Sources: “Ainu People”, The Foundation for Ainu Culture, www.ff-ainu.or.jp/web/english/details/post-5.html “Ainu”, Minorities and indigenous peoples in Japan, World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples, minorityrights.org/minorities/ainu/ “Ainu: The Indigenous People of Japan”, Kiriko, October 26, 2018, kirikomade.com/blogs/news/people-of-ainu Akanko Ainu Kotan, www.akanainu.jp/en/about Ainu Museum: ainu-upopoy.jp/en/ Batchelor, John. (1901). The Ainu and Their Folk-Lore. London: The Religious Tract Society, archive.org/details/ainutheirfolklor00batcrich/page/n7/mode/2up Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Jōmon culture." Encyclopedia Britannica, October 3, 2023. www.britannica.com/topic/Jomon-culture Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Yayoi culture." Encyclopedia Britannica, May 25, 2018. www.britannica.com/topic/Yayoi-culture Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Ainu." Encyclopedia Britannica, October 3, 2023. www.britannica.com/topic/Ainu Britannica, “Rise and expansion of Yamato”, www.britannica.com/place/Japan/The-Nara-period-710-784 Cobb, E., “Japan’s forgotten indigenous people”, BBC Travel, www.bbc.com/travel/article/20200519-japans-forgotten-indigenous-people Cotterill, S., “Ainu Success: the Political and Cultural Achievements of Japan’s Indigenous Minority”, The Asia-Pacific Journal, March 21, 2011, Volume 9 | Issue 12 | Number 2, Article ID 3500, apjjf.org/2011/9/12/Simon-Cotterill/3500/article.html Sunuwar, Dev Kumar, “Ainu People Reclaim Their Rights”, Cultural Survival Quarterly, March 3, 2020, www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/ainu-people-reclaim-their-rights Tahara, Kaori, “The saga of the Ainu language”, The UNESCO Courier, October 2009, en.unesco.org/courier/numero-especial-octubre-2009/saga-ainu-language “The Indigenous World 2023: Japan”, IGWA, The Indigenous World 2023: Japan, www.iwgia.org/en/japan/5121-iw-2023-japan.html Tsunemoto, T. “Overview of the Ainu Policy Promotion Act of 2019”, Hokkaido University, fpcj.jp/wp/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/b8102b519c7b7c4a4e129763f23ed690.pdf Takanori Yanagi, “What is Ainu culture?”, QUORA, Updated Feb 21, qr.ae/pKtPaa Umeda, Sayuri. Japan: New Ainu Law Becomes Effective. 2019. Web Page. www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2019-08-05/japan-new-ainu-law-becomes-effective/ Yamato People - Encyclopedia, Science News & Research Reviews, academic-accelerator.com/encyclopedia/yamato-people Yamato Period, www.japanpitt.pitt.edu/timeline/yamato-period-250-710 Kanpai, “THE JAPANESE ETHNIC GROUPS”, Kanpai!, June 17, 2019, www.kanpai-japan.com/lifestyle/japanese-ethnic-groups Virtual National Ainu Museum: nam-vm.jp/en/ Krutak, L., “TATTOOING AMONG JAPAN’S AINU PEOPLE”, Tattoo Anthropologist, November 27, 2012, www.larskrutak.com/tattooing-among-japans-ainu-people/ “The Meaning of Tattoos for Ainu Women”, Daiwa Anglo-Japanese Foundation, Thursday 16 January 2020, dajf.org.uk/event/the-meaning-of-tattoos-for-ainu-women “The Constitution of Japan”, japan.kantei.go.jp/constitution_and_government_of_japan/constitution_e.html “Iyomante | The Bear Sending Ceremony of the Ainu People”, We Free Spirits, September 8, 2023, wefreespirits.com/iyomante-ainu-bear-ceremony/ “Promotion of Ainu Culture”, Hokkaido Bureau, www.mlit.go.jp/hkb/ainu_e.html Tetsuo Nakahara, “'10,000-YEAR FEST' CONJURES AINU WISDOM OF AGES”, Stripes Japan, aowaosong.com/ainu-culture Videos: PIXABAY: “Miyajima japan torii” by Matteo Arrigo PEXELS: “Island” by Tom Fisk: www.pexels.com/pt-br/video/vista-aerea-de-um-belo-resort-na-ilha-2035976/ PEXELS: “Florest” by Ruvim Miksanskiy: www.pexels.com/pt-br/video/video-of-forest-1448735/ PEXELS: “Brown Bear” by Nicky Pe: www.pexels.com/pt-br/video/animal-bicho-urso-pardo-fofo-7427471/ PEXELS: “Bird” by Michael Herren: www.pexels.com/pt-br/video/animal-bicho-aviario-avicular-6837928/ PEXELS: “Fire” by Free Videos: www.pexels.com/pt-br/video/video-em-camera-lenta-da-fogueira-853848/ “Traditional Ainu Dance: Reviving Ancestral Memories” by @thejapanfoundation, ua-cam.com/video/6mbXub3w4No/v-deo.html PIXABAY: “Like & Subscribe” by Video by motionlabry Images: Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Nara." Encyclopedia Britannica, October 7, 2023. www.britannica.com/place/Nara-Japan. Project: Ainu Neno An Ainu, by Laura Liverani Photography, www.lauraliverani.com/ “Map of Ainu in Hokkaido (1999)”, Wikipedia, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Ainu_in_Hokkaido_de.svg “Tonkori” by Alpha, flic.kr/p/9VKeo5 Music: Yugen by Keys of Moon | soundcloud.com/keysofmoon Music promoted by www.free-stock-music.com Creative Commons / Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
The Ainu closest relative genetically are the Ryukyuan who lives in southern archipelago which seems odd because most Ainus live in Hokkaido, miles away to the north. This suggest the Ainus are originally from southern island later migrated up north and assimilate culturally to the Nivkh people inhabited the Sakhalin island
Just because their DNA trace can be linked to South Asia does not mean that the Ainu come from there, instead imagine them having a collective ancestor in Native Americans, this also makes sense with the introduction of the potato, this simple vegetable is very loved in Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Philippines and has roots in South America from the native people, this is also how the potato was introduced to the Polynesian islands. It is believed that the Polynesians have origins in native Americans (South America), they brought the potato with them as their most important passenger, and it was the first thing they did, plant the potatoes. The native Mayan, and Inca people of South America has a deep tradition of tattoo. Polynesians also has a tradition of tattoos, so do the Ainu. in my humble opinion the Native South Americans took to sea, became the Polynesians, and then created colonies in east Asia, and south east Asia.
Thank you for your comment! I'm currently working on my research on the Ryukyuan and following your comment I lightly looked into Ryukyuan-Ainu genetic relation and found this article interesting: Jinam, T., Kanzawa-Kiriyama, H., Inoue, I. et al. Unique characteristics of the Ainu population in Northern Japan. J Hum Genet 60, 565-571 (2015). doi.org/10.1038/jhg.2015.79
According to the article "Unique characteristics of the Ainu population in Northern Japan", mainland Japanese are the result of a mixture between ancestors of Han Chinese/Koreans and Ainu (which represent the Yayoi and Jomon peoples). The article is extremely interesting I 100% recommend it if you have the time to spare 😄 Jinam, T., Kanzawa-Kiriyama, H., Inoue, I. et al. Unique characteristics of the Ainu population in Northern Japan. J Hum Genet 60, 565-571 (2015). doi.org/10.1038/jhg.2015.79
Sources:
“Ainu People”, The Foundation for Ainu Culture, www.ff-ainu.or.jp/web/english/details/post-5.html
“Ainu”, Minorities and indigenous peoples in Japan, World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples, minorityrights.org/minorities/ainu/
“Ainu: The Indigenous People of Japan”, Kiriko, October 26, 2018, kirikomade.com/blogs/news/people-of-ainu
Akanko Ainu Kotan, www.akanainu.jp/en/about
Ainu Museum: ainu-upopoy.jp/en/
Batchelor, John. (1901). The Ainu and Their Folk-Lore. London: The Religious Tract Society, archive.org/details/ainutheirfolklor00batcrich/page/n7/mode/2up
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Jōmon culture." Encyclopedia Britannica, October 3, 2023. www.britannica.com/topic/Jomon-culture
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Yayoi culture." Encyclopedia Britannica, May 25, 2018. www.britannica.com/topic/Yayoi-culture
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Ainu." Encyclopedia Britannica, October 3, 2023. www.britannica.com/topic/Ainu
Britannica, “Rise and expansion of Yamato”, www.britannica.com/place/Japan/The-Nara-period-710-784
Cobb, E., “Japan’s forgotten indigenous people”, BBC Travel, www.bbc.com/travel/article/20200519-japans-forgotten-indigenous-people
Cotterill, S., “Ainu Success: the Political and Cultural Achievements of Japan’s Indigenous Minority”, The Asia-Pacific Journal, March 21, 2011, Volume 9 | Issue 12 | Number 2, Article ID 3500, apjjf.org/2011/9/12/Simon-Cotterill/3500/article.html
Sunuwar, Dev Kumar, “Ainu People Reclaim Their Rights”, Cultural Survival Quarterly, March 3, 2020, www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/ainu-people-reclaim-their-rights
Tahara, Kaori, “The saga of the Ainu language”, The UNESCO Courier, October 2009, en.unesco.org/courier/numero-especial-octubre-2009/saga-ainu-language
“The Indigenous World 2023: Japan”, IGWA, The Indigenous World 2023: Japan, www.iwgia.org/en/japan/5121-iw-2023-japan.html
Tsunemoto, T. “Overview of the Ainu Policy Promotion Act of 2019”, Hokkaido University, fpcj.jp/wp/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/b8102b519c7b7c4a4e129763f23ed690.pdf
Takanori Yanagi, “What is Ainu culture?”, QUORA, Updated Feb 21, qr.ae/pKtPaa
Umeda, Sayuri. Japan: New Ainu Law Becomes Effective. 2019. Web Page. www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2019-08-05/japan-new-ainu-law-becomes-effective/
Yamato People - Encyclopedia, Science News & Research Reviews, academic-accelerator.com/encyclopedia/yamato-people
Yamato Period, www.japanpitt.pitt.edu/timeline/yamato-period-250-710
Kanpai, “THE JAPANESE ETHNIC GROUPS”, Kanpai!, June 17, 2019, www.kanpai-japan.com/lifestyle/japanese-ethnic-groups
Virtual National Ainu Museum: nam-vm.jp/en/
Krutak, L., “TATTOOING AMONG JAPAN’S AINU PEOPLE”, Tattoo Anthropologist, November 27, 2012, www.larskrutak.com/tattooing-among-japans-ainu-people/
“The Meaning of Tattoos for Ainu Women”, Daiwa Anglo-Japanese Foundation, Thursday 16 January 2020, dajf.org.uk/event/the-meaning-of-tattoos-for-ainu-women
“The Constitution of Japan”, japan.kantei.go.jp/constitution_and_government_of_japan/constitution_e.html
“Iyomante | The Bear Sending Ceremony of the Ainu People”, We Free Spirits, September 8, 2023, wefreespirits.com/iyomante-ainu-bear-ceremony/
“Promotion of Ainu Culture”, Hokkaido Bureau, www.mlit.go.jp/hkb/ainu_e.html
Tetsuo Nakahara, “'10,000-YEAR FEST' CONJURES AINU WISDOM OF AGES”, Stripes Japan, aowaosong.com/ainu-culture
Videos:
PIXABAY: “Miyajima japan torii” by Matteo Arrigo
PEXELS: “Island” by Tom Fisk: www.pexels.com/pt-br/video/vista-aerea-de-um-belo-resort-na-ilha-2035976/
PEXELS: “Florest” by Ruvim Miksanskiy: www.pexels.com/pt-br/video/video-of-forest-1448735/
PEXELS: “Brown Bear” by Nicky Pe: www.pexels.com/pt-br/video/animal-bicho-urso-pardo-fofo-7427471/
PEXELS: “Bird” by Michael Herren: www.pexels.com/pt-br/video/animal-bicho-aviario-avicular-6837928/
PEXELS: “Fire” by Free Videos: www.pexels.com/pt-br/video/video-em-camera-lenta-da-fogueira-853848/
“Traditional Ainu Dance: Reviving Ancestral Memories” by @thejapanfoundation, ua-cam.com/video/6mbXub3w4No/v-deo.html
PIXABAY: “Like & Subscribe” by Video by motionlabry
Images:
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Nara." Encyclopedia Britannica, October 7, 2023. www.britannica.com/place/Nara-Japan.
Project: Ainu Neno An Ainu, by Laura Liverani Photography, www.lauraliverani.com/
“Map of Ainu in Hokkaido (1999)”, Wikipedia, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Ainu_in_Hokkaido_de.svg
“Tonkori” by Alpha, flic.kr/p/9VKeo5
Music:
Yugen by Keys of Moon | soundcloud.com/keysofmoon
Music promoted by www.free-stock-music.com
Creative Commons / Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
I sense this video and this channel in general will get famous soon , Amazing work and superb quality!.
Thank you so much! Glad you're enjoying the content, I will do my best to keep improving
The Ainu closest relative genetically are the Ryukyuan who lives in southern archipelago which seems odd because most Ainus live in Hokkaido, miles away to the north. This suggest the Ainus are originally from southern island later migrated up north and assimilate culturally to the Nivkh people inhabited the Sakhalin island
Just because their DNA trace can be linked to South Asia does not mean that the Ainu come from there, instead imagine them having a collective ancestor in Native Americans, this also makes sense with the introduction of the potato, this simple vegetable is very loved in Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Philippines and has roots in South America from the native people, this is also how the potato was introduced to the Polynesian islands. It is believed that the Polynesians have origins in native Americans (South America), they brought the potato with them as their most important passenger, and it was the first thing they did, plant the potatoes. The native Mayan, and Inca people of South America has a deep tradition of tattoo. Polynesians also has a tradition of tattoos, so do the Ainu. in my humble opinion the Native South Americans took to sea, became the Polynesians, and then created colonies in east Asia, and south east Asia.
Thank you for your comment!
I'm currently working on my research on the Ryukyuan and following your comment I lightly looked into Ryukyuan-Ainu genetic relation and found this article interesting: Jinam, T., Kanzawa-Kiriyama, H., Inoue, I. et al. Unique characteristics of the Ainu population in Northern Japan. J Hum Genet 60, 565-571 (2015). doi.org/10.1038/jhg.2015.79
So where did Japanese come from then? Probably China
According to the article "Unique characteristics of the Ainu population in Northern Japan", mainland Japanese are the result of a mixture between ancestors of Han Chinese/Koreans and Ainu (which represent the Yayoi and Jomon peoples).
The article is extremely interesting I 100% recommend it if you have the time to spare 😄 Jinam, T., Kanzawa-Kiriyama, H., Inoue, I. et al. Unique characteristics of the Ainu population in Northern Japan. J Hum Genet 60, 565-571 (2015). doi.org/10.1038/jhg.2015.79