@@MarcelinoDeseo No: this is how we were taught every subject at school: l am still puzzled by some aspects. Education is to TEACH knowledge. There are some pieces of the jigsaw l am still trying to grasp from science and l left school years ago. If it took scientists 60 years to solve this riddle why should a 13 year old child be expected to grasp everything in a 30 minute lesson. 🤔 This video was very entertaining and l enjoyed it immensely but this puzzle-type of teaching should be a fun lesson on a Friday afternoon. If we were focussed only on one subject well yes - l agree but we had 6 plus subjects to juggle. We should return to the days when we had to memorise _knowledge_ (as l did from 5-11 and passed my 11+) not the unit system of study which is the methodology in place now at Universities. If you have a brain chock full of knowledge you can then later add to it by doing your own research: theses, doctorates. It is for this reason that eg High flying scientists don't understand photosynthesis. Chopping down the rainforests to provide areas for grazing cattle to supply the world with beef was the reason cited due to O2 deficit as one main reason forgetting that trees with, chlorophyl-rich leaves, emit CO2 at night in absence of sunlight _ which in actual fact, *adds* to global warming: _greenhouse gas_ . I've asked: 'brainy' 10 A Levels plus (privately educated) students very simple questions and they _always_ fail. Sample questions: what powers the human heart, what's a femur, define osmosis, and what happened during the Punic Wars? They can never answer. l am not afraid to admit l didn't grasp the solutiion to the riddle posed in video: There was a great build up of clues then towards the end we get the solution which (for me) wasn't emphasized enough having had the clues explained crystal clearly and _reiterated_ . I thought O3 was a sign that the spacial body emiting green spectra was an earthlike planet. And the people who got it straight away (dense earth borne states of matter relinquish e to other atoms more - not released as photons with less dense bodies) were scientists who admitted they knew the answer and the ones who solved it say they only did so because the clues were laid out for them. *She is really saying that less dense brains are brighter* But nobody got that 🤣 Happy Yultide.🎄
But just look at the problem you have with your attitude already. "This makes us think..." Why do you need to be made to think? That is why you are not cut out for professions that are all about thinking. If you don't naturally do what the job asks for then you don't have an affinity for that job. Don't do work that is resisting your natural flow. But there are people that want to think and analyze why things work and what the underlying mechanism may be for any particular aspect of nature.
@@upandatom Yep - it's easy (ish) the way you presented it, because we knew which clues we needed, but astronomers back then didn't know what was relevant!
One amazing thing about this is that these "forbidden lines" have only ever been observed via astronomy. The timescales for an individual atom to drop from the metastable state to the ground state and emit a photon are still really long (~100,000 years). So to observe this, you need lots of atoms so that a few of them will drop within human timescales. But if you fit that many atoms in a small box, they will necessarily be squished together enough that the collisions will prevent the atoms from staying in the metastable state to begin with. So the only way to observe this on human timescales is to have a ridiculously low density, ridiculously large group of atoms: i.e. a stellar nebula. I think it's amazing that there are quantum effects that haven't (and likely won't for a very long time) been observed with experiments, and that we only know exist because of theory and astronomical measurements!
I wouldn't think thats true. I think it inspired the technique to make an atom at absolute zero, 0 Kelvin. This seems to be an observation of forbidden lines here on earth. See , the electron will be in the metastable state, for ever, until something knocks it out. A collision doesn't emit a photon, but there's something else triggering it that will make it emit the forbidden line photons. Its just that its going to be quite a while between such events *outside the lab*. So observing it in nature, no. In the lab? I think so
Phosphorescence is a type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. When exposed to light (radiation) of a shorter wavelength, a phosphorescent substance will glow, absorbing the light and reemitting it at a longer wavelength. Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately reemit the radiation it absorbs. Instead, a phosphorescent material absorbs some of the radiation energy and reemits it for a much longer time after the radiation source is removed.
so we need to observe 100000 atoms for a year to see 1 event. a kilogram of water has 1.004*10^26 atoms so that contains 1.004*10^21 groups of 100000 atoms each of which can produce 1 event a year so that would be 1.004*10^21 events in 1 kilogram in 1 year - I think our scientist have this under control.
Okay, I'm gunna try my hands at this. Paused at 11:58 My guess is so: the spectral lines belong to an element found on Earth, and it corresponds to a jump down from a metastable state to a stable state. We don't see this on Earth because of how faint it is. Because there are many more particles in Earth's atmosphere compared to the nebulae, the expected time between collisions is a lot smaller on Earth. Because of that, any electron that does get into a metastable state is much more likely to be knocked out of it by an atom, than to fall back into a stable state naturally. But if it gets knocked down by an atom, it doesn't release a photon. So, we don't really see these ever-present but faint spectrums on Earth, as metastable electrons don't have enough time to release photons naturally. Edit: Ayyy, I think I did it pretty well for a CS student
Wow I'm amazed, I didn't on a completely different track, + how do you say Neboooolium ? Nebula-eum ? Nebyoubleum… Neb,,, Ohhh tish tosh. I did remember though that Oxygen has it's own "Funky" green lines from Hubble camera design and imagery lol.
@@PhillipMelanchthon I have always found it weird that the word "defenestration" even exists. I mean, it must be a very common thing to deserve a word of its own, right?
I can't stress enough how much i appreciate your videos. It's nice to see someone putting work into getting people into science and critical thinking with such passion, excitement and great charisma, the world definitely needs more people like you! Take care and keep it up :)
Yes, based on the animation; however, she clearly states, “...he quickly dressed.” My assumption is he had already removed his shoes and perhaps his pants.
:::Starting Point::: 1. A spectral line is created when a photon is released from an element and we view it through a spectral graph. 2a. The nebular lines may be emitted only in a gas of very low density. 2b. This would happen, for example, if it took a relatively long time for an atom to get into the right state to emit them, 2c. and if a collision with another atom in this interval prevented the completion of the process. 2d. In such a case, it might require a great thickness of the very rarefied gas to emit these lines strong enough to be visible. 3. Nebulas have low element density while Earth's atmosphere has a high element density. 4. An electron can get excited to a higher orbital by either eating a photon or by bumping into an atom. 5a. Electrons can temporarily exist in a metastatic state between orbitals, usually, by being excited by an atom it bumps into. They can stay here for hours. 5b. A metastatic electron that is bumped by an atom can cause that electron to change to its base state. 5ba. Hypothesis: The atom could also excite the metastatic electron into an unstable higher state. 5bb. Hypothesis: A metastatic electron can consume a passing photon, thus exciting it to an unstable higher state. 6. Electrons like to be lazy and will revert to the base orbital over time. This is usually done by releasing a photon. These photon releases are what show up on spectrographs. :::Guess 1::: 1. Going off of Russel Gugan's theory (@3:38), if an electron is in a metastatic state and then hit by an atom, the electron is excited to a higher unstable state. 2. When the electron later got lazy, it drops to either its base state or the metastatic state, releasing a photon in the process. 3. We would normally not see this on a spectrograph, but the element this was also happening in abundance in our atmosphere with the same type of element, causing the spectral line light to thicken enough to see... ? :::Guess 2::: 1. The spectral lines being emitted by the nebula is from a known element, but they are being distorted by the thickness of the elements in Earth's atmosphere. Thus, the line shows up as a unique element on a spectrograph. :::Guess 3: :: 1. An is an electron in a high energy state from eating a photon. 2. An atom bumps this electron and lowers it to a metastatic state. 3. The electron later drops to its base state, releasing an electron. 4a. An element is identified by its spectral line. An element's spectral line is determined by its "frequency, which is the same as the energy between the orbital gaps" (@6:00). 4b. Hypothesis: However, if an electron is in a metastatic state and releases a photon to return to its base state, the frequency of the released photon would be different because the gap between the metastatic state and the base state is different from the element's normal orbital states. 5. These less frequently release photons only show up on the spectrograph because they are the same element present in the Earth's atmosphere, which is also releasing photons with the same gap frequency as that being emitted from the nebula.
Heyyy, I got it right with my Guess 3.4b Hypothesis! And I am not a physicist! Other parts were wrong more so because 1) I don't know all about what it takes to actually see a spectral line (like, if there is there a relative amount of photons are required before something can show up on a spectrograph), and 2) I was thinking that it may be the case that the frequency of a photon can possibly be distorted by something(s) before it reaches a spectrograph. Thank you, Jade, for explaining this to me. It was very intriguing! I like physics puzzle videos. :D
3:15 I feel like Dugan already answered the riddle almost completely, only missing that "the right state to emit them" was the transition from metastable to stable. He says everything else right in those three sentences. But almost completely is not completely ;-)
I had it exactly right within seconds. Although I have to admit I have a PhD in chemistry and I do not have the faintest idea whether I came to the right conclusion from your hints or had the answer lying around somewhere in my cluttered brain.
Same here, also from chemistry background. I had a rought idea of what was going on, and then the clues felt like giving the solution out haha. However there is still something that stumbles me a bit: we explained the presence of the "strange frequencies", but we didn't explain the absence of the expected lines from the real atoms. I mean, the collision rate is small, therefore there is no a priori reason to think that atoms lie mostly in a metastable state. So I still expect these atoms to absorb and emit photons normally, and exhibiting the "normal" rays. Why don't they?
@@ApiolJoe *metastability* as found just now on the "inter-webs" is commonly shown as second order sombrero function so-called because it is shaped like a sombrero hat when presented as Hot Jalapeño ○ In Stern-Gerlach a vast conspiracy to confuse the Norman's Normals with some Glibberish about ± Up-Down which is a consequence of the Gravity field in which it is conducted and constructed to distract from the Neutral Kaon Decay • The neutral kaon is an unstable particle that has been produced by high-energy accelerators. A neutral kaon at rest can decay into a pair of oppositely charged pions which are Pious servants of the Illusion of Gravity which astoundingly has both + and negative consequences when taken over vast regions of our Hadronic Illusion → The kaon mass is 3.566 times as large as the mass of a charged pion so where did the mass go George? It is emitted in the "strange frequencies" which in the +Gravity Field are chromatically dispersed such that they "dispersed" vertically into the Huge Sucker that we know as the Gravity Well of earth such that the observable time is dispersed spatially in as we know it in the 3-d Spacetime • In a lineac the Neutral Kaon Decay is a rather rare event which with sufficient loading of the test device they occur several feet down the tube from where the charged Kaon becomes detectable: "Decay's" ( huh? ) · In particle physics, a kaon, also called a K meson and denoted K , is any of a group of four mesons distinguished by a quantum number called strangeness then when the Hot Jalapeño go cold and dark the Quantum Resonance must be put back into the QCD Reservoir which is above the The Hagedorn temperature *▬TH▬* which is about 150 MeV or about 1.7×1012 Kelvin-the same as the mass-energy of the lightest hadrons-the pion for later use in the time-derivative of causality which is dispensed in astoundingly miniscule units called "Quanta" ○ Our instructor will probably block me or get really hot or back-fire with really informed professional work but look at this! Spin: 0????? Like I said but what are they hiding in these green-lines: images.app.goo.gl/FV5VobvfQpE98L7m7
the fact that we can seperate the photons into lines shows that the light emitted from something could be refracted long before it reachs us, so we only see a portion of the spectrum
Ans- I think becoz of dense atmosphere , electron can't emit photons in metastable state as your clue and in nebula there is less density So I think this is the answer At last I love your videos and watch always when it comes #feedback You should put more videos on Cosmology Edit-I am 16yr old and happy that my Ans was right
Really liked the riddle and worked it out. I would say that the sentence "The density in a nebula is purer than any vacuum ever produced on Earth" could perhaps count as a clue 5. Awesome presentation! Ira Bowen must have been crazy smart to realize it!
To be honest I got a little lost among the clues but I had a feeling it would be a bit of an Occam‘s Razor phenomenon, the first clue however really helped me understand how we know what elements stars are made of. Great video though, I was kind of wondering what you were going to be making in the observatory!
Excellent video format, a scientific mind has to explore, theorize and test often to keep sharp. This is one of the main problems of learning through youtube, you're ready to repeat someone else, but you don't test things for yourself, and not necessarily you trained what was necessary to figure something out by yourself. Thank you a lot, really, really.
I did it!!!! I'm a high school student highly interested in science!!! So I watch your videos!!! I had recently read a chapter on spectral lines and I'm actually really proud of myself that I solved it!!! Maybe I'm not so stupid after all!
@@upandatom OK, can't argue with that answer I suppose 😂 I mean I understand and was familiar with the concept of stable energy states as the only options for electrons but didn't know intermediate states exist and having always thought it was a case of either/or it's just interesting to learn there is an in-between. Brilliant video. Your clues gave me enough to guess. Hope we'll see more location shoots from you 😃
@@upandatom I am with Medlife Crisis, and would like to hear more about them. What makes the state metastable, for example. I am guessing a stable state is when an energy level is filled with the maximum number of electrons for that level. And unstable state is when a lower energy level has one or more gaps that the electron can fall back to. But what is a metastable state? Is that a separate energy level inbetween the normal levels? In that case, what makes that energy level special? Is it a special condition for the electrons?
these meta stable states can be explained on a energy level by having a lower energy then its "neighbors". it can be calculated using orbital theory. You can see these states as low half life dacaying elements that you could never see on earth
@@mkhodr1 Thanks. Do you know what the difference is between these meta stable states and unstable and stable states? After all, stable states also have an energy level that is lower than its neighbours.
My guess: The line is caused by an element that exists on earth, but its from a meta-stable state, that on earth goes done by collisions, while in the nebula it has time to relax naturaly and emit the photon.
Me too! But then the fact about meta stable states made me reconsider, as they would have mentioned red shifting in the clues if it was Bowen's solution.
Don't forget the children. You have such an engaging, non-threatening manner of imparting information, I believe children just starting school could benefit from your insights if presented using the Socratic method. For instance: Good morning children. Today's question involves light. Have any of you been camping at night? Did your parents make a campfire? Did it make the area warm? Could you see better with the light from the campfire? Did you stay warm if you went away from the campfire? Did you still have light to see by? Could we say our sun, that which gives us light during days when night ends, is like a giant campfire? And so on... Great teachers are humanity's greatest, underutilized resource. Thanks for all you do...
My guess is... when a atom is bumped into a metastable state on earth... because the atmosphere is so thick... it doesn't have time to decay naturally before it gets bumped again. In the nebula, when a hydrogen atom gets bumped... it has a bigger chance it will not bump into another atom, therefore it can decay by emitting a photon.
If I understand correctky, that's the extra energy accumulated in the electron due to the collision. As our own energy transformers (from electromagnetic -sun- to chemical -photovoltaic batteries- to electricity) electrons absorb energy, wether it's EM (a photon) or kinetic (an impact) but it will always release it a EM, in the form of a photon. (Please correct me if I'm wrong!)
I dont learn much cos I just like watching. Your a really good presenter. And I downright just like you and I usually put science first but in your case in a good way I'd fail your class but show up every day.
So the thing that comes out of this video is that it wasn’t Bowen who discovered this , It was Russell Dugan, It’s a shame Dugan doesn’t get the recognition that he deserves , for solving the problem , instead of other people thinking his thoughts after him , I could be wrong but it sounds like Dugan the brains here
5:42 "a characteristic of the universe is that its kinda lazy!" ahh, so I'm a universe of my own!! always knew theres something special bout me ;-) edit: ... thinking about it... maybe I'm just an electron :-( You are a great techer!!
If the internet didn't have any other use, creating it would still have been worth it for bringing splinters of science, out of scope of mass media, this close. Thank you for being able to show (not only) this exciting story to my children.
My guess is, that in the Nebula some atom gets excited (by light) and emits a set of spectral lines. On earth this light excites an atom to a higher energy state, but the excited atom does not emit its energy through light emition, but by bumping into another atom (because of high air density). So there are some spectral lines missing and that's the cause for another spectrum
Someone explain to me how this channel can't hit 150K subscribers when Physics Girl is over 1 million?? This video beats anything Physics Girl has put out.
I agree ... in my opinion most of her(jade) videos are more interesting , more in depth and has better explanations but jade makes videos that would only attract people that are somewhat interested in science whereas dianna makes videos that can attract a much wider audience also dianna has been doing this for awhile now .... I think with time this channel will get the attention it deserves too
I like both channels, but they have different styles and audiences. Saying one is better than the other only makes sense depending on your goals, style, etc.
You clicked on a reply or like to your comment in your inbox, so when it’s brought up it’s highlighted and placed toward the top of your view of the comment section, for you to find easily.
Jonah Bechara Still, not bad for a 13yr old. Credit where credit’s due. That’s if he did figure it out, you know teenagers. No explanation is given after all. Mind you we don’t know that you figured it out either.
At 12:02 right now. My take: it is such a line coming from a jump from a metastable to stable state. On earth this spectral line doesn't show up enough (to have been recognised yet at that time) because the vast amount of collisions here dampens it. In the nebulae those don't happen by far as often and therefor the line DOES show up brightly. Almost like the Astronomy book-author had guessed: some process that is disturbed here on earth and can only take place in a nebula with its low density and lack of disturbance.
Easy. The right amount of money ought to do it. Depends how vulgar you are on the outside. As much as on the inside? If so, then it would undoubtedly take a great deal. 😍
5:16 The lines can fan out decreasing and increasing in frequency when passing by gravity sources, of which the nebula itself can be one. When the lines fan or blur, you get a different picture. When there's more than one element involved, you get mutiple lines, all blurred. Unlike stars where the gravity is mostly point, the star in question, most photons that reach us have been traveling at the nearest possible paralel path. This is unlike a nebula. The nebula has emissions that can be reflections of a nearby star, and as nebula cover much more surface the gravitic influence is not from a point, and not from the center of emission. This then allows nebulas to blur their emission spectral lines, while stars do this at fractions of this blurring. And this is but two possibilities that can explain such blurring.
Great video, I can cheat as I have a lot of experience spectroscopy and emission lines. Now my son who is seven watched it said that "we don't see all of the state emissions on the earth as the bits of air are always bumping", I think that is good enough for a pass!!
Very well done, but I couldn’t help thinking, watching her dynamic presentations, that here we are seeing what in physics we call hand waving arguments.
Not to be too particular about how the facts were presented, but I figured since we are talking science; it was necessary to cling onto every word that was presented in this video. The one key factor in solving the riddle was not emphatically explained. At the 10:00 mark of the video it is stated that the electron is bumped back to the stable state from the metastable state by an atom, but there is no mention as to whether or not a photon was released. Looking back on the entire video, I guess it can be inferred that anytime the electron is excited by a collision vs. a photon that there will be no release of a photon when returning to a stable state. If this is correct, it would have been easier to state it in these terms vs. having to come to this conclusion independent of what was communicated in Clue #3.
I learned I’m not very good with complex questions. I got close-ish(not at all). I really like the video style. So many science videos just toss out facts and not so much questions that make you think. Keeps these up please.
Amazing explanations - I really loved the pedagogic way to let us find out (and thus understand 😀) the “secret” behind H alpha, S-II and O-III emission lines!
my questions are, 1. are those meta state photons able to reexcite a electron in to its metastable state? 2. are there other metastable states in the periodic table or is it only a scecific behavior/property for the Oxigen group? are there other ways to excite Oxigen in to its metastable state? because making a laser that emites exactly this wavelength of light would be ground braking.
12:05, Sounds like the particles in space are in a high energy metastable state but as they travel through the atmosphere, they move down to a lower state after colliding with many of the atoms preventing them from emitting a photon
I have vague feeling I might have also read about this in a book at some stage talking about how energy is released in discrete quanta in the past - My Answer: The frequency of the photon is normally equal to the energy difference between the current state and the base state - when the particle is in a meta stable state it needs a bit of additional energy to get out of the metastable state and return to the base state. The new lines are occuring because the energy required for the additional "push" is "subtracted" from the photon that gets released.
OK, here is my guess before hearing the answer: The light from the nebulae reaching us is passing through gasses in the nebulae first, changing frequencies and thus the spectral lines. And thanks for posting this
Hi Jade, I've learned so much from your videos, and i did solve that riddle, given the clues, and i now know how these beautiful coloured images from our universe are obtained.
I just love it when, at about 6:25, you mark the space between the "signature energy states" of orbitals with a symbol resembling the capital letter H...and, of course, the lower case h is Planck's Constant, you sneaky girl... BTW, you have the BEST videos on UA-cam, bar none...or should I say h-bar none?
I am going to guess it has to do with two frequencies layering or crossing each other, because the light has to come through the upper atmosphere and might get excited or distorted there. With a 'thicker' material this layering won't be material enough to cause an issue, but with 'thinner'' gasses in nebulae, the distortion shows more distinctly.
I thinks those spectral lines in nebulas are formed when electron jumps from metastable state to ground state releasing a photon. This doesn't happen on earth as density is much higher and electrons from metastable state jumps to ground state because of collision without releasing the photon. Thank you Jade, I am learning a lot because of you.
it's an already known element, but that line comes from dropping out of the meta stable state. it hadn't been observed on earth because the collision rate increases with density. in our atmosphere, a meta stable state doesn't have time to decay via photon emission, but in the nebula, collisions are uncommon, so the only way that state can decay is via photon.
Isn't the subconscious brain a beautiful thing? How it just continues to work on problems that stumped you, or trying to remember that word you were looking for in that one conversation, or the name of that one place, and you're not even aware of it. Just one day, bam, "Eureka!"
"Museum tour guide," is that an insult? It is true that "Up and Atom" explains things so well, but I think she is beyond the title of a museum tour guide. I could be wrong. Maybe that is all "Up an Atom' is--an excellent museum tour guide.
@@Skibbityboo0580, I didn't think you were trying to insult 'Up and Atom'. I do think you meant it as a complement. Short story: I went to college for art, and on my graduation day, my mom brought me a children's book about art careers that highlighted such things as being a tour guide in a museum. After 6 years of college, 4 years working on the art major while I was also working in industry with scientists as an illustrator and product designer, I was also doing years of college for computer programming, math and physics. Then my mom shows up for my graduation and gives me a children's book about careers in art that highlighted all the career possibilities that were minimum wage in an art museum, emphasizing being a tour guide... The end of short story. I didn't really think you were trying to insult her, I think you were complementing her on her ability to demonstrate and communicate these complex ideas. (y) :)
Well that was interesting....I managed to 'figure it out' whilst you were still going through the first clue since I knew about the basic mechanics of metastable states, but I wonder now if I already knew this story (and/or the phenomenon itself) and it was merely lurking deep within my subconscious mind, waiting for the perfect moment to pounce and make me feel (for a tiny little while) like some sort of genius. Regardless, the video was, as always, wonderfully effective at condensing and translating complex information into layman's terms. You have a rare gift for such, and it is great to see you use it.
Wild guess: The electrons can emit photons to go from meta-stable to stable states. Since Earth's atmosphere is so dense, collisions always happen before this occurs, which makes it a secret spectral line of an already known element. One we simply cannot replicate under normal atmospheric conditions.
12:00 I guess we didn't know of the spectral lines of hydrogen's metastable states because on Earth the electrons in those positions are essentially always knocked down by collision which does not produce a photon.
@@edmondantes4338 Pretty sure she was showing the sprectral lines of Hydrogen but that was also my assumption. It's also the most common element in the universe so there's that.
Ok, my guess is that this spectral line is actually an existing element. If it was then occasionally some of them might get hit into metastable states. With no-one to bounce into for a while, they instead release a photon and return to a stable state. As most of the jumps are happening at this metastable to stable state, then the photons are of a certain energy, therefore wavelength, therefore a certain colour. This colour is from a known element, but its a jump mostly from this metastable to stable, rather than the unstable to stable that you'd see in a less dense place, and rather than our dense atmosphere where little to no light is released.
I always learn something from you Jade, you are amazing! Keep up with the amazing job! With this video I learned that if something seems a little odd there is a chance that i'm looking from a biased point of view. As the colors that the atoms emits are biased by our atmosphere!! Sometimes something strange is just some bias that we have!! Thank you!!
If you'd like an outstanding (in both senses) astronomical riddle, Przybylski's Star is about 300 light years from Earth. According to its spectral lines, it contains strontium, holmium, niobium, scandium, yttrium, caesium, neodymium, praseodymium, thorium, ytterbium, and uranium... but according to Standard Physics, no star should contain any elements heavier than iron. It is truly a riddle that is baffling science.
So I'm writing my advanced physics exam in 2 days and my guess would just be the obvious choice that due to the lower amount of collisions there are more photons emitted by relaxation from metastable to stable state in the nebula, which isn't observed on earth because the transition happens through collision rather than emission here.
My guess is that because atoms are more densely packed together here, it is much more common for electrons to be knocked out of metastable states by collisions. In nebulae collisions are rare, so instead electrons excited to metastable states eventually relax spontaneously, emitting photons which correspond to the distance between the *metastable* state and the relaxed state. On Earth, the same element would almost never emit those photons, because electrons almost never relax from metastable states spontaneously. It's almost always due to collision due to the density of toms on Earth. So whatever element it is, it's not new, it's just reacting differently than it does on Earth because of the context of its different environment. Yay I pretty much got it right! Although your clues were very good! I don't even understand much of the science surrounding this solution, I was just deducting from your explanations lol. Also your animations were *ADORABLE* and made the video so fun!!!
I guessed that the new element was just a known one in a metastable state since the nebular atmosphere is not very dense and allows gases to chill out in metastable states for long periods of time. No way to have know it was oxygen the whole time. Thanks for the video Up and Atom
3:48 At this moment, when he realizes his idea and opens his eyes, I would have made the cartoon spit in the mirror like when people are drinking in the movies and someone says something incredible. That would have been hilarious.
Paused at 11:47 ... So this is my guess: the answer is solely dependant on the 4th clue; the atmospheric density on earth is higher than that of the nebulae. Therefore, there occurs less excitation due to collision, leaving the atom on a metastable state for a more extended period without being disturbed and falling into the ground state naturally, thus emitting 'specific' spectral lines... I think. This is where the greenish hue emitted is prominent on a WIDER range; more like filtering out the colour, I guess. Since 'nebulium' is a lighter element, I'm going to assume it exists within the first 20 elements (Hydrogen to Calcium). The element is also in a gaseous state, by deduction, the more plausible elements are H, He, N, O, F, Ne, Cl and Ar. It's not H or He for apparent reasons. I also don't think it's any of the Noble Gases (Ne and Ar) because they are inert in nature and have a minuscule chance of being in a metastable state; especially in a low-density environment. The remaining four plausible elements are N, O, F, Cl. I give up... I can't deduce any further with my current knowledge of the periodic table (-_-). Tell me if I'm close. hell yea!!!... it's Oxygen!
My guess it's like collisional quenching in fluorescence - the energy gets transferred by collision on Earth because collisions happen all the time. But in a nebula the density is much lower, so the metastable state has time to decay by emission before a collision "steals" the energy.
As was said in the video the electrons only exist in discrete energy levels, they are quantified. if you numbered the states with integers (n=1,2,3,...) would a metastable state be a decimal? something in between?
How did you go? :)
It must be some kind of forbidden mechanism :)
Love u jade🥰🥰
I did manage to work it out, but there's no way I could explain the answer as eloquently as you could :P
yaaayyy I got it right. Loved this video.
oh no! :(
I really enjoy being taught like this i.e. coming up with answers on our own. This makes us 'think' and leads to more discussion.
This is how we should learn science :-)
Exactly!
@@MarcelinoDeseo No: this is how we were taught every subject at school: l am still puzzled by some aspects. Education is to TEACH knowledge. There are some pieces of the jigsaw l am still trying to grasp from science and l left school years ago. If it took scientists 60 years to solve this riddle why should a 13 year old child be expected to grasp everything in a 30 minute lesson. 🤔 This video was very entertaining and l enjoyed it immensely but this puzzle-type of teaching should be a fun lesson on a Friday afternoon. If we were focussed only on one subject well yes - l agree but we had 6 plus subjects to juggle.
We should return to the days when we had to memorise _knowledge_ (as l did from 5-11 and passed my 11+) not the unit system of study which is the methodology in place now at Universities. If you have a brain chock full of knowledge you can then later add to it by doing your own research: theses, doctorates.
It is for this reason that eg High flying scientists don't understand photosynthesis. Chopping down the rainforests to provide areas for grazing cattle to supply the world with beef was the reason cited due to O2 deficit as one main reason forgetting that trees with, chlorophyl-rich leaves, emit CO2 at night in absence of sunlight _ which in actual fact, *adds* to global warming: _greenhouse gas_ .
I've asked: 'brainy' 10 A Levels plus (privately educated) students very simple questions and they _always_ fail. Sample questions: what powers the human heart, what's a femur, define osmosis, and what happened during the Punic Wars? They can never answer. l am not afraid to admit l didn't grasp the solutiion to the riddle posed in video: There was a great build up of clues then towards the end we get the solution which (for me) wasn't emphasized enough having had the clues explained crystal clearly and _reiterated_ . I thought O3 was a sign that the spacial body emiting green spectra was an earthlike planet. And the people who got it straight away (dense earth borne states of matter relinquish e to other atoms more - not released as photons with less dense bodies) were scientists who admitted they knew the answer and the ones who solved it say they only did so because the clues were laid out for them. *She is really saying that less dense brains are brighter* But nobody got that 🤣 Happy Yultide.🎄
I got the answer: are you really saying: *less dense brains are brighter* 🤔
But just look at the problem you have with your attitude already. "This makes us think..." Why do you need to be made to think? That is why you are not cut out for professions that are all about thinking. If you don't naturally do what the job asks for then you don't have an affinity for that job. Don't do work that is resisting your natural flow. But there are people that want to think and analyze why things work and what the underlying mechanism may be for any particular aspect of nature.
i find jade to be an excellent teacher - the material is well organized and imaginatively presented. this is true even if i fail the puzzle.
aww thank you! It was a hard puzzle, remember it took 60 years to solve!
@@upandatom Yep - it's easy (ish) the way you presented it, because we knew which clues we needed, but astronomers back then didn't know what was relevant!
Doesn't she deserves to be written with a CAPITAL? You've done this with your own name. Or doesn't your keyboard support capitals??? 🤬😢
She is very easy to listen to, and she has a very pleasant speaking voice.
I really hope she is a teacher
One amazing thing about this is that these "forbidden lines" have only ever been observed via astronomy.
The timescales for an individual atom to drop from the metastable state to the ground state and emit a photon are still really long (~100,000 years). So to observe this, you need lots of atoms so that a few of them will drop within human timescales.
But if you fit that many atoms in a small box, they will necessarily be squished together enough that the collisions will prevent the atoms from staying in the metastable state to begin with.
So the only way to observe this on human timescales is to have a ridiculously low density, ridiculously large group of atoms: i.e. a stellar nebula.
I think it's amazing that there are quantum effects that haven't (and likely won't for a very long time) been observed with experiments, and that we only know exist because of theory and astronomical measurements!
Thanks! I was wondering why they did not try oxygen at low density in a "vacuum" jar.
The metastable state that gives off the hydrogen 21-centimeter line, which is so useful in radio astronomy, had a ten-million-year lifetime!
I wouldn't think thats true. I think it inspired the technique to make an atom at absolute zero, 0 Kelvin. This seems to be an observation of forbidden lines here on earth. See , the electron will be in the metastable state, for ever, until something knocks it out. A collision doesn't emit a photon, but there's something else triggering it that will make it emit the forbidden line photons. Its just that its going to be quite a while between such events *outside the lab*. So observing it in nature, no. In the lab? I think so
Phosphorescence is a type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. When exposed to light (radiation) of a shorter wavelength, a phosphorescent substance will glow, absorbing the light and reemitting it at a longer wavelength. Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately reemit the radiation it absorbs. Instead, a phosphorescent material absorbs some of the radiation energy and reemits it for a much longer time after the radiation source is removed.
so we need to observe 100000 atoms for a year to see 1 event. a kilogram of water has 1.004*10^26 atoms so that contains 1.004*10^21 groups of 100000 atoms each of which can produce 1 event a year so that would be 1.004*10^21 events in 1 kilogram in 1 year - I think our scientist have this under control.
Okay, I'm gunna try my hands at this. Paused at 11:58
My guess is so: the spectral lines belong to an element found on Earth, and it corresponds to a jump down from a metastable state to a stable state. We don't see this on Earth because of how faint it is. Because there are many more particles in Earth's atmosphere compared to the nebulae, the expected time between collisions is a lot smaller on Earth. Because of that, any electron that does get into a metastable state is much more likely to be knocked out of it by an atom, than to fall back into a stable state naturally. But if it gets knocked down by an atom, it doesn't release a photon. So, we don't really see these ever-present but faint spectrums on Earth, as metastable electrons don't have enough time to release photons naturally.
Edit: Ayyy, I think I did it pretty well for a CS student
yeah you did :)
My god science is boring
Yeah clue 3 kinda gave it away didn't it?
The only thing that I got wrong, was that I thought it would be Nitrogen.
Wish i actually had the motivation to do that but my mind can't put a red string together easily
6:02 That is the cutest photon I have ever seen in my life
I don't think I have seen any other photons.
It looks a bit like a sperm cell.
Mancho vie I think I’ve ONLY seen photons😜
@@LivKASS True but not individually which is what I meant.
Forget the photon... I want more face time with the gorgeous scientist girl !!
I like this format! I managed to work out thanks to the clear explanations of the clues. And I really feel like I understand how it works.
That's so good to hear!
I got it as well. We have so much to learn; good stuff !!!
Wow I'm amazed, I didn't on a completely different track, + how do you say Neboooolium ? Nebula-eum ? Nebyoubleum… Neb,,, Ohhh tish tosh. I did remember though that Oxygen has it's own "Funky" green lines from Hubble camera design and imagery lol.
2:34 - Good lord, they just straight up murdered Nebulium.
at least Kenny lived.
Defenestrated, apparently.
@@PhillipMelanchthon I have always found it weird that the word "defenestration" even exists.
I mean, it must be a very common thing to deserve a word of its own, right?
What's next? Plutonium is not an element? Only an elementoid? ;)
@@TheZoltan-42 Gives off the correct reaction in the correct timeframe to power a flux capacitor though, so will always be a hero to me.
I can't stress enough how much i appreciate your videos. It's nice to see someone putting work into getting people into science and critical thinking with such passion, excitement and great charisma, the world definitely needs more people like you!
Take care and keep it up :)
Thank you so much! :)
This video is both interesting and informative. I'm in love with physics now more than ever and thanks for that!
Hi bro.. your big fan here... When will you give comeback... Waiting for you❤️
Bro it mean you didn't meet physics' dad yet and that's Math so... Loving physics won't make any sense
Your enthusiasm and passion in explaining these difficult concepts in simple terms is a joy to watch.
This is like a beautiful violin solo where one is awed by the piece and just vaguely aware of all the effort of preparation.
I didn’t know Bowen wore a tie while brushing his teeth before bed.
Who doesn't?
well, now you do.
Yes, based on the animation; however, she clearly states, “...he quickly dressed.” My assumption is he had already removed his shoes and perhaps his pants.
:::Starting Point:::
1. A spectral line is created when a photon is released from an element and we view it through a spectral graph.
2a. The nebular lines may be emitted only in a gas of very low density.
2b. This would happen, for example, if it took a relatively long time for an atom to get into the right state to emit them,
2c. and if a collision with another atom in this interval prevented the completion of the process.
2d. In such a case, it might require a great thickness of the very rarefied gas to emit these lines strong enough to be visible.
3. Nebulas have low element density while Earth's atmosphere has a high element density.
4. An electron can get excited to a higher orbital by either eating a photon or by bumping into an atom.
5a. Electrons can temporarily exist in a metastatic state between orbitals, usually, by being excited by an atom it bumps into. They can stay here for hours.
5b. A metastatic electron that is bumped by an atom can cause that electron to change to its base state.
5ba. Hypothesis: The atom could also excite the metastatic electron into an unstable higher state.
5bb. Hypothesis: A metastatic electron can consume a passing photon, thus exciting it to an unstable higher state.
6. Electrons like to be lazy and will revert to the base orbital over time. This is usually done by releasing a photon. These photon releases are what show up on spectrographs.
:::Guess 1:::
1. Going off of Russel Gugan's theory (@3:38), if an electron is in a metastatic state and then hit by an atom, the electron is excited to a higher unstable state.
2. When the electron later got lazy, it drops to either its base state or the metastatic state, releasing a photon in the process.
3. We would normally not see this on a spectrograph, but the element this was also happening in abundance in our atmosphere with the same type of element, causing the spectral line light to thicken enough to see... ?
:::Guess 2:::
1. The spectral lines being emitted by the nebula is from a known element, but they are being distorted by the thickness of the elements in Earth's atmosphere. Thus, the line shows up as a unique element on a spectrograph.
:::Guess 3:
::
1. An is an electron in a high energy state from eating a photon.
2. An atom bumps this electron and lowers it to a metastatic state.
3. The electron later drops to its base state, releasing an electron.
4a. An element is identified by its spectral line. An element's spectral line is determined by its "frequency, which is the same as the energy between the orbital gaps" (@6:00).
4b. Hypothesis: However, if an electron is in a metastatic state and releases a photon to return to its base state, the frequency of the released photon would be different because the gap between the metastatic state and the base state is different from the element's normal orbital states.
5. These less frequently release photons only show up on the spectrograph because they are the same element present in the Earth's atmosphere, which is also releasing photons with the same gap frequency as that being emitted from the nebula.
Heyyy, I got it right with my Guess 3.4b Hypothesis! And I am not a physicist!
Other parts were wrong more so because 1) I don't know all about what it takes to actually see a spectral line (like, if there is there a relative amount of photons are required before something can show up on a spectrograph), and 2) I was thinking that it may be the case that the frequency of a photon can possibly be distorted by something(s) before it reaches a spectrograph.
Thank you, Jade, for explaining this to me. It was very intriguing! I like physics puzzle videos. :D
3:15 I feel like Dugan already answered the riddle almost completely, only missing that "the right state to emit them" was the transition from metastable to stable. He says everything else right in those three sentences. But almost completely is not completely ;-)
This was really excellent! Forbidden lines are not often covered in online resources, and your way of approaching it is just great. Congratulations!
42? The answer is 42. What was the question? :)
hahaha (y)
WHAT DO YOU GET WHEN YOU MULTIPLY SIX BY NINE
There's no more scrabble pieces....
@@Xeridanus ...in base 13 ;)
@@NetAndyCz "I may be a sorry case, but I don't write jokes in base 13." - Douglas Adams, trying to dodge accusations of being in the Illuminati ;)
@@cosmogoblin I know he did say that, but... it is really suspicious because it matches up so well:)
5:48 is the clearest explanation I've ever heard about emitted frequency... I loved it!
I like it when things are not dumbed down. People either use their brain or don't get anything. That increases brain use.
Wha? me no understand .....:)
I had it exactly right within seconds. Although I have to admit I have a PhD in chemistry and I do not have the faintest idea whether I came to the right conclusion from your hints or had the answer lying around somewhere in my cluttered brain.
Same here, also from chemistry background. I had a rought idea of what was going on, and then the clues felt like giving the solution out haha.
However there is still something that stumbles me a bit: we explained the presence of the "strange frequencies", but we didn't explain the absence of the expected lines from the real atoms. I mean, the collision rate is small, therefore there is no a priori reason to think that atoms lie mostly in a metastable state. So I still expect these atoms to absorb and emit photons normally, and exhibiting the "normal" rays. Why don't they?
@@ApiolJoe
*metastability* as found just now on the "inter-webs" is commonly shown as second order sombrero function so-called because it is shaped like a sombrero hat when presented as Hot Jalapeño ○ In Stern-Gerlach a vast conspiracy to confuse the Norman's Normals with some Glibberish about ± Up-Down which is a consequence of the Gravity field in which it is conducted and constructed to distract from the Neutral Kaon Decay • The neutral kaon is an unstable particle that has been produced by high-energy accelerators. A neutral kaon at rest can decay into a pair of oppositely charged pions which are Pious servants of the Illusion of Gravity which astoundingly has both + and negative consequences when taken over vast regions of our Hadronic Illusion → The kaon mass is 3.566 times as large as the mass of a charged pion so where did the mass go George? It is emitted in the "strange frequencies" which in the +Gravity Field are chromatically dispersed such that they "dispersed" vertically into the Huge Sucker that we know as the Gravity Well of earth such that the observable time is dispersed spatially in as we know it in the 3-d Spacetime • In a lineac the Neutral Kaon Decay is a rather rare event which with sufficient loading of the test device they occur several feet down the tube from where the charged Kaon becomes detectable: "Decay's" ( huh? )
·
In particle physics, a kaon, also called a K meson and denoted K , is any of a group of four mesons distinguished by a quantum number called strangeness then when the Hot Jalapeño go cold and dark the Quantum Resonance must be put back into the QCD Reservoir which is above the The Hagedorn temperature *▬TH▬* which is about 150 MeV or about 1.7×1012 Kelvin-the same as the mass-energy of the lightest hadrons-the pion for later use in the time-derivative of causality which is dispensed in astoundingly miniscule units called "Quanta" ○ Our instructor will probably block me or get really hot or back-fire with really informed professional work but look at this!
Spin: 0?????
Like I said but what are they hiding in these green-lines:
images.app.goo.gl/FV5VobvfQpE98L7m7
Meta stable state was explained brilliantly. I learned something.
Basic High School stuff in Europe... 😎
the fact that we can seperate the photons into lines shows that the light emitted from something could be refracted long before it reachs us, so we only see a portion of the spectrum
Ans- I think becoz of dense atmosphere , electron can't emit photons in metastable state as your clue and in nebula there is less density
So I think this is the answer
At last I love your videos and watch always when it comes
#feedback You should put more videos on Cosmology
Edit-I am 16yr old and happy that my Ans was right
you were right!
@fynes leigh ????
Really liked the riddle and worked it out. I would say that the sentence "The density in a nebula is purer than any vacuum ever produced on Earth" could perhaps count as a clue 5. Awesome presentation! Ira Bowen must have been crazy smart to realize it!
To be honest I got a little lost among the clues but I had a feeling it would be a bit of an Occam‘s Razor phenomenon, the first clue however really helped me understand how we know what elements stars are made of. Great video though, I was kind of wondering what you were going to be making in the observatory!
Thanks Willie :) it was a pretty hard riddle, remember it took 60 years to solve!
Nerdgasm galore. :)
Excellent video format, a scientific mind has to explore, theorize and test often to keep sharp. This is one of the main problems of learning through youtube, you're ready to repeat someone else, but you don't test things for yourself, and not necessarily you trained what was necessary to figure something out by yourself.
Thank you a lot, really, really.
I did very well with the riddle. I found it helped to already know the answer.
I did it!!!!
I'm a high school student highly interested in science!!! So I watch your videos!!! I had recently read a chapter on spectral lines and I'm actually really proud of myself that I solved it!!! Maybe I'm not so stupid after all!
What actually causes the meta stable state to exist though?
What do you mean? It is a property of nature
@@upandatom OK, can't argue with that answer I suppose 😂 I mean I understand and was familiar with the concept of stable energy states as the only options for electrons but didn't know intermediate states exist and having always thought it was a case of either/or it's just interesting to learn there is an in-between. Brilliant video. Your clues gave me enough to guess. Hope we'll see more location shoots from you 😃
@@upandatom I am with Medlife Crisis, and would like to hear more about them. What makes the state metastable, for example. I am guessing a stable state is when an energy level is filled with the maximum number of electrons for that level. And unstable state is when a lower energy level has one or more gaps that the electron can fall back to. But what is a metastable state? Is that a separate energy level inbetween the normal levels? In that case, what makes that energy level special? Is it a special condition for the electrons?
these meta stable states can be explained on a energy level by having a lower energy then its "neighbors". it can be calculated using orbital theory. You can see these states as low half life dacaying elements that you could never see on earth
@@mkhodr1 Thanks. Do you know what the difference is between these meta stable states and unstable and stable states? After all, stable states also have an energy level that is lower than its neighbours.
My guess: The line is caused by an element that exists on earth, but its from a meta-stable state, that on earth goes done by collisions, while in the nebula it has time to relax naturaly and emit the photon.
What about Earth energy added to the soup even in light paste .
I love mystery, it stimulates somthing that takes away the claustrophobicness. Isolenicness in a simple thing is a gift.
My instinct was that the spectrum had been redshifted by a massive object. Guess I was wrong
ah well good guess!
Me too! But then the fact about meta stable states made me reconsider, as they would have mentioned red shifting in the clues if it was Bowen's solution.
dropler effect?
Finally! A young scientist/science reporter on UA-cam who knows how to properly pronounce the last syllable of “nebulae”!
2:18 they've painted a telescope peach!
This is the first time I've seen an "Up and Atom" video. Jade is most brilliant and very lovely!
Wow you're so generous with hearts in the comments section.
Don't forget the children.
You have such an engaging, non-threatening manner of imparting information, I believe children just starting school could benefit from your insights if presented using the Socratic method. For instance: Good morning children. Today's question involves light. Have any of you been camping at night? Did your parents make a campfire? Did it make the area warm? Could you see better with the light from the campfire? Did you stay warm if you went away from the campfire? Did you still have light to see by? Could we say our sun, that which gives us light during days when night ends, is like a giant campfire? And so on...
Great teachers are humanity's greatest, underutilized resource. Thanks for all you do...
2:46 From evidence thus far, I'm guessing spectral shift...
The animation is terrific! The smiley face electrons is a very very VERRRY good way to ease the comprehension!!!!!!
My guess is... when a atom is bumped into a metastable state on earth... because the atmosphere is so thick... it doesn't have time to decay naturally before it gets bumped again. In the nebula, when a hydrogen atom gets bumped... it has a bigger chance it will not bump into another atom, therefore it can decay by emitting a photon.
you got it!
And where does the photon come from ?
If I understand correctky, that's the extra energy accumulated in the electron due to the collision. As our own energy transformers (from electromagnetic -sun- to chemical -photovoltaic batteries- to electricity) electrons absorb energy, wether it's EM (a photon) or kinetic (an impact) but it will always release it a EM, in the form of a photon. (Please correct me if I'm wrong!)
I dont learn much cos I just like watching. Your a really good presenter. And I downright just like you and I usually put science first but in your case in a good way I'd fail your class but show up every day.
6:36 I think you accidentally wrote "Hyrdogen".
Edit: Don't worry, mistakes can happen to anyoen!
you are corretc
Point in case
We're famous, we've discovered a new element!!!
Your videos are some of the most educational in all of UA-cam. Great work!
Hey Jade plz make video over the new findings of Parker probe.
plzzzzz 😬
Love listening to Jade. Her english style is like a music, in itself.
Before getting the clues I figured it was just a known element Hubble-shifted.
So the thing that comes out of this video is that it wasn’t Bowen who discovered this ,
It was Russell Dugan,
It’s a shame Dugan doesn’t get the recognition that he deserves , for solving the problem , instead of other people thinking his thoughts after him , I could be wrong but it sounds like Dugan the brains here
5:42 "a characteristic of the universe is that its kinda lazy!"
ahh, so I'm a universe of my own!! always knew theres something special bout me ;-)
edit:
... thinking about it... maybe I'm just an electron :-(
You are a great techer!!
If the internet didn't have any other use, creating it would still have been worth it for bringing splinters of science, out of scope of mass media, this close.
Thank you for being able to show (not only) this exciting story to my children.
I didnt get the riddle but I still had fun trying to figure it out!!
That's great! It was a hard riddle, it took 60 years to solve!
My guess is, that in the Nebula some atom gets excited (by light) and emits a set of spectral lines. On earth this light excites an atom to a higher energy state, but the excited atom does not emit its energy through light emition, but by bumping into another atom (because of high air density). So there are some spectral lines missing and that's the cause for another spectrum
daum dude I also predicted this same exact thing as you!
Someone explain to me how this channel can't hit 150K subscribers when Physics Girl is over 1 million?? This video beats anything Physics Girl has put out.
I agree ... in my opinion most of her(jade) videos are more interesting , more in depth and has better explanations but jade makes videos that would only attract people that are somewhat interested in science whereas dianna makes videos that can attract a much wider audience
also dianna has been doing this for awhile now .... I think with time this channel will get the attention it deserves too
I like both channels, but they have different styles and audiences. Saying one is better than the other only makes sense depending on your goals, style, etc.
Jade, I am already looking forward to the next video. Thank you again for your very clear presentations on complex interesting topics.
Thank you Stephen!
I got it.
I am 13 years old.
Right after hearing clue 4.
Can anyone please tell me, what it means for your comment to be"highlighted".
You clicked on a reply or like to your comment in your inbox, so when it’s brought up it’s highlighted and placed toward the top of your view of the comment section, for you to find easily.
Jonah Bechara
Still, not bad for a 13yr old. Credit where credit’s due.
That’s if he did figure it out, you know teenagers. No explanation is given after all.
Mind you we don’t know that you figured it out either.
@@Rosa-lv8yw I agree.
@@Rosa-lv8yw She almost told the answer.
At 12:02 right now. My take: it is such a line coming from a jump from a metastable to stable state. On earth this spectral line doesn't show up enough (to have been recognised yet at that time) because the vast amount of collisions here dampens it. In the nebulae those don't happen by far as often and therefor the line DOES show up brightly. Almost like the Astronomy book-author had guessed: some process that is disturbed here on earth and can only take place in a nebula with its low density and lack of disturbance.
I would do anything for a date with her 😍
Stupid!
Easy. The right amount of money ought to do it. Depends how vulgar you are on the outside. As much as on the inside?
If so, then it would undoubtedly take a great deal. 😍
godscop999 of course it would! But I would treat her with respect haha. Nothing vulgar.
ilyaas siddiqui lol don’t get all worked buddy. Clearly I’m joking.
5:16 The lines can fan out decreasing and increasing in frequency when passing
by gravity sources, of which the nebula itself can be one.
When the lines fan or blur, you get a different picture.
When there's more than one element involved, you get mutiple lines,
all blurred.
Unlike stars where the gravity is mostly point, the star in question,
most photons that reach us have been traveling at the nearest
possible paralel path. This is unlike a nebula.
The nebula has emissions that can be reflections of a nearby star,
and as nebula cover much more surface the gravitic influence is
not from a point, and not from the center of emission.
This then allows nebulas to blur their emission spectral lines,
while stars do this at fractions of this blurring.
And this is but two possibilities that can explain such blurring.
1:35
Oh, God. This meme makes a return after SO many years.
Makes me feel at home :)
Great video, I can cheat as I have a lot of experience spectroscopy and emission lines. Now my son who is seven watched it said that "we don't see all of the state emissions on the earth as the bits of air are always bumping", I think that is good enough for a pass!!
Very well done, but I couldn’t help thinking, watching her dynamic presentations, that here we are seeing what in physics we call hand waving arguments.
Not to be too particular about how the facts were presented, but I figured since we are talking science; it was necessary to cling onto every word that was presented in this video. The one key factor in solving the riddle was not emphatically explained. At the 10:00 mark of the video it is stated that the electron is bumped back to the stable state from the metastable state by an atom, but there is no mention as to whether or not a photon was released. Looking back on the entire video, I guess it can be inferred that anytime the electron is excited by a collision vs. a photon that there will be no release of a photon when returning to a stable state. If this is correct, it would have been easier to state it in these terms vs. having to come to this conclusion independent of what was communicated in Clue #3.
I learned I’m not very good with complex questions. I got close-ish(not at all). I really like the video style. So many science videos just toss out facts and not so much questions that make you think. Keeps these up please.
Amazing explanations - I really loved the pedagogic way to let us find out (and thus understand 😀) the “secret” behind H alpha, S-II and O-III emission lines!
Jade, your topics are lovable, and animations are magnificent. Keep me enlightened. Thanks
my questions are, 1. are those meta state photons able to reexcite a electron in to its metastable state?
2. are there other metastable states in the periodic table or is it only a scecific behavior/property for the Oxigen group? are there other ways to excite Oxigen in to its metastable state? because making a laser that emites exactly this wavelength of light would be ground braking.
I guess Derek, Diana and Jade united to kick the algorithm.
love it
12:05, Sounds like the particles in space are in a high energy metastable state but as they travel through the atmosphere, they move down to a lower state after colliding with many of the atoms preventing them from emitting a photon
This video deserves a lot more views. Well done
I have vague feeling I might have also read about this in a book at some stage talking about how energy is released in discrete quanta in the past - My Answer:
The frequency of the photon is normally equal to the energy difference between the current state and the base state - when the particle is in a meta stable state it needs a bit of additional energy to get out of the metastable state and return to the base state. The new lines are occuring because the energy required for the additional "push" is "subtracted" from the photon that gets released.
Nailed it without pausing. Well guessed it was to do with the density anyway. Not the full mechanics of it.
Thanks Jade very interesting!
Because of the low density and low nucleus to electron colissions, an electron is able to get double excited before relaxing and emiting a foton.
Underrated channel
WoW!, I could spend all day listening to you in these videos. Thank you for your way of explaining , clearly is easy to understand and learn from.
OK, here is my guess before hearing the answer: The light from the nebulae reaching us is passing through gasses in the nebulae first, changing frequencies and thus the spectral lines. And thanks for posting this
Just letting you know that I absolutely did solve the riddle on my own, thank you very much
I only listen to physics videos on UA-cam when I sleep but your animations are so funny and good I have to watch 😓
Great video. I am always happy to see your work. Cheers.
Hi Jade, I've learned so much from your videos, and i did solve that riddle, given the clues, and i now know how these beautiful coloured images from our universe are obtained.
I just love it when, at about 6:25, you mark the space between the "signature energy states" of orbitals with a symbol resembling the capital letter H...and, of course, the lower case h is Planck's Constant, you sneaky girl... BTW, you have the BEST videos on UA-cam, bar none...or should I say h-bar none?
I have so many things I love about this video: music, animation, cinematography... but I need to acknowledge how hard 2:30 made me laugh
I am going to guess it has to do with two frequencies layering or crossing each other, because the light has to come through the upper atmosphere and might get excited or distorted there. With a 'thicker' material this layering won't be material enough to cause an issue, but with 'thinner'' gasses in nebulae, the distortion shows more distinctly.
I thinks those spectral lines in nebulas are formed when electron jumps from metastable state to ground state releasing a photon.
This doesn't happen on earth as density is much higher and electrons from metastable state jumps to ground state because of collision without releasing the photon.
Thank you Jade, I am learning a lot because of you.
I got it right before seeing the ans..🤟
it's an already known element, but that line comes from dropping out of the meta stable state. it hadn't been observed on earth because the collision rate increases with density. in our atmosphere, a meta stable state doesn't have time to decay via photon emission, but in the nebula, collisions are uncommon, so the only way that state can decay is via photon.
Isn't the subconscious brain a beautiful thing? How it just continues to work on problems that stumped you, or trying to remember that word you were looking for in that one conversation, or the name of that one place, and you're not even aware of it. Just one day, bam, "Eureka!"
I love this channel. You would make an excellent museum tour guide, you just explain things so well!
Thank you Christopher!
"Museum tour guide," is that an insult? It is true that "Up and Atom" explains things so well, but I think she is beyond the title of a museum tour guide. I could be wrong. Maybe that is all "Up an Atom' is--an excellent museum tour guide.
@@BaliwTaKa I didnt mean it that way at all!
@@Skibbityboo0580, I didn't think you were trying to insult 'Up and Atom'. I do think you meant it as a complement.
Short story:
I went to college for art, and on my graduation day, my mom brought me a children's book about art careers that highlighted such things as being a tour guide in a museum.
After 6 years of college, 4 years working on the art major while I was also working in industry with scientists as an illustrator and product designer, I was also doing years of college for computer programming, math and physics. Then my mom shows up for my graduation and gives me a children's book about careers in art that highlighted all the career possibilities that were minimum wage in an art museum, emphasizing being a tour guide...
The end of short story.
I didn't really think you were trying to insult her, I think you were complementing her on her ability to demonstrate and communicate these complex ideas. (y) :)
Well that was interesting....I managed to 'figure it out' whilst you were still going through the first clue since I knew about the basic mechanics of metastable states, but I wonder now if I already knew this story (and/or the phenomenon itself) and it was merely lurking deep within my subconscious mind, waiting for the perfect moment to pounce and make me feel (for a tiny little while) like some sort of genius. Regardless, the video was, as always, wonderfully effective at condensing and translating complex information into layman's terms. You have a rare gift for such, and it is great to see you use it.
I think you just explained why the universe is so beautiful. Thanks
Wild guess: The electrons can emit photons to go from meta-stable to stable states. Since Earth's atmosphere is so dense, collisions always happen before this occurs, which makes it a secret spectral line of an already known element. One we simply cannot replicate under normal atmospheric conditions.
12:00 I guess we didn't know of the spectral lines of hydrogen's metastable states because on Earth the electrons in those positions are essentially always knocked down by collision which does not produce a photon.
Don't know why I assumed it had to be Hydrogen, guessed wrong for no reason.
@@edmondantes4338 Pretty sure she was showing the sprectral lines of Hydrogen but that was also my assumption. It's also the most common element in the universe so there's that.
close enough :)
I was assuming hydrogen also, which is a reasonable guess considering that it's the most abundant element in the universe
Ok, my guess is that this spectral line is actually an existing element. If it was then occasionally some of them might get hit into metastable states. With no-one to bounce into for a while, they instead release a photon and return to a stable state. As most of the jumps are happening at this metastable to stable state, then the photons are of a certain energy, therefore wavelength, therefore a certain colour. This colour is from a known element, but its a jump mostly from this metastable to stable, rather than the unstable to stable that you'd see in a less dense place, and rather than our dense atmosphere where little to no light is released.
I always learn something from you Jade, you are amazing! Keep up with the amazing job!
With this video I learned that if something seems a little odd there is a chance that i'm looking from a biased point of view. As the colors that the atoms emits are biased by our atmosphere!! Sometimes something strange is just some bias that we have!! Thank you!!
If you'd like an outstanding (in both senses) astronomical riddle, Przybylski's Star is about 300 light years from Earth. According to its spectral lines, it contains strontium, holmium, niobium, scandium, yttrium, caesium, neodymium, praseodymium, thorium, ytterbium, and uranium... but according to Standard Physics, no star should contain any elements heavier than iron. It is truly a riddle that is baffling science.
So I'm writing my advanced physics exam in 2 days and my guess would just be the obvious choice that due to the lower amount of collisions there are more photons emitted by relaxation from metastable to stable state in the nebula, which isn't observed on earth because the transition happens through collision rather than emission here.
My guess is that because atoms are more densely packed together here, it is much more common for electrons to be knocked out of metastable states by collisions. In nebulae collisions are rare, so instead electrons excited to metastable states eventually relax spontaneously, emitting photons which correspond to the distance between the *metastable* state and the relaxed state. On Earth, the same element would almost never emit those photons, because electrons almost never relax from metastable states spontaneously. It's almost always due to collision due to the density of toms on Earth. So whatever element it is, it's not new, it's just reacting differently than it does on Earth because of the context of its different environment.
Yay I pretty much got it right! Although your clues were very good! I don't even understand much of the science surrounding this solution, I was just deducting from your explanations lol. Also your animations were *ADORABLE* and made the video so fun!!!
I guessed that the new element was just a known one in a metastable state since the nebular atmosphere is not very dense and allows gases to chill out in metastable states for long periods of time. No way to have know it was oxygen the whole time. Thanks for the video Up and Atom
yeah there was no way to have known it was oxygen, but you got the idea :)
3:48 At this moment, when he realizes his idea and opens his eyes, I would have made the cartoon spit in the mirror like when people are drinking in the movies and someone says something incredible. That would have been hilarious.
Paused at 11:47 ... So this is my guess: the answer is solely dependant on the 4th clue; the atmospheric density on earth is higher than that of the nebulae. Therefore, there occurs less excitation due to collision, leaving the atom on a metastable state for a more extended period without being disturbed and falling into the ground state naturally, thus emitting 'specific' spectral lines... I think. This is where the greenish hue emitted is prominent on a WIDER range; more like filtering out the colour, I guess. Since 'nebulium' is a lighter element, I'm going to assume it exists within the first 20 elements (Hydrogen to Calcium). The element is also in a gaseous state, by deduction, the more plausible elements are H, He, N, O, F, Ne, Cl and Ar. It's not H or He for apparent reasons. I also don't think it's any of the Noble Gases (Ne and Ar) because they are inert in nature and have a minuscule chance of being in a metastable state; especially in a low-density environment. The remaining four plausible elements are N, O, F, Cl. I give up... I can't deduce any further with my current knowledge of the periodic table (-_-). Tell me if I'm close.
hell yea!!!... it's Oxygen!
So very well explained. I am going to share it with my kids and am sure they will be intrigued. Thank you 😀
My guess it's like collisional quenching in fluorescence - the energy gets transferred by collision on Earth because collisions happen all the time. But in a nebula the density is much lower, so the metastable state has time to decay by emission before a collision "steals" the energy.
As was said in the video the electrons only exist in discrete energy levels, they are quantified. if you numbered the states with integers (n=1,2,3,...) would a metastable state be a decimal? something in between?