How do Hard Disk Drives Work? 💻💿🛠
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- Опубліковано 17 тра 2024
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Have you ever wondered how Hard Disk Drives can store billions of bits of data within the volume of a short, small brick? Thinking about it, it's really truly incredible that a library worth of data, millions of photos, or thousands of videos can be stored in a device that costs less than $100. Data storage has truly evolved to incredible densities over the past 6 decades, and in this video, we're going to see how exactly a Hard Disk Drive stores data, how it reads and writes data, and then the cutting-edge technologies that are continuing to decrease the size of each bit of data.
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Table of Contents:
00:00 - Introduction to Hard Disk Drives.
01:00 - Components inside a Hard Disk Drive.
04:42 - Writing to an HDD.
07:40 - Reading from an HDD.
10:11 - Fitting more bits per area.
11:05 - PCBWay Sponsorship
12:12 - Cutting-edge HDD Technology
Key Branches from this video are: How do SSDs Work? || How does DRAM Work?
Erratum: CMR is 'Conventional Magnetic Recording' not 'Classic' Magnetic Recording. CMR is also called PMR 'Perpendicular' Magnetic Recording.
Animation & Modeling: Prakash Kakadiya
Animation: Mike Radjabov
Script: Teddy Tablante
Twitter: @teddytablante
Voice Over: Phil Lee
Sound Design: www.drilu.world
Music Editor & Mixer: Luis Zuleta
SFX: Raul Raul Nuñez
Sound Supervisor & Editor: Luis Huesca
Founder of Branch Education: Theodore J Tablante
Animation built using Blender 3.3 www.blender.org/
References:
Chen, Ben M. Lee, Tong H. Hard Disk Drive Servo Systems 2nd Edition. Springer, 2006.
Jacob, Bruce. Ng, Spencer W. Wang, David T. Memory Systems, Cache DRAM, Disk. Morgan Kaufmann, 2008.
Magnetic Hard Disk www.sciencedirect.com/topics/...
Modern HDD Technologies that are bringing hard disks back. Sullivan, Erin. www.techtarget.com/searchstor...
Magnetic Recording on Nanostructures www.tu-chemnitz.de/physik/OFG...
Hard Disks Give New Technologies A Spin. Feldman, Michael. www.nextplatform.com/2019/10/...
Hard Drives 101: Magnetic Storage. Bestofmedia Team. www.tomshardware.com/reviews/...
Lasers vs. Microwaves: The Billion Dollar Bet on The Future of Magnetic Storage. Nordrum, Amy. spectrum.ieee.org/lasers-vs-m...
Wikipedia contributors. "Hard Disk Drives". "Magnetic Storage". "Perpendicular Magnetic Recording". "Shingled Magnetic Recording". "Storage Density". Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, Visited December 2022
#HardDiskDrive #Storage #Computer
I understood the basics before this but this animation went deep! Thanks for the great video 😎
Two GOATs meet
i literally adore what your two channels do... the instant you post, i watch and literally look forward to!
I'm an computer engineer/software engineer, so i LOVE this kind of detail.
Glad to see that!
You both are amazing!! Your content is really really incredible for me, both
You're awesome Jared Owen.
I would like to learn how to create this animations. Kindly help
It's hard to believe how lucky we are having this content with this level of studies, researches, explanations and animations available for free. Impressive work.
@@sheateeley1 with a certain browser extension there are no ads. So, literally free
@@sheateeley1 "a bunch of extra stuff"? What are you talking about? It's as simple as installing an app on Android from GooglePlay. It takes no more than a minute to find and install.
@sheateeley1 A bunch of extra stuff? No it literally takes less than 30 seconds to do
@sheateeley1 No it absolutely is relevant, it takes basically no effort or time to do it, and why would that make it not free? By that logic even if youtube didn't have ads, the simple fact you even have to manually open the app and search for a video just to view it means its not free, your logic makes no sense whatsoever
And idk what definition you're talking about because no such definition exists
So you agree that YOU got in for free? But your previous comments completely contradict that, which is it?
Also the concert itself costing money doesn't have anything to do with the fact you got in for free, thats entirely irrelevant to what was being talked about
Thanks, everyone for helping us reach 1M subscribers!!
Please put Arabic translate on your video please
You should have 1 billion subscribers, because of these super valuable and contentful informative videos. :)
man actually you deserve 1 billion subs
pin your comment.
sir which software you use for this kinds of animation
I can summarize the video for you: hard drives are made with witchcraft and operated with witchcraft.
Hahahaha i agree with that 🤣🤣
Haha socery dude 😂
Pyramids and hard drives are made by people with passion and dedication towards their work. To average woke its witchcraft.
😂 yep!
Just wait till you have to deal with a “punctured stripe” on a raid volume. That SUCKS to mess with lol😂
Wow- I had no idea bits are recorded as CHANGES in polarity, rather than just a region with a particular polarity. What an absolute marvel of mechanical, electrical, materials, and software engineering. It's crazy these things are so cheap. Very interesting. Thanks
Yeah it’s the same with DVDs and the pits and lands which are on them. I also had no idea lol
It's called NRZ scheme (non-return-to-zero)
@@leandro842 That's a common encoding in a lot of computer tech, including networking, storage ...
I wonder that they are not yet using forward-error-correction like LDPC, or maybe this video just hasn't shown it ...
It’s the same way CDs store data too
@@exMuteKid also with barcodes...
This is extremely well written, produced, and animated. As someone who works in the HDD industry, I can vouch for the validity of this information. Something I think is interesting but was not mentioned is multi-actuator drives. For instance, with a 2-actuator design, this would allow for read/write speeds of up to (about) 2x as fast read/write speeds at maximum than previously possible. This is because there can be multiple streams of data read at the same time. Think of tape-based storage medium. This commonly has many read/write heads which is trivial since the storage medium is what needs to be moved rather than the r/w heads. This is a more complex endeavor in HDDs since the head needs to be able to seek accurately and quickly which becomes quite difficult given the limited space within the enclosure. The drive essentially needs two (or more) of the heads in the space which used to be occupied by only one and also another controller for the other actuator.
Can I ask? Which drives (and are they enterprise) use multiple actuators?
@@flintfrommother3gaming I believe Seagate did release information on their "MACH.2" enterprise drives a little while ago which are dual-actuator. Particularly the "Seagate Exos 2X14" was the first drive to implement a dual actuator design I believe with there being a newer "Exos 2X18" generation of this. If I had to guess, this technology will likely become more popular in enterprise-level drives within the next few years. At some point, if it becomes cheap enough or if there is enough demand, I presume it will also make its way into consumer-grade drives as well, however those (consumer-grade drives) are certainly at a lower priority for newer and more expensive technologies.
2X speeds are possible only if the two data regions are significantly away to prevent actuator collisions. So 2X performance will be possible only in some cases, or in cases where similar data is well distributed across the disk.
@user-lz9xe7mf2b That depends on the implementation. The dual actuator design I'm referring to is one where the actuators are on top of eachother such that the above actuator is responsible for the top half of the platters and the other actuator is responsible for the bottom half. In this implementation there wouldn't be a chance for collision. There are some good pictures for reference of the current seagate technology out there which depict what I'm talking about. Even so, these mostly help with parallel ops depending on the implementation and the speed increase is indeed not always fully realized depending on the scenario, yeah.
@@user-wf7uf2jp8x and now just imagine having those actuators on both sides of the disk, yes the drive will be much longer and probably not meet a ISO standards but the RW speeds could be potentially comparable against sata SSDs. And the increased speed of the disk will also help a lot.
10k RPM
Two double actuators
1024MB cache
Read speeds up to 750MBps
Write speeds up to 700 as well
And the price for the 20TB HDD should be somewhere between 900-1100€ or 1200 dollars when you take how much SSD cost. 8TB SSD in Slovakia 700€
I won't be as disappointed when my new HDD drive slows down over time seeing all that it does in such a short period of time
Attachment to inanimate objects. First sign of mental problems
@@lzbhcvm6747 oh I know I've got mental problems.
Samee
Exceptional content. Working for 15 years with different storage vendors - probably the best summarized explanation I have ever seen! Great job, thanks for making it available to such a large audience!
Wow, this video removed a lot of mysteries over HDD for me, and brought a whole new sight over this technology, it's brilliant!!!
Mechatronics is an interesting field.
You with 20hours ago comment when the video is uploaded 2 hours ago is mysterious to me.
@@Cisternpipe same here
@@Cisternpipe membership ;D
pretty much everything in IT is you just have to dig deep enough it's fascinating
You are really one of the few channels where I watch the sponsorship because it still is an amazingly animated part to watch.
How in the hell did anyone ever come up with this technology and then create it!? The engineering, timing, and precision required is staggering. Amazing videos, thank you.
I love how deep the animation got! So in depth and high quality, and makes the topic a simple visualization that I can now explain to clients and computer enthusiasts!
I was a curious kid, and would always ask questions like this, only to be given a general answer or find something on the internet that explained it in a basic way. The level of detail you go into with easy to follow visuals is finally expanding my knowledge on these things and I’m so grateful for your channel! I know what data LOOKS like, I know how it’s transmitted and written on a microscopic level, and I can visualize things like Bluetooth or smoke alarms in ways I’ve never been able to, thank you!!
I've known how hard drives work for a long time, but this animation is amazing. No fluff, just facts.
I already knew the general idea of how hard drives worked, but wow this really gave me a new understanding of it. The engineering that goes into these are insane.
Last year I took apart some old hard drives and it was fascinating. Some were older than others and it was neat to see the slight changes between them. The multilayered platters were really neat. This video is fantastic. The graphics are accurate and I learned a lot I did not previously know. Great job!
I love that you included the correct method of reading data via the changes in magnetic flux rather than the polarity. Its a small addition but it makes me so happy that its correct
In modern hard drives there is also a micro-actuator made up of 2 small piezoelectric plates on each side which help read write heads to be even more precise. Truly magnificent stuff!
This channel is fascinating in animation and explanation. Guaranteed it doesn't get any better than this.
This video was so absolutely amazing I'm stunned at how well everything was explained and animated. Seriously I have never seen a good a video at explaining something so complicated as this. We take this technology for granted, it's truly astonishing how much thought there goes into all this. But the explanation leaves me almost more amazed, as soon as it was explained how one bit doesn't store individual zeroes and ones but rather they are used in conjunction of pairs to determine zeroes and ones, I was amazed at the tech even more. I'm a total layman and this made near perfect sense.
Could you imagine a world where we would get this high standard of education in all schools?!?! Thank you very much, Branch Education! What an awesome job you guys are doing!
@Dacia Sandero guys Yeah 😶
@Dacia Sandero guys so true man
It’s truly unfathomable how this fairly complex actions haven been constructed to incredibly small so much smaller than anything you would ever see in your life and now so cheap and widespread
@@yinggamer7762 Bonkers, right?!?! :) I think of it like people building entire cities (on a CPU size) that no one will ever see.
Absolutely magnificent!! Your animations will help visualise complicated micro/nanoscopic technology for generations. Don't underestimate the reach of your work :) P.s it would be awesome if you help demistify the circuitry inside led screens and monitor controllers that take standard signals from the cpu/gpu (VGA/HDMI ecc) and turn them into light that our eyes can see :)
Ben Eater can help with some of your question about how VGA works. He literally made a breadboard that can transmit VGA.
Thank you for making videos like this. These are the types of videos where I actually learn from. You dig deep and explain every little thing, and nothing gets lost in confusion because the models are so clear and precise.
These videos and animations are fascinating! This truly shows how complicated the machines we use every day are. Absolutely amazing!
I don't know what the production pipeline structure to publish a video looks like over at 'Team Branch Education' but coming from a EEE engineer such as myself, the work/research you guys have put to study -> understand -> re create this stuff is phenomenal...firstly congratulations are in order.
Secondly, why not give yourself some room and look into producing short video essays like stuff on these type of topics... or maybe split this video into a mini - series/playlist and give yourself some room to explore further.
Just a prospective idea...😄
You are my favorite UA-cam channel and I have loved your recent focus on storage. I’ve worked storage most of my professional career and have always felt its less appreciated in the eco system than compute (thanks Intel). Your work is always well researched and visualized perfectly. Now that you’ve covered both silicon and magnetic storage, I’d love to see you explore how both SSD and HDDs are integrated into massive hyperscale data centers which takes these mind boggling devices and build the next layer of mind boggling to make some of the most complex systems created by humans to date. For anyone else reading this join this man’s Paterson, his work is well deserving your support.
This is the kinda learning we need. Such a great video with great explanation and visuals.
As an hard drive enthusiast (and collector), I find this video pure gold. Very well explained and animated.
This channel never fails to blow my mind. Incredible the way they educate with such mind-boggling animations. You could learn so much from them, it's insane!
I am a Computer Science Student and I really like how the computers have been made so complicated and unimaginably fantastic. I appreciate the work you are doing. 👍
This was way more fascinating than I expected. Brilliant job! Certainly gave me even more appreciation for this old but golden tech which I still use every day.
The animations of this channel are insane, Keep up the awesome content!
They could do a master class on doing animation.
You did it again!
Explaining topics in the depth that no-one does!
Wow, the explanations and 3D graphics on this are AMAZING, thanks!
Once again, an outstanding explanation accompanied by very illustrative animations. Thank you so much for making these videos freely accessible!
Once again, another spectacular video. Thanks branch education!
Such a perfect video, incredibly well animated ! Great job and thank you so much for bringing those technical informations to people :)
it's insane to me seeing such precise control over such miniscule distances
WOW just wow 🤩 thanks branch education! This video clarifies all the doubts I had about HDDs; looking forward to watching the next videos! They are just perfection!!!
Glad you enjoyed it!
In 1 word: Awesome! I knew about 90% already, but the last 10% were the technical details of the surface and read/write heads. Excellent explanations and easy to understand for everybody!
I am computer technician since 2001, and this is the best detaile explanation of a hard disk fuctioning i´ve seen.
My mind is blown that something efficient like this was engineered by just a few thousand people.
When I was a very young kid, about 2 or 3 years old, my father took me to a data center in 1985. The hard drives were as big as large fridges and he would climb inside of them from the top to repair electronic components of them by hand. The warehouse was huge and full of these old style drives. Now I imagine that entire warehouse of drives probably stores a fraction of the data of my 12TB HDD on my desktop. Instead of using disks, they used cylinders which is why you can go inside of it.
I remember no one was allowed to see them but since I was so young they thought it wouldn't matter.
Your videos are very informative as always. I love your explanations with fantastic animation. Thanks for providing this type of content for free.
Oh then some guy lied about the minimum gift (donation) is 40 rupees
@@-XenI don't know how he donated 20 rupees. The minimum donation it shows me is 40 rupees, I checked.
I never expected any video to put out such detail on this subject. I appreciate it greatly. I love it.
I just wanna say, this type of educational videos makes it easy for both advanced learners, and also new beginners! Extremly informal and educational. Good job!
Would love to see how type c and fast chargers work next!
The amount of engineering that went to make it is mind blowing.
Incredible work! Not only is this knowledge that is very hard to come by (even showing tech that isn't available for purchase yet), it's also explained and visualized in a stunning way, that is both easy to understand and interesting to fully listen to. I'm still blown away that charge flash traps use quantum tunnelling to store bits.
Great content for visual learners such as myself, the graphics facilitate fast and accurate comprehension, retention, and eventual recall of the information. Keep up the good work! Even though I've been working with HDDs for over thirty years and have a good understanding of their operation, this video is continued evidence I still have much to learn.
The quality you provide is AMAZING 😍❤️😍❤️
As a Computer Engineering I thank you so much for making things easier for us to understand
I'm a lifer in electrical and understanding not only components but also diagnosis of those components. this video is just icing to me. thanks for the effort! Well made! Much appreciated. for the most part. I love how all components aren't as "scary/mysterious" once we understand the parts.
This is exceptional, astonishing quality and attention to detail. 11/10.
Thank you for another enlightening and illuminating video. Looking forward to the next one! I know the focus is on modern tech, but would love a run down of floppy disks. The magnetic differential of hard drives would seem to tie in to magnetic flux in floppies.
Although I'm truly glad we have blazing fast SSD's now, I will always have a fascination for HDD's. It's insane that we're able to operate such delicate changes mechanically on nanometer scales.
Edit:
Just to add, thank you guys for the relatively in-depth video's on complicated tech. I can't express how vastly you improved my knowledge about how certain tech works. From the level having a rough idea, to being able to explain to others as well.
I love SSD's but HDD's are still KING for storage capacity. If you care about data hoarding nothing can touch HDD's.
Seagate and WD about to release 30TB drives
@@Argedis That's true. My NAS still relies on good ole HDD's of course. I was thinking about upgrading my NAS but I didn't know about the 30TB drives. I wouldn't trust the Seagate ones but I'll keep an eye out!
@@MiD218 Yeah the new drives are going to use the HAMR technology mentioned in the video. The roadmap at least for Seagate is 50TB Drives by 2026. It's insane!
99% of individual humans have no need for that much space yet.@@Argedis
@@raurmanproductions3438 Anyone who prefers to backup their own family photos/videos instead of cloud storage would argue otherwise, or someone who likes high quality bluray rips as another example. Someone who does video editing as a hobby, or Data hoarders that want to back up UA-cam channels before they get taken down, etc. The list goes on
smoothest ad transition i have ever seen! Thank you for this informative video 🫡
Wow having this level of detail animation and info for free is a steal, I’ve always know the basic idea of how they work but this has taken me to a deeper level, still is unbelievable how this is possible and mass-produced it makes sense that 60 years back it would cost $4B.
So wonderful that every thing we see and use in our electronics are controlled by just some electrons moving through logic gates. These computer scientists have worked really hard man I wish I had that much amount of patience and dedication
Sure... but it's not one person, it's thousands and thousands of them...
It's crazy that I watch this for free, great video
Thanks for watching!
This is ridiculously complicated and insanely brilliant. Thank you so much for the detailed explanation. Your presentations skills are extraordinary. Even the sponsorship part of the video looks informative. Thanks again for the video.👍🏽👍🏽
Whenever I watch your video..i first like it then i start watching
The smoothest transition into sponsorship read! I love when creators do that, it doesn't feel shoehorned and abrupt. On top of that, this really helped me appreciate HDDs in ways I couldn't have imagined. So well put together! Thank you for your work!
This is the BEST explanation I've ever seen in these 30 years of being an IT professional and educator. I really thank you!
i'm in hard disk repair and engineering and despite mostly knowing all this, it really was a treat to see it so well described again.
Solid work, and I'm happy good sponsorships still exist! Thank you PCBWay
Wow so much quality based videos. Love the quality.
Much appreciated!
Unbelievable work!
This is insane! Loved the way you guys demonstrated the underlining hardware
What a good way to explain something so complex , the animations are in other level!
Congratulations for 1 million subscribers in advance gentlman.... 💕💕💕😘
insane content cant believe this is for free
Really amazing content. Earlier I used to get disappointed not getting 3rd model concept of computer domain. But the blank is filled by you. Thank you again for making such content. Looking ahead for more ...
This playlist is a life saver for my computer architecture course
Really Wonderful Job Sir.
Many thanks
If a dust particle is so huge that would cause a damage to the disc, imagine how clean the room has to be while this disk was being manufactured back then.
The disk manufacturing Clean room is 100 times more cleaner than an operating theater in a hospital my friend. Just mind blowing how this technology exists.
most comprehensive illustration on youtube for hard disks
thank you
One thing is to "know" how it works. Seeing it in detail is something completely different.
i remember back in the day i snuck my dads laptop took the hard drive out of it and opened it for fun 😂 (luckily it was infected with a virus) i re assembled it and re installed it but it was making weird sounds and the laptop wasn't booting (because of the dust of course) but yeah fun memories man haha
It's a magic of engineering 🙂. Here's a new subscriber. it's a most effective way to understand the HDD technology.
Thanks man.
Absolutely amazing how it works. Incredible explanation and animation.
I had written off advancements in HDDs since I’ve mostly switched to using SSDs instead; but it’s fascinating to see how they will continue to improve over time.
Also; I recently purchased a HDD to use as long term backup to compliment the SSDs I use for day-to-day storage
I'm still in the mindset of SSD for the OS, HDD for storing stuff. My system has two SSDs: a 500GB SATA one for booting the system, and a 120GB NVMe one for the swap partition and cache for the hard drives.
ua-cam.com/video/GxbhpgZrl6w/v-deo.html
This is just insane how cheap this is for us now and yet, how unbelievably complex it is still. Unbelievable.
...and if you consider cost per bit over time, the price reduction is even more incredible.
This is seriously S-tier animation and research. You guys are under appreciated
Mind blowing explanation with animation, thank you so much
Thanks once again for an in depth yet simple explanation on technology.
1:35 The platter speed depends on the drive, some spin at 5400 RPM, while some 7200 RPM. There are even faster drives like 10000 - 15000 RPM, however, those are no longer being sold for consumers.
thjanks for the effort of each video by you and your team.
subscribed for the clear and simple explanation. very good job.
Fascinating stuff 7:50-8:50 had me confused for years. You explained it very well.
Simply an awesome video. Your videos are so well done and so interesting which keeps you watching to their end. Impressive!
Goodness, there is tons . more engineering & research than I previously thought. This was a supremely well made and spoken video. Bravo! 🎊
One of the biggest achievements in technology in my opinion!. It is so fragile and precise but rarely fails. Just wonderful!
The quality of the video and information here is incredibly well done.
This is the best video I've ever seen that actually explains how memory is stored in a computer. I've been learning programming and I didn't understand how memory stays in the computer after you shutdown the computer and there is no power to it.
New youtube channel to binge! Thank you for a better education than my masters in electrical engineering!
I love this explanation!! I am currently studying the technologies after HAMR and this video surely helps me grasp fundamental information about HDD, really appreciate it
This kind of videos makes you grateful that you live in such world just in time
I knew the basics but this is really detailed! Maybe more detailed then I expected!
This video is right on the 3d crisp quality and detail explanation blew my mind 🤯
Incredible animations and explanations. Incredible technology. Deeply appreciated, thank you.
This is fantastic! Thank you so much for this info and the animations!