informative, yet it might look a bit crowded and messy when zooming out, so it doesn't seem to be a good idea to add station names...
The New station system shown in the map was diffently a good decision, and I think it would be cool if you did Chicago next
I love how you visualized the “pre-metro” segments of the system before they were converted to full metro (like what happened to Boston’s metro, for instance). I feel that transition period from pre-metro to full metro is important to a knowledge in these route history visualizations.
You missed to include the planned extensions. Other than that, great job including the stations along every new route.
Cool video! Though would be great if you also showed the four light rail lines (Lidingöbanan, Spårväg City, Tvärbanan & Nockebybanan), since these are also incorporated into the rapid transit map
But then they would probably need to add all the old tram lines too, since some of the ones you mentioned are in fact old tram lines (either ones that didn't stop, or that were re-born).
Which would be VERY interesting, yes, but would mean a whole other level off detail.
Those are trams, the light rails are Saltsjöbanan and Roslagsbanan
@@GustavSvard The channel @stockholmshjärta did just that, proving that it’s possible, but it’s probably still very difficult. I wouldn’t expect anyone to go to that level of detail.
Suggestions:
Santiago de Chile
Mexico City
Moscow
Madrid
Osaka
Busan
Chicago
And the connection stations with a black circle around or an (___)
Im from Moscow. yes, я русский
Sugestions for new videos
1⁰: Seoul
2⁰: Moscow
[3⁰: Berlin DONE]
4⁰: Frankfurt
5⁰: Rio de Janeiro (supervia, VLT, BRT)
6⁰: St Petersburg
7⁰: Barcelona
8⁰: Buenos Aires
9⁰: Chicago
10⁰: Hong-Kong
11⁰: Lisbon
12⁰: Madrid
13⁰: Cidade de México
14⁰: Montreal
15⁰: Munich
16⁰: Osaka
17⁰: Oslo
18⁰: Santiago del Chile
19⁰: Shanghai
[20⁰: Stockholm DONE]
21⁰: Vienna
22⁰: Milan
23⁰: Singapore
Seoul is also done!
@@MetroLiner Moscow now :D
Metro Cucumber has already done Moscow
St Petersburg
Shanghai
@@MetroLiner OSLO
please add Barcelona, it's one of the best rated metros and has history from 1863 with the "tren de Sarrià" :(
This is a much better style of the way you do these videos :D
I'm still waiting for Hong Kong and Guangzhou
Also could you possibly update the other videos :)
Metrocucumber have one on Guangzhou metro
@@lstr21 ik I watched that
@@lstr21 20 mins after it came out
Nice, I been waiting for this! Great video as always!
Yoooo you finally did a rapid transit expansion animation of Stockholm rapid transit.
I love this! This must've taken ages to make! Thanks for doing my favourite metro!
Much better than before with the addition of stations! Keep up the great work!
We have trams as well as the metro computer rail, roslagsbanan and saltsjöbanan. But this is more focused on the long distance public transportation and not on trams and busses.
When you come to Stockholm, Sweden you will see at any station a rail map that contains the metro, commuter train, the narrow tracked railway roslagsbanan and the mostly single tracked railway that runs modified tube trains (saltsjöbanan) along with the 5 tram lines.
Would love to see an animation of the tramway expansion in Gothenburg!
we definitely need one for istanbul!! keep up the good content! subbed
As a Stockholmer, this is really well done
Really liked the visuals in this one. The scales were helpful!
Great video! There are a few errors.
1. Tvärbanan, Lidingöbanan Nockebybanan and spårväg city, which are tram lines, should be included.
2. You missed the huge future expansions, like the expansion of the blue line, opening of a yellow line and a grey line.
Ik I’m a bit late but still
Nice video! Will you do Madrid?
Keep making more videos. They are very fun!!
Not exactly a full metro yet, but I’d love to see something for the Sydney rail system. The suburban and metro rails are both pretty sprawling
Same with Melbourne, especially with the newly planned airport ring rail project
Waiting until one of the lines actually reaches Sydney City might be appropriate. At that point the map would illustrate the reason for the metro being built.
As a Stockholmer, this is amazing!
How ever, a great video!
My favorite one was Berlin, because it says a lot of Berlin's history.
Brings back memories... did an exchange in Stockholm in university and used the system at least weekly.
Would love to see Rotterdam and/or Amsterdam on your channel :D
Suggestions:
-MADRID (Metro and Cercanías) Is what I want more
-BARCELONA(Metro and Rodalies) Is very good
-BUCHAREST (Metro and Tram) Is interesting.
Great video!
This looks absolutely amazing! Such a well planned transit network. I am only missing an ringway line. The centre must be a chokepoint if so many commuters have to pass it.
There is a tram that does a sort of half loop mitt.sl.se/ficktid/karta/vinter/SL_Sp%C3%A5rtrafik.pdf. But the very centric design is a problem that there are a number of planned projects that will hopefully help alleviate the pressure on the central station.
We have the express tram line tvärbanan that goes like a half circle around the city centre.
You've precisely spotted the main problem with this network. There is a rather capable tram service (Tvärbanan) that partly fills this purpose. The eastern strait remains 'open', even for road traffic, for that you have to rely on...boats. But more is soon to come. The blue line will be extended to Nacka in the south-east, and in a decade or so we will see another central connection across the water to the west.
Wow. Beautifully done. Hope you can make one for Copenhagen (S Train and Metro) aswell, in the near future... Cheers
Suggestions for vídeos:
1°:Hamburg
2°:Buenos Aires
3°:Santiago del Chile
4°:Rio de Janeiro (Tram Included)
5°:Hanover
6°:Zurich
7°:Munich
8°:Colonia/Düsendorf/Essen/Dortmund
9°:Frankfurt
10°:Lipsia
11°:Copenhagen
12°:Oslo
13°:Napoli
14°:Sydney
15°:Brisbane
16°:Moscow
17°:St. Petersburg
18°:Bucharest
19°:Budapest
20°:Petroria/Johannesburg
21°:Hong-Kong
22°:Singanpore
Charlotte NC.
Thanks, this is amazing
Thx you rescue my Day
3:48 - The closure of the commuter rail between Kårsta and Rimbo was a mistake. It would have been a beneficial route today, maybe even if it was extended to Norrtälje. Plenty of people are living there and they do commute to Stockholm.
The rails did go to Norrtälje in the past, and yes it would have been a great thing to have now. The old station in Norrtälje is right in the middle of the city, would have been great.
would have needed som remodelling of the tracks at Rimbo to allow through-service, and the ultimate dream would have been for the tracks to keep going from Norrtälje to the port at Kapellskär so one could take the train right up to the ferry to Finland.
Good video again, i like metro map videos from you and other people. Can you do a Prague Meto and funicular, yes it small but for me will be great video.
Mexico City too plus bonus if you put the logos for each station! I really am obsessed with their station logos it feels so cool even though I'm an adult now hehe
I think that the commuter train service ("Pendeltåg") to Gnesta started far earlier than 1995, but I have no exact date. In 1995 the intermediate station at Södertälje Syd was opened, but by then the trains to Gnesta had been running for years.
But a great map - thank you!
It looks beautiful! I hope Taipei Metro can be done in future video.
How can no one like this? It's amazing
Please also do the Istanbul Metro, in which currently the highest amount of lines are being constructed in the world
I thought the main part was about to end at 4:24, since the map was about to zoom out. But suddenly the Pendeltag extended to Uppsala.
Please also do Vienna. Great video :)
We want to see it too ;-)
Excellent! Pleasure doing business with you.
F in the chat for Rimbo
Can you get madrid metro please 🙏next video 🇪🇸 🇪🇸
Nice video
Great illustration once again. And yes, showing the stations, wherever possible, is a nice touch.
So, if I got this right, Stockholm had suburban rail transformed into metro rail when the second big expansion happened?
I like seeing how much complicate the metro networks are in most cities. Here in Greece, Athens has only 3 metro lines, the two of which were initially built only 20 years ago and this or the next year the works for the 4th line are about to begin. And finally the metro of Thessaloniki is almost finished, after being a meme for being under construction for like 30 years.
Great video as always :D
I would like to know what programs did you use to do these things?
You missed the light rail Tvärbanan. It would be cool to include the expansions under construction too
So next after Stockholm I guess you make Helsinki metro. (no worries, it would be a short video)
I would love to see Madrid's Metro!
Can you make a series introducing planned lines and systems by making the video series separate from the evolution series as a continuation of evolution videos posted, including systems that had done before?
What application or programme do you use to do your videos?
Uppsala, also known as the northernmost suburb of Stockholm XD
Next Video:
1. Copenhagen 🇩🇰
2. Hong Kong 🇭🇰
3. Singapore 🇸🇬
4. Kuala Lumpur 🇲🇾
5. Bangkok 🇹🇭
Please add in the next video information about the number of stations in each of the lines under their names and the total number of stations in the metro system. Sorry for the mistakes, I write using a translator.
i fixed it: Please add the total station count below their respective lines in the next video
By the way, remember I told you yesterday that your channel is not empty, you would release videos at least once a week? So, I found you metro systems that are very simple, like Pyongyang or Glasgow (up to 40 km total length):
Sydney (Australia),
Baku (Azerbaijan),
Yerevan (Armenia),
Brussels (Belgium),
Belo Horizonte (Brazil),
Salvador (Brazil),
Budapest (Hungary),
Tbilisi (Georgia),
Mumbai (India),
Jaipur (India),
Jakarta (Indonesia),
Almaty (Kazakhstan),
Warsaw (Poland),
Novosibirsk (Russia),
Yekaterinburg (Russia),
Nizhny Novgorod (Russia),
Mecca (Saudi Arabia),
Baltimore (USA),
Dnipro (Ukraine),
Kyoto (Japan),
Marseille (France),
Helsinki (Finland).
Glasgow is already gone, at April Fools day
not much to see here in finland,i hope that our metro could look more like stocholm metro and not one line leaving most of city without metro
Do :
1) Hong Kong MTR
2) Singapore MRT & LRT
3) Kuala Lumpur & Klang Valley Integrated Transit System
4) Shanghai Metro
5) Shenzhen MTR
6) Guangzhou Subway
7) Moscow Metro
8) Osaka Subway
9) Washington Subway
10) Chicago L
Do Helsinki? :) I think it is an easy task to do. We have only one metro line. But we have very good commuter rail and light rail service as well. New "Jokeri/Joker" line is going to open soon. They are also building a new metro extension to Kivenlahti and new light rail service to Laajasalo.
Could you do Montreal, Canada? btw really nice video!
Saltsjöbanan is supposed to end at slussen but can't right now due to construction at slussen because they are fixing a new buss terminal and staion for saltsjöbanan.
Nuremberg and Munich, Kuala Lumpur, Singapore and Hong Kong would be awesome. 😬
Basically, the whole green line were finished before the red and blue line even existed
As a local: Yes, basically. Only one station added since, and that came after all the Red & Blue stations.
It'll all change within ten years tho, as the Blue is getting extensions including taking over the Hagsätra branch of the Green line, and the Green line is getting a small branch from the inner city northwards.
Great video but you forgot the Tvärbanan and the other tram systems
Suggestions:
Moscow (MCC and MCD systems included)
Omsk (it will be very funny)
New York
He actually did NY subway :)
Link to that vid can you find here: ua-cam.com/video/vP0J6xPvPBg/v-deo.html
Moscow is done already, even several different videos, for example:
ua-cam.com/video/bOC5IOMcS4M/v-deo.html
@@P1x3lMagic i know him
Wold be awesome to see Oslo!
I hate when people talk about American cities not being large enough to support subways. Stockholm has a great system and there are about 30-33 cities in America with populations at or above their’s.
There are 11 cities larger than Stockholm in the US.
@@linusfotograf in terms of metropolitan areas there’s around 30 with 2 million+. Google says stockholms metro area has around 2.4
I think that american cities are not dense enough.
To much sprawl with single houses to make a metrosystem useful.
In Stockholm and other European cities there are large midrise and highrise suburbs with a population large enough to make it worth building a metro.
@@marte3351 Adding public transit is what will create density and fix that problem. When a city in america finally builds a light rail or brt line, high density housing and other buildings pop up right around it.
Stockholm is actually constructing two new lines
Well 1 line actually (Yellow Line), the rest are an expansion.
@@Crazytrain2015 they are also planning on a new line between fridhemsplan and Älvsjö
@@ivanbruh770 Well a Red line Extension from Liljeholmen to Fridhemsplan and to Älvsjö
You should do Milan next!
100万都市でこれだけの地下鉄ネットワークがあるのは素晴らしいな。最後SlussenからHenriksdalは何が起きたんだと思ったら改築中のようですね。
Can you do a Video about the Underground in Cologne and Bonn. That would be great. By the way: Nice Videos.
Suggestion :
The metro of Sofia, Bulgaria
fascinating!
I think the next video should be Istanbul Metro! Thanks.
I Kinda wanna see Commuter rail lines evolutions
I think when they built the metro bridge at Gamla Stan it would've been better to have two tracks for mainline rail & have the two 12tph metro lines share tracks for this section. The metro would've been slightly less reliable but the mainline would've been considerably more reliable.
@ccityplaner12: It´s not two 12 tph metro lines between Slussen and T-centralen, Tub 1 ("Green") has up to 30 tph, Tub 2 ("Red") up to 24 tph.
The main line (if you mean the two tracks used for long- and medium distance trains) is now running at far less than its capacity, so thera are no reliable issues caused by train frequency.
When Buenos Aires Metro?
Can you do the Subway of Madrid, please?
nice
are using maps prone to copyright? what are u using?
openstreetmap
It's Google Maps.
Is there a Taipei one? I am really looking forward!
Felicitaciones a los ingenieros y obreros suecos trabajan muy duro para construir a los nuevos trenes cada estaciones y lineas en el Metro de Estocolmo, Suecia
Can you do a visual expansion of Shanghai Metro? Although they are not as old compare to other subway, but its still big on its own
Please can you make a video of the evolution of the Mexico City Subway.
LISBON pleaseeee. It’s not that big comparing to other European cities but I would love if it was done! U could also put the future expansions for the next few years as uve done with other cities like Delhi and Sao Paulo
And what about Porto? It's actually a bigger light rail/metro system than the Lisbon one...
@@diogorodrigues747 I can agree with u but Porto metropolitan mainly goes to the surrounding areas as Póvoa de Varzim and Matosinhos and it’s mainly a surface metro
But I’d love to see it too
Could you do evolution of the DART and Luas in Dublin please? It would be a really short video but much appreciated! Love your vids! From Dublin, Ireland 🇮🇪
Btw full details of the Luas and DART evolution:
1984: DART opens from Howth to Bray
2000: DART extends to Malahide and Greystones
2004: Luas Green opens from St Stephen's Green to Sandyford and Luas Red opens from Tallaght to Connolly
2009: Luas Red extends to The Point.
2010: Luas Green extends to Brides Glen
2011: Luas Red extends to Saggart
2018: Luas Green extends to Broombridge and Parnell.
An extension on the Luas Green line will also open to Finglas in the next few years but the date hasn't been confirmed.
Nice video, but where is tvärbanan?
The video creator said that he will not include any trams, but only tunnelbanan, the commuter rail and light rail
Vienna next ?
Please make Prague!
Request of Manila Rail Lines thank you
Lidingöbanan (Stockholm Södra Lidingöns Järnväg) is a railway, you missed it!
Hong Kong MTR next?
Hey Mate, can u make video on Namma Metro (Banglore Metro)
I'm interested in your channel's all of the video.
I want to watch Osaka Metro.
Can you make Guangzhou Metro Evelution？
Dude i ask for it and you do it you are best 💪😎🇸🇪🇸🇪
Next: Bucharest metro system, my city
Maybe you should update this with the new planned segments
Stockholm Metro
Green Line (1950)
Red Line (1964)
Blue Line (1975)
Commuter Rail
Pendeltåg (1968)
Light Rail
Saltsjöbanan (1969)
Roslagsbanan (1969)
you can Moscow metro
what kind of program do you use to plot the routes?
No ABBA music for Stockholm? ;)
Please do Perth