Demystifying Protocol Data Units (PDUs) and Understanding Network Building Blocks

A Protocol Data Unit (PDU) is a term commonly used in the field of computer networking to describe the smallest data unit that is transmitted over a network. The concept of PDU is integral to understanding how communication protocols function and how data is organized and exchanged between devices in a networked environment.
In networking, communication protocols define a set of rules and conventions that govern the exchange of information between devices. These protocols operate at different layers of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) or TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) model, each responsible for specific aspects of the communication process.
The PDU represents the data unit at a particular layer of the protocol stack. Each layer encapsulates the data it receives from the layer above it by adding a header (and sometimes a trailer) to create the PDU. As the data travels down the protocol stack, it gets encapsulated at each layer, forming a nested structure of PDUs.
For example, in the OSI model, the PDU at the Application Layer is typically referred to as a message or data. As this data is passed down through the layers, it becomes segments at the Transport Layer, packets at the Network Layer, frames at the Data Link Layer, and finally, bits at the Physical Layer. Each layer adds its own control information to the PDU, enabling the proper transmission and reception of data.
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