1) OK, so I didn't know there was such a thing as "absolute hot" or Plank Temperature. Interesting! 2) There's a typo in the footnote. It should read "trippple point of watter". The sponsor is NordVPN. Get 70% off a 3 year plan with this link: nordvpn.com/steve and use the promo code "steve" to get 1 additional month free.
Just an FYI, there is a maximum temperature. The first one is when an atom can't hold electrons on, we call that a plasma, but we usually consider this fine. The next is when the atom shakes so hard, there is so much energy in it, that the atoms fall apart into a proton-neutron 'soup'. This is a real absolute limit (they aren't atoms anymore). The next after *that* is when so much energy is in there, the protons and neutrons fall apart into just quarks, making a quark-gluon plasma.
And a third bottle after he reads the comments from people who thought he was trying to inhale alcohol vapour and warning him not to do that because it's dangerous.
But. An hour in the lab is worth a week in the library. This makes no sense. A working knowledge of something is always worth more than a theoretical knowledge.
I can just imagine the huge grin on Steve's face when he went to the bottle shop to purchase some vodka for this experiment and saw the bottle of Absolut Vodka.
I can just imagine the huge grin on Steve's face when he went to the bottle shop to purchase some Absolut Vodka, and realised he could pretend it was for an experiment.
That reminds me of a story from my highschool chemistry teacher. While working with some group preparing for a competition, they ran out of ethanol. Some pupils were 18 already, so she sent one of them. We can only imagine weird looks when a girl in school uniform went on the middle of the day into a beverage store and asked for a bottle of pure alcohol. 😅
I'm so glad you didn't get -273.128 or something like that. So many videos make it seem like the first go was perfect, but I love how you explained your experimental errors, tried to rectify it etc. Otherwise future potential scientists might feel put down when their experiments doesn't work out 100%
@@Treblaine: None that I can think of. Phase cancellation is zero jiggle and still not negative. But when I attempt to dance, I am not totally of phase, I am more like 3/4 time when the beat is 4/4 time. 😏
@ I'm not sure what you mean by units being smaller but objectively faherenheit is more precise. You have more numbers and you can determine the temperature of something with better accuracy.
Steve, love your nerdy videos - you’re basically fitting a line: y = ax + b using two points which gives you both a and b, thus a graph would have helped the explanation.
"There's no such thing as negative jiggle." This is my new favorite phrase. I need this on a t-shirt with the lattice of molecules and Steve's face to go with it.
So, the question is this... is "The Parker Effect" being defined by your failures/near misses, rather than your successes? Or is it not yet good enough for an "effect" (See the Mould Effect for a successful example...)
@@thefountainpendesk Well we used our chemical engineering measurments and reverse engineered the pi number for fun and it turned out to be 17 according to our measurments
I would love to see a collaboration where Steve talks about negative jiggle, and then Louis Theroux appears and starts rapping how at 0K his atoms don't jiggle jiggle
Honestly it's bout timee we get a better calender and dating system Having 27 days in February and 28 every 4 years is stupid plus the dates go 30 and 31 every month for no reason except ofcourse july and august
@@LAMG059 no we have 28 days in february usually then account for the quarter of a day lost each year(because it doesnt match the earth making a full rotation around the sun) by adding a 1 more day to 28 each 4 years.
Experiments like this, where you put yourself in the shoes of a cutting edge researcher, really puts into perspective how much effort and confusion scientists and researchers in the past went through in order to find out what many nowadays regard as just numbers we can look up. If this doesn't put a perspective on the phrase "taken for granted", I don't know what will. Well, other than food, water and electricity of course...
Your videos are more engaging than Brian Cox's high production value documentaries. Somehow you always manage to find more interesting science in your kitchen than he does in the entire universe. It's amazing that you can take such an apparently simple concept, expose its subtleties, explain them, and then illustrate them with an experiment, all in the space of 15 minutes!
Props for including the bad result from the first experiment. It's good for people to realize how hard it is to do accurate experiments. You already said this in your pin, but in case anyone missed that, there is actually a theoretical limit to how hot things can get. Also, I love your description of VPNs at the end. For a sponsor message, that was incredibly entertaining.
Great video, thanks! I didn't read the 1.7k comments above, so it may discussed earlier. However, another problem in the 1st experiment was the different head of vodka between the two temperatures, causing the pressure not to be constant.
@@josephgauthier5018 its gonna take alot of time for all your devices to change to celcius, and a bunch of riots will happen on how it violates your constitution's or whatever
@@Tensho_C Most of them are in Celsius anyways. I can't think of any electronic I have that doesn't have a setting, or any thermometer I've seen that doesn't display both. We could even feasibly switch to kilometers and the biggest hurdle there would probably be road signs, not vehicles. Maybe if the US wasn't so damn big, it is a lot of road to cover. More likely it's the hurdle of fanatic nationalism, even though we didn't invent this system. You'd think that sort of person would have more in common with a tea-dumping patriot, and distance themselves from the European-created Fahrenheit and the English-invented foot and mile and gallon and cup.
We did that in physics class by heating a sealed tube with a pressure sensor and a thermometer at one end. Based on the linear relationship between temperature and pressure, we were able to find absolute zero as the zero of the linear regression of our datapoints.
To be fair, I also kept understanding that instead of "Beep Boops" when I wasn't specifically paying attention.(Even after I got what he was actually saying.)
Using a glass syringe with a spinning glass plunger reduces the friction of the plunger to near zero giving even more accurate results. Good job. Very enlightening. Keep up the good work.
Idea for a Video: You can show the difference of light speeds in different mediums and the therefore changing angle of refraction by the colour change of demirorred glasses in water (orange, red) in contrast to air (green). Worked with every demirrored glasses I tried so far and makes a visually interesting effect since the reflected colour of the white light changes.
When you wear glasses and the sun would be sort of behind you, the light would reflect and you couldn't see, because you would be blinded sort of. (English isnt my first language, I am sorry) Therefore to prevent this glasses are often coated several layers of some material, which prevents this. In german we call it "entspiegelte Brillengläser" You can notice this trough a slight green glare or reflection from the glasses. In my physics A-level we learned sort of how this worked. The layer reflects some light and lets the other pass trough. The light wich passed trough will be reflected in the layer below and then shine out of the glasses again. The trick is to make the layer just thick enough so that the lightwave is shifted half a wavelength and therefore cancels out with the light which reflected at the first layer. This is of course a simplification, but it works and can eaven be used to explain the effect I mentioned. Because the light is refracted at an angle you can calculate how thick the layer should be, but when you put the glasses into water the angle changes, since it is dependent on the lightspeeds of the two media. So the angle changes, therefore the way and length the light passes trough the layer changes. Therefore now the orange wavelengths who cancelled out earlier are now visible and the green is not visible anymore.
Something just hit me. You said that the reason we can heat something indefinitely is due to temperature being a function of the speed the atoms jiggle in. So, isn't there a limit for this speed? Can the atoms, in theory, jiggle faster than the speed of light?
Vsauce has a video called “How hot can it get?” in which he talks about an absolute hot. There’s actually a temperature, called the Planck temperature, at which the wavelength of the thermal radiation an object gives off would be shorter than the Planck length. So there has to be an absolute hot. If i recall correctly, tho, this would take more energy than we know of in the universe, and of course the atoms would dissolve into their fundamental particles at energies like that.
The temperature actually depends on the kinetic energy of the jiggle, not just the speed. If the atoms were to jiggle at the speed of light then the energy (and thus the temperature) would become infinite. We can keep on increasing the temperature because we can get the atoms to jiggle closer and closer to the speed of light, but never reaching it. Also quantum mechanics does put a limit on maximum temperature but that's a different matter
My thought was along these lines: Eventually you are going to cause those atoms to 'jiggle' themselves apart! Super-colliders produce temperatures close to 10 trillion degrees for a reason....
One of the only reasons people hate Fahrenheit is because while in Celsius water freezes at 0, it freezes at 32 in Fahrenheit. However, if we were to just adjust the Fahrenheit scale by lowering it by 32 degrees, which we already do when we convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius, then that eliminates the issue most people have with Fahrenheit, giving us an Improved Fahrenheit scale where water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 180 degrees. And since 9 Fahrenheit degrees are equal to 5 Celsius degrees, with this Improved Fahrenheit scale we can get finer temperature gradients like the regular Fahrenheit scale with a more consistent freezing and boiling point like Celsius.
@@gakulon Why do we want a scale that is based on the freezing temperature of a solution of brine made from equal parts of ice, water and a salt (ammonium chloride)? why not just use decimal points in the centigrade scale? I find that to be a way better solution.
"If you're trying to work out something for yourself, it's really helpful if someone else has already done a much better job." Words of wisdom that are truly funny.
I am now trying to remember what we did in the lab over forty years ago to demonstrate Charles Law I remember getting a lot of plots so a lot of measurements were taken and we were quite amazed that most people got a very similar extrapolation point I seem to remember it being necessary to have dry gas but the precise set up eludes me.
Yep, by definition it’s based on the centigrade scale. It’s the centigrade scale adjusted so zero is absolute zero not the freezing point of water. That’s all it is .
Correct me if I'm wrong, please but I don't think you can increase temperature indefinitely. If the hotter body emits shorter electromagnetic waves then you hit the Planck length of the wavelength at some point or the Planck time of the wave period. And that limits the maximum energy of the body.
What you are describing is the plank temperature at 1.416785(16)×1032 K. We don't know that it is impossible for an object to be hotter, our understanding of physics just ceases to function.
It is also possible that the black body radiation equation we know and love is incomplete..A bit like the Newtonian physics before Einstein. It is a good enough approximation at low temperatures ("low" compared to Plank temperature, that is), but may need a correction at higher temperatures, sort of like Newton's equations need a correction at relativistic speeds. Based on what the correction is, the "absolute hot" may be nowhere near the Plank temperature. It may even be infinity.
Hello, allow me to introduce myself. Call me Designator, I am the metaphysical multidimensional beep boop likeness of an assembled subsistence beyond your cosmium, universe and multiple degrees of delineation of any reasonable astucious accumulative insight into this makeup. Anyways enough of this confabulatory poppycock, I have come to your scrubly wumbly disarray corner of this cosmic universe to relay to you that my mixtape is indeed the hottest thing there is.
Hey Steve, in your second experiment, one possible reason for the lower value (apart from measurement errors and the piston friction) might be the humidity in the air in the tube, since you used room air that has humidity that will condense at freezing temperatures, leading to lower temperature derived for absolute zero
I loved the gradual improvement to experimental setup and the reminder that Physics is not equations in a book, but reality and what's happening right in front of our eyes. But at the same time, subject to all the failures and variation of doing things for real. I would have also tried to dither the syringe, pluck it and push it to get the upper and lower bound of the "stickiness" of the syringe, or tried to do the liquid volume calculator with a non-volatile liquid like mercury
Yes! Except more fun (for me anyway) because I wasn't trying to learn or internalise anything, just go "oh yeah this feels a bit familiar" and enjoy the ride.
Wow dude, you just blew my mind! I didn't know that. I am a software developer, and the min value of the type DateTime is first of January of year 0001 and not 0000, but it never clicked for me, until now..
2:17 - Strictly speaking, the man's name was Celsius (not Celcius - and the other man's name was Planck, not Plank). Also, 0 was the boiling point while 100 was the freezing point (yes, Celsius's original centigrade scale went the opposite way). Also, molecules still "jiggle" at absolute zero. It's called zero point energy (and is why helium never freezes, for example, and just becomes silly instead).
You'll find using Celsius easy if you focus on 20 degrees, which is room temp (68F). Each ten degree shift is a different clothing situation: 0 freezing 32 10 cool 50 20 indoor 68 30 warm 86 40 hot 104 Body temp 37
If I was shown the picture at 4:17 and told "This is Steve Mould's grandfather when he was a young man" I'd have probably said, "Sure, I can see the resemblance".
@@frozensakura9307 no there isn't? All planck units just unites that set the 5 fundamental constants to 1. There is nothing inherent about them that means they are somehow the "biggest" or "smallest" units possible. Before you start, yes, when something is at planck's temp, its black body radiation will have the wavelength of 1 planck unit, but now you still need to explain how the planck length is somehow the smallest unit in the universe. Some random trivia: The charge of an electron is called an elementary charge, it's useful because most things have a whole multiple of that charge (quarks can have some 1/3 electron charge apparently, so most). The planck charge is over 70k electron charges. Are you disappointed by planck units yet?
I loved the use of "equilibriate" [~10:28] instead of "equalize". 😝 Edit: actually, Merriam-Webster does define a word "equilibrate" [not "equilibriate"] that means what you meant, but I think "equalize" is the simpler, more common way of phrasing it.
For some reason I could not for the life of me find this video with vodka in the search terms. I literally searched variations of "steve mould absolute zero vodka" and it refused to show up. I finally found it after removing vodka
I think we’ve noticed this by now. It’s just that all machines, programs, and other things are designed in Fahrenheit. It would be extremely expensive and difficult to change this. The logistics is what’s preventing us. Imagine the chaos if we had 2 systems colliding with each other. Imagine screwing up temperatures or lengths by entering the number in the wrong unit. We should have changed back in the day when it would have been easier to.
Technically the USA is actually metric, it’s just that most of the USA hasn’t implemented it. The signed on to the SI unit treaty, and NASA and several other government agencies use metric. It’s only the general population and things intended for them that are still Imperial (this includes Fahrenheit)
It's too much of a hassle. The cost is greater than the benefit of switching. They tried it decades ago. It would certainly be even harder now. Don't worry, when we start a new civilization on the Moon or Mars, I'm sure they'll use Metric.
Multiple failures at the National Aeronautical and Space Administration have already occurred due solely to mismanaged metric conversions and notations.
@@-a13x-75 Actually due to international markets most machines and traded weights are measured in SI units, but branded (for US only) in customary units.
@@fatsquirrel75 Fahrenheit allegedly, in his madness, used a salt water bath to find the coldest point - his zero point. Because that's the natural state in which water is commonly found and thus a precise and repeatable way to measure zero. /S
2:06 wait wait wait wait, hold up, 0 to one hundred is 101 gradations! Well Steve did say between 0 to 100 ...oh but wait between 0 to 100 there are only 99 !!
That was the most entertaining of your videos I have seen so far... not to imply it’s the absolute pinnacle you’ve attained (or will attain), because I haven’t seen all your work BUT, in my relatively pathetic sampling of your output THAT was most fun. Ta!
Improve the experiment by adding a pressure gauge to the syringe. You can adjust the plunger to adjust the internal pressure to atmospheric pressure before taking a volume reading. Thus eliminating the error because of friction of the plunger against the walls.
Perfect experiment for first semester chemistry students. Definitely talk to our physical chemistry professor about that one in physical chemistry lab in first semester.
Not a lot of UA-camrs actually do a “formal” experiment like this. Usually I’d find doing this type of thing tedious and boring, but this was so cool! Thanks!
1:43 There are no degrees on the Kelvin scale! Since the Kelvin scale is a scale of absolute units they are referred to as "kelvins" rather than "degrees kelvin."
4 роки тому
Exactly! He excuses for saying centigrades but talks about grades on Kelvin scale!
He didn't refer to them as "degrees kelvin", at least not at the time stamp you provided. He said the degrees (meaning subdivisions) on both scales are the same size. A degree is a common noun with a meaning, it doesn't have to be part of an SI unit's name to be used in a sentence. In fact, it would sound rather stupid to say "a degree on the celsius scale and *a kelvin on the kelvin scale* are the same size", wouldn't it...?
@@RFC-3514 I hear you, but saying "a degree on the kelvin scale" is equivalent to saying "a degree on the meter scale." It's valid English, but it's just as redundant as saying "a kelvin on the kelvin scale." There is a single word for the concept that those statements are trying to convey, and it's in the statement already!
@@EldariusGG - No one measures length in _degrees,_ and there is nothing known as "the meter scale". That analogy is nonsense. Steve's use of the word is absolutely correct in English. A degree in the kelvin scale is called one kelvin. It is still _a degree in the kelvin scale_ (meaning a step in that scale), it is not "a kelvin in the kelvin scale".
4 роки тому+1
@@RFC-3514 «A degree Celsius is the same size as a Kelvin.» Does it sound stupid? BTW, do you mean I can say «a degree metre»?
chromostereopsis might be a fun thing to do a video on. Its an optical illusion created by red and blue colours (and green to some extent) near each other, it looks like red colours float on top on the blue colours by quite a bit. Really cool 3D effect. Its caused by the refraction of light changing depending on wavelength, so they appear to be in different positions. The effect only works with both eyes, closing one stops it. Looks so cool aswell.
Steve, Another interesting and easy way to extrapolate to absolute zero is to measure the electrical resistance of metals, which is generally proportional to absolute temperature. For ductile metals without many defects, like platinum, the linearity is rather good. They are about as "ideal" resistors as gases are "ideal" gases. So, if I put a platinum wire in ice water (in fact, I can use a platinum RTD made for this purpose) I measure 100.0 ohms, and if I then place it in boiling water I get 138.5 ohms. That gives an absolute zero of -100*100/(138.5-100) = -259.7C Not great, but as good or better than trying to measure gas volume ratios!
You claim that you can heat something indefinitely, but if you heat a substance too much then theoretically it would collapse into a black hole (Kugelblitz)
A Kugelblitz is a singularity originally formed by radiant energy concentrated in a small region. Presumably, any single object radiating such energy would itself form a singularity _long_ before its radiated energy did so.
Interesting conversation with one of my neighbours a few weeks ago. He said "You're like that Steve Mould guy on UA-cam". I asked what he meant. He replied " you're smart enough to figure shi...ahh.....stuff out for yourself and you're always happy to share what you learn and know but you do it in a way that's easy to understand". I said "Yeah, Steve is excellent like that." 👍😉 Thanks Steve. Cheers mate.
Agreed! That's why years that are multiples of 10 are the last year of a decade, not the first year of the next decade. The 21st century didn't start until 2001.
A possible way to deal with friction in the syringe: Use a force meter to pull the syringe with a set number of newtons, release, and record the volume. Then push it with the same number of newtons, release, and record the volume. The average of the two readings should be a more accurate measure of the real volume at 1 atm. Or even possibly do the same but record the volumes when pushing and pulling.
1) OK, so I didn't know there was such a thing as "absolute hot" or Plank Temperature. Interesting!
2) There's a typo in the footnote. It should read "trippple point of watter".
The sponsor is NordVPN. Get 70% off a 3 year plan with this link: nordvpn.com/steve and use the promo code "steve" to get 1 additional month free.
Just an FYI, there is a maximum temperature.
The first one is when an atom can't hold electrons on, we call that a plasma, but we usually consider this fine.
The next is when the atom shakes so hard, there is so much energy in it, that the atoms fall apart into a proton-neutron 'soup'. This is a real absolute limit (they aren't atoms anymore).
The next after *that* is when so much energy is in there, the protons and neutrons fall apart into just quarks, making a quark-gluon plasma.
YES, Celsius
@@addmoreice And after that, Kugelblitz!
trippple point of watter? hmmm
Did you not watch Vsauce's video about "how hot can it get" ? 🙂
10:59 one bottle for calculating absolute zero, another bottle for reading the comments after the video goes up.
Cause absolute vodka is trash
@@Lunch_box Absolut tastes fine, just significantly worse than other vodkas in its price range. It tastes like Skyy, which is still pretty good.
@@EebstertheGreat This. It tastes like Skyy but Skyy is cheaper.
And a third bottle after he reads the comments from people who thought he was trying to inhale alcohol vapour and warning him not to do that because it's dangerous.
And if he runs this channel as a legal business(paying tax etc.), he could claim that bottle of vodka back on tax?
My lab professor used to say "a week in the lab can save you an hour in the library!"
Stealing this.
But. An hour in the lab is worth a week in the library. This makes no sense. A working knowledge of something is always worth more than a theoretical knowledge.
@@shadowfall2011 mmmmmmmmmm............
@@shadowfall2011
r/woooosh
@@shadowfall2011 an hour of actually working in the lab, yes. But you need to set up the lab, figure out how to measure the results, ETC, so yeah
I can just imagine the huge grin on Steve's face when he went to the bottle shop to purchase some vodka for this experiment and saw the bottle of Absolut Vodka.
I was so happy!
Haha
I can just imagine the huge grin on Steve's face when he went to the bottle shop to purchase some Absolut Vodka, and realised he could pretend it was for an experiment.
@@RFC-3514 underrated
That reminds me of a story from my highschool chemistry teacher. While working with some group preparing for a competition, they ran out of ethanol. Some pupils were 18 already, so she sent one of them. We can only imagine weird looks when a girl in school uniform went on the middle of the day into a beverage store and asked for a bottle of pure alcohol. 😅
I'm so glad you didn't get -273.128 or something like that. So many videos make it seem like the first go was perfect, but I love how you explained your experimental errors, tried to rectify it etc. Otherwise future potential scientists might feel put down when their experiments doesn't work out 100%
You know, I am a bit of a scientist myself. I remember that time I used vodka and got to the point when I stopped moving or even jiggling about.
"No such thing as negative jiggle" you've never seen me dance. Well, attempt to dance.
I knew it was a challenge just waiting to be broken.
Jiggling out of phase with the music is *_not_* negative jiggle. Steve is correct in stating that there is no such thing as negative jiggle.
@@arikwolf3777 Is there anything closer to negative jiggle than phase cancellation?
@@Treblaine: None that I can think of. Phase cancellation is zero jiggle and still not negative. But when I attempt to dance, I am not totally of phase, I am more like 3/4 time when the beat is 4/4 time. 😏
:DDDD
“Not on the Fahrenheit scale, that is stupid.” - Made my day
Only fools are still on Fahrenheit!
That's all the happy internet i needed for today
Wouldn't Fahrenheit be more accurate?
@@Johnny-wv9cn what? just because its units are smaller doesn't mean it's more precise... unless you're rounding, lol
@ I'm not sure what you mean by units being smaller but objectively faherenheit is more precise. You have more numbers and you can determine the temperature of something with better accuracy.
When your wife finds your Vodka bong and you have to devise a story that it's all for "an experiment"
Steve, love your nerdy videos - you’re basically fitting a line: y = ax + b using two points which gives you both a and b, thus a graph would have helped the explanation.
"There's no such thing as negative jiggle." This is my new favorite phrase. I need this on a t-shirt with the lattice of molecules and Steve's face to go with it.
great choice, vodka has been helping people achieve absolute 0 on the scale of dignity for ages
Dignity? What is that newfangled thing?
I'm an alcoholic
I feel attacked
Disagreed
@@peterpimmelmann3330 do you know Jesus?
So -297 C is Absolute Zero on the Parker scale, also known as Parker Zero
Yes! The Parker Scale! I love how I can try but fail to do something and it's still referred to as a Parker [thing].
Steve Mould Always
Now I wonder what a Parker VPN would look like...
So, the question is this... is "The Parker Effect" being defined by your failures/near misses, rather than your successes? Or is it not yet good enough for an "effect" (See the Mould Effect for a successful example...)
@@Hirosjimma The Parker VPN is extra specially secure, because it scrumbly-wumblies your beep-boops using quadruple rot-13.
I did something like this at Physics A-Level, I got 0K=-600°C 😭
I did the same practical and got -420°C
@@thefountainpendesk Well we used our chemical engineering measurments and reverse engineered the pi number for fun and it turned out to be 17 according to our measurments
"...if you're trying to work out something for yourself, it's really helpful if someone else has done a much better job".
Words to live by.😁
That was the best definition of a vpn that I ever heard.
Ahahahahah Ahahah Ahahah
Let me guess: VP/n = RT?
Yarp..
I wanna upvote, but 200 likes!
I just can't listen the whole thing...I'm laughing too hard 🤣🤣
Vodka Bong got stuck in my head at the beginning of the video
I thought I clicked the wrong video at the beginning.
Ey, its Intezga
Ugh tomatoes will die in Vodka bath
Would u like to try it
I hear penne vodka is very tasty!
Integza, have you heard of something called a tomato vodka 🍅?
"There's no such thing as negative jiggle". Steve Mould, 2020
Please put this on a t-shirt
Negative jiggle can be observed on spring break in certain locations. 😉
I would love to see a collaboration where Steve talks about negative jiggle, and then Louis Theroux appears and starts rapping how at 0K his atoms don't jiggle jiggle
I love this as it goes through the trial, error and improvements that people can make in experiments.
"There are a number of ways to improve this experiment"
Yeah, drink the vodka.
That's one way to increase the confidence in your results.
Underrated
Actually there is no year 0 in our historical calender system. The calender goes from year -1 to the year 1.
Which is really annoying. And for some reason writing tools usually assume the same if you make a fantasy calendar
yes, because Romans didn't have the concept of "0"
Honestly it's bout timee we get a better calender and dating system
Having 27 days in February and 28 every 4 years is stupid plus the dates go 30 and 31 every month for no reason except ofcourse july and august
@@LAMG059 no we have 28 days in february usually then account for the quarter of a day lost each year(because it doesnt match the earth making a full rotation around the sun) by adding a 1 more day to 28 each 4 years.
@@LAMG059 Yeah, definitely time to switch to a new calender system if you use one that has 27 days in February
"I calculated Absolute Zero with Vodka"
-154
"I was drinking the vodka"
That's the better way to use Vodka experimentally !
Cheers body !
This is the content I need.
He is *mistakingly* swallowing the liquid.
@@christianheichel explain
Experiments like this, where you put yourself in the shoes of a cutting edge researcher, really puts into perspective how much effort and confusion scientists and researchers in the past went through in order to find out what many nowadays regard as just numbers we can look up. If this doesn't put a perspective on the phrase "taken for granted", I don't know what will. Well, other than food, water and electricity of course...
Centigrade is less ambiguous as "Celsius" can refer to 2 scales of temperature while "Centigrade" refers only to 1
As soon as you went for a liquid seal, my immediate thought was that vapor from the liquid would really mess things up. Glad that hypothesis was true.
Your videos are more engaging than Brian Cox's high production value documentaries. Somehow you always manage to find more interesting science in your kitchen than he does in the entire universe. It's amazing that you can take such an apparently simple concept, expose its subtleties, explain them, and then illustrate them with an experiment, all in the space of 15 minutes!
It's good because being shown something that you can replicate yourself in your own home makes the information seem much more accessible and credible.
Scrumbly wumbly beep boops, beautiful, so eloquently put!
It came from my thingymejig
Its a superclever thing how the beep-boops are Scrumbly wumbling
I was sure he was saying big boobs
And apparently the captioning algorithm agrees with you, Fiaca...
Props for including the bad result from the first experiment. It's good for people to realize how hard it is to do accurate experiments.
You already said this in your pin, but in case anyone missed that, there is actually a theoretical limit to how hot things can get.
Also, I love your description of VPNs at the end. For a sponsor message, that was incredibly entertaining.
Of course, that means he'll never get tenure at Hardvard
Great video, thanks!
I didn't read the 1.7k comments above, so it may discussed earlier.
However, another problem in the 1st experiment was the different head of vodka between the two temperatures, causing the pressure not to be constant.
"Not Fahrenheit. That's stupid." Americans: *angry pingu face*
Not even. Most of us don't even really like it, and would get used to the new scale within a month if we were forced to switch
As an American, I agree with Clark, except for the only taking a month part
@@josephgauthier5018 its gonna take alot of time for all your devices to change to celcius, and a bunch of riots will happen on how it violates your constitution's or whatever
@@Tensho_C They would rename the Fahrenheit scale, the Freedom Scale!
@@Tensho_C Most of them are in Celsius anyways. I can't think of any electronic I have that doesn't have a setting, or any thermometer I've seen that doesn't display both. We could even feasibly switch to kilometers and the biggest hurdle there would probably be road signs, not vehicles. Maybe if the US wasn't so damn big, it is a lot of road to cover.
More likely it's the hurdle of fanatic nationalism, even though we didn't invent this system. You'd think that sort of person would have more in common with a tea-dumping patriot, and distance themselves from the European-created Fahrenheit and the English-invented foot and mile and gallon and cup.
We did that in physics class by heating a sealed tube with a pressure sensor and a thermometer at one end. Based on the linear relationship between temperature and pressure, we were able to find absolute zero as the zero of the linear regression of our datapoints.
Do you recall how accurate were the results?
@@dmitriiemelianenko8531 I think we had something like -271°C. Still not that accurate but far better than this approach.
So what you did was an isochoric process instead of the isobaric process as shown here.
Did you use something like nitrogen to make sure you didn't get any condensation on the cold end? That should improve the accuracy.
Opening shot. Looks like someone knows how to take a big bong hit
Absolute zero bong hit!
Quaranteen looks to be hitting him pretty hard these days. Wonder if he's also home schooling kids? That'll drive anyone to hit the bong pretty hard.
@@ericchambers9023 Given Steve's all-round practical capabilities, he'd have no trouble growing himself some pukka ganja.
The sponsorship is hilarious, and even more so with captions on.
Scumbly wobly the big b**bs
@@rookrook7697 As an update, it now says “scrambling rumbling the big boobs”
To be fair, I also kept understanding that instead of "Beep Boops" when I wasn't specifically paying attention.(Even after I got what he was actually saying.)
Well... wow, that was really impressive. I would never have expected the syringe experiment to turn out that accurate. Well done!
Using a glass syringe with a spinning glass plunger reduces the friction of the plunger to near zero giving even more accurate results. Good job. Very enlightening. Keep up the good work.
Idea for a Video:
You can show the difference of light speeds in different mediums and the therefore changing angle of refraction by the colour change of demirorred glasses in water (orange, red) in contrast to air (green).
Worked with every demirrored glasses I tried so far and makes a visually interesting effect since the reflected colour of the white light changes.
Come on brain, he typed: "de mirrored" glasses not "demi rorred". Get it right.
Ok, what are demirorred glasses? The google doesn't help.
I haven't heard of de-mirrored glasses either
When you wear glasses and the sun would be sort of behind you, the light would reflect and you couldn't see, because you would be blinded sort of. (English isnt my first language, I am sorry)
Therefore to prevent this glasses are often coated several layers of some material, which prevents this.
In german we call it "entspiegelte Brillengläser"
You can notice this trough a slight green glare or reflection from the glasses.
In my physics A-level we learned sort of how this worked. The layer reflects some light and lets the other pass trough. The light wich passed trough will be reflected in the layer below and then shine out of the glasses again. The trick is to make the layer just thick enough so that the lightwave is shifted half a wavelength and therefore cancels out with the light which reflected at the first layer.
This is of course a simplification, but it works and can eaven be used to explain the effect I mentioned. Because the light is refracted at an angle you can calculate how thick the layer should be, but when you put the glasses into water the angle changes, since it is dependent on the lightspeeds of the two media.
So the angle changes, therefore the way and length the light passes trough the layer changes. Therefore now the orange wavelengths who cancelled out earlier are now visible and the green is not visible anymore.
Maybe the english word is anti-reflective glasses
Something just hit me. You said that the reason we can heat something indefinitely is due to temperature being a function of the speed the atoms jiggle in. So, isn't
there a limit for this speed? Can the atoms, in theory, jiggle faster than the speed of light?
I just had the axact same tought
Vsauce has a video called “How hot can it get?” in which he talks about an absolute hot. There’s actually a temperature, called the Planck temperature, at which the wavelength of the thermal radiation an object gives off would be shorter than the Planck length. So there has to be an absolute hot. If i recall correctly, tho, this would take more energy than we know of in the universe, and of course the atoms would dissolve into their fundamental particles at energies like that.
The temperature actually depends on the kinetic energy of the jiggle, not just the speed. If the atoms were to jiggle at the speed of light then the energy (and thus the temperature) would become infinite.
We can keep on increasing the temperature because we can get the atoms to jiggle closer and closer to the speed of light, but never reaching it.
Also quantum mechanics does put a limit on maximum temperature but that's a different matter
They are not longer atoms after a point.
Now, if they keep mass, that means the more you heat the sample the harder is to make it hotter.
My thought was along these lines:
Eventually you are going to cause those atoms to 'jiggle' themselves apart!
Super-colliders produce temperatures close to 10 trillion degrees for a reason....
1:21 not the Fahrenheit scale, that's stupid hahaha so true
Fahrenheit is way more precise. That's just a fact.
@@RicardoMontania In what world do you live in that a temperature can be more "precise"? It's a flat out worse scale scientifically lmao
@@RicardoMontania no its not
One of the only reasons people hate Fahrenheit is because while in Celsius water freezes at 0, it freezes at 32 in Fahrenheit. However, if we were to just adjust the Fahrenheit scale by lowering it by 32 degrees, which we already do when we convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius, then that eliminates the issue most people have with Fahrenheit, giving us an Improved Fahrenheit scale where water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 180 degrees. And since 9 Fahrenheit degrees are equal to 5 Celsius degrees, with this Improved Fahrenheit scale we can get finer temperature gradients like the regular Fahrenheit scale with a more consistent freezing and boiling point like Celsius.
@@gakulon Why do we want a scale that is based on the freezing temperature of a solution of brine made from equal parts of ice, water and a salt (ammonium chloride)? why not just use decimal points in the centigrade scale? I find that to be a way better solution.
"If you're trying to work out something for yourself, it's really helpful if someone else has already done a much better job."
Words of wisdom that are truly funny.
I am
now trying to remember
what we did in the lab over forty years ago
to demonstrate Charles Law
I remember getting a lot of plots
so a lot of measurements were taken
and we were quite amazed
that most people got a very similar extrapolation point
I seem to remember it being necessary to
have dry gas but the precise set up eludes me.
If centigrade is anything with 100 gradations between freezing and boiling points of water, then Kelvin is centigrade too, isn't it? :)
Good point!
Yep, by definition it’s based on the centigrade scale. It’s the centigrade scale adjusted so zero is absolute zero not the freezing point of water. That’s all it is .
Yup... It's just a shifted Kelvin scale
I can't thank you enough for doing what you do. You walk a fine line of education and entertainment and you do it quite well.
I like this short video/long video rhythm! Gives us great quality with the longer ones
When trying to work something out, it's always nice if someone has done it before you, and better.
That's a mood right there.
there's only a finite supply of energy so you cannot go on heating something forever
1:20 👍
"Not on the Fahrenheit scale, that's stupid"
Made my Day
Correct me if I'm wrong, please but I don't think you can increase temperature indefinitely. If the hotter body emits shorter electromagnetic waves then you hit the Planck length of the wavelength at some point or the Planck time of the wave period. And that limits the maximum energy of the body.
What you are describing is the plank temperature at 1.416785(16)×1032 K. We don't know that it is impossible for an object to be hotter, our understanding of physics just ceases to function.
@@vincentbensch7164, thanks for answering. That makes sense.
It is also possible that the black body radiation equation we know and love is incomplete..A bit like the Newtonian physics before Einstein. It is a good enough approximation at low temperatures ("low" compared to Plank temperature, that is), but may need a correction at higher temperatures, sort of like Newton's equations need a correction at relativistic speeds. Based on what the correction is, the "absolute hot" may be nowhere near the Plank temperature. It may even be infinity.
Hello, allow me to introduce myself. Call me Designator, I am the metaphysical multidimensional beep boop likeness of an assembled subsistence beyond your cosmium, universe and multiple degrees of delineation of any reasonable astucious accumulative insight into this makeup. Anyways enough of this confabulatory poppycock, I have come to your scrubly wumbly disarray corner of this cosmic universe to relay to you that my mixtape is indeed the hottest thing there is.
@@olmostgudinaf8100, thanks for that addition. You sound like being true.
The captions from 15:43 onwards make it 10x funnier than it already is 😂
Hey Steve, in your second experiment, one possible reason for the lower value (apart from measurement errors and the piston friction) might be the humidity in the air in the tube, since you used room air that has humidity that will condense at freezing temperatures, leading to lower temperature derived for absolute zero
I loved the gradual improvement to experimental setup and the reminder that Physics is not equations in a book, but reality and what's happening right in front of our eyes. But at the same time, subject to all the failures and variation of doing things for real.
I would have also tried to dither the syringe, pluck it and push it to get the upper and lower bound of the "stickiness" of the syringe, or tried to do the liquid volume calculator with a non-volatile liquid like mercury
This was essentially an A level physics class😂
Yes! Except more fun (for me anyway) because I wasn't trying to learn or internalise anything, just go "oh yeah this feels a bit familiar" and enjoy the ride.
Should've been p V=N Kb T to be classify as physics :)
@@jadoei13 nah
I am 14 from Egypt and I have been watching u for months and I really love your vids
Thanks!
@@SteveMould ❤️
Hey Steve, there was no year zero - 1BC was followed by 1AD. The concept of zero as a number hadn't been invented when that Dionysius chap was alive.
Wow dude, you just blew my mind! I didn't know that. I am a software developer, and the min value of the type DateTime is first of January of year 0001 and not 0000, but it never clicked for me, until now..
Roman times... They were the best!
Actually, in ISO 8601, there is a year 0, aka 1 BC. And ISO 8601 year -1 is 2 BC
2:17 - Strictly speaking, the man's name was Celsius (not Celcius - and the other man's name was Planck, not Plank). Also, 0 was the boiling point while 100 was the freezing point (yes, Celsius's original centigrade scale went the opposite way).
Also, molecules still "jiggle" at absolute zero. It's called zero point energy (and is why helium never freezes, for example, and just becomes silly instead).
"And that is not terrible" me in every physics lab in college
The Russian way of measuring things
Somniarez with nuclear bombs
SN X 1881 will this piece of furniture fit in my living room?
*blows up house attempting to measure with a nuke
It will now!
@Somniarez " How do North Koreans measure things? "......With bad haircuts.......
How do I see you everywhere?
You should have gone outside a plane, I've heard is cold there!
Ah yes that's why I have this vodka too
Coolest Vodka in the world
I find him saying "Not farenheight, that's stupid" I love that it made me laugh.
You'll find using Celsius easy if you focus on 20 degrees, which is room temp (68F). Each ten degree shift is a different clothing situation:
0 freezing 32
10 cool 50
20 indoor 68
30 warm 86
40 hot 104
Body temp 37
Could have used the 'Rankine' scale - absolute zero is 0 on that one too
I’m always left with an absolute zero in my bottle of vodka...
Same here... Was it you?
Pronto only if the teenagers were the problem 😂
“That is not terrible,“ but it seems like you’ve been hanging out with Matt Parker a bit too much.
2:18 You could’ve put three ‘p’s in Triple Point rather than just two 😁
But there's already a p in point
@@KaliTakumi I think you've missed the point... 😁
@@AguaFluorida You mean the pppoint
If I was shown the picture at 4:17 and told "This is Steve Mould's grandfather when he was a young man" I'd have probably said, "Sure, I can see the resemblance".
What about the Rankine scale? Water freezes at 492 degrees Rankine, I learned that at University
Isn't there a theoretical max temperature named "Absolute hot
" or Plank temp?
Yesi think soo too. commented this too.
@@lurji lol @ don't count on it.
@@frozensakura9307 no there isn't? All planck units just unites that set the 5 fundamental constants to 1. There is nothing inherent about them that means they are somehow the "biggest" or "smallest" units possible.
Before you start, yes, when something is at planck's temp, its black body radiation will have the wavelength of 1 planck unit, but now you still need to explain how the planck length is somehow the smallest unit in the universe.
Some random trivia: The charge of an electron is called an elementary charge, it's useful because most things have a whole multiple of that charge (quarks can have some 1/3 electron charge apparently, so most). The planck charge is over 70k electron charges. Are you disappointed by planck units yet?
Did Jesus have a friend named Wilson who got lost at sea?
"because im an arseho-" lmao
I loved the use of "equilibriate" [~10:28] instead of "equalize". 😝
Edit: actually, Merriam-Webster does define a word "equilibrate" [not "equilibriate"] that means what you meant, but I think "equalize" is the simpler, more common way of phrasing it.
For some reason I could not for the life of me find this video with vodka in the search terms. I literally searched variations of "steve mould absolute zero vodka" and it refused to show up. I finally found it after removing vodka
0:05
"Steve, open the door right now, young sir!"
"Honey, hes doing science again!! What are we going to do... :'( "
“Not Fahrenheit that’s stupid” the man said it himself! USA it’s time to change:)
I think we’ve noticed this by now. It’s just that all machines, programs, and other things are designed in Fahrenheit. It would be extremely expensive and difficult to change this. The logistics is what’s preventing us. Imagine the chaos if we had 2 systems colliding with each other. Imagine screwing up temperatures or lengths by entering the number in the wrong unit. We should have changed back in the day when it would have been easier to.
Technically the USA is actually metric, it’s just that most of the USA hasn’t implemented it. The signed on to the SI unit treaty, and NASA and several other government agencies use metric. It’s only the general population and things intended for them that are still Imperial (this includes Fahrenheit)
It's too much of a hassle. The cost is greater than the benefit of switching. They tried it decades ago. It would certainly be even harder now.
Don't worry, when we start a new civilization on the Moon or Mars, I'm sure they'll use Metric.
Multiple failures at the National Aeronautical and Space Administration have already occurred due solely to mismanaged metric conversions and notations.
@@-a13x-75 Actually due to international markets most machines and traded weights are measured in SI units, but branded (for US only) in customary units.
The irony of crapping on Fahrenheit and using a salt water bath.
I don't get it. Care to explain?
@@fatsquirrel75 Fahrenheit allegedly, in his madness, used a salt water bath to find the coldest point - his zero point. Because that's the natural state in which water is commonly found and thus a precise and repeatable way to measure zero. /S
2:06 wait wait wait wait, hold up, 0 to one hundred is 101 gradations!
Well Steve did say between 0 to 100 ...oh but wait between 0 to 100 there are only 99 !!
That was the most entertaining of your videos I have seen so far... not to imply it’s the absolute pinnacle you’ve attained (or will attain), because I haven’t seen all your work BUT, in my relatively pathetic sampling of your output THAT was most fun. Ta!
Fahrenheit is an absolute scale. 0F is zero of something- zero reason to go outside
1) Farenheit: That's stupid
2) Logical representation of Jesus
Absolute madlad. I'm a fan.
We usually call it "Englishmen" down where I live, but sure!
7:57 9:35 Welcome to Steve Mould's experimental half hour
"So Magnus plays 1.e4 and it was in this position that the opponent resigned"
Improve the experiment by adding a pressure gauge to the syringe. You can adjust the plunger to adjust the internal pressure to atmospheric pressure before taking a volume reading. Thus eliminating the error because of friction of the plunger against the walls.
Perfect experiment for first semester chemistry students. Definitely talk to our physical chemistry professor about that one in physical chemistry lab in first semester.
Not a lot of UA-camrs actually do a “formal” experiment like this. Usually I’d find doing this type of thing tedious and boring, but this was so cool! Thanks!
1:43 There are no degrees on the Kelvin scale!
Since the Kelvin scale is a scale of absolute units they are referred to as "kelvins" rather than "degrees kelvin."
Exactly! He excuses for saying centigrades but talks about grades on Kelvin scale!
He didn't refer to them as "degrees kelvin", at least not at the time stamp you provided. He said the degrees (meaning subdivisions) on both scales are the same size. A degree is a common noun with a meaning, it doesn't have to be part of an SI unit's name to be used in a sentence. In fact, it would sound rather stupid to say "a degree on the celsius scale and *a kelvin on the kelvin scale* are the same size", wouldn't it...?
@@RFC-3514 I hear you, but saying "a degree on the kelvin scale" is equivalent to saying "a degree on the meter scale." It's valid English, but it's just as redundant as saying "a kelvin on the kelvin scale." There is a single word for the concept that those statements are trying to convey, and it's in the statement already!
@@EldariusGG - No one measures length in _degrees,_ and there is nothing known as "the meter scale". That analogy is nonsense.
Steve's use of the word is absolutely correct in English. A degree in the kelvin scale is called one kelvin. It is still _a degree in the kelvin scale_ (meaning a step in that scale), it is not "a kelvin in the kelvin scale".
@@RFC-3514 «A degree Celsius is the same size as a Kelvin.» Does it sound stupid?
BTW, do you mean I can say «a degree metre»?
Steve def smoked a bong or two in uni xD
chromostereopsis might be a fun thing to do a video on. Its an optical illusion created by red and blue colours (and green to some extent) near each other, it looks like red colours float on top on the blue colours by quite a bit. Really cool 3D effect.
Its caused by the refraction of light changing depending on wavelength, so they appear to be in different positions. The effect only works with both eyes, closing one stops it. Looks so cool aswell.
Steve, Another interesting and easy way to extrapolate to absolute zero is to measure the electrical resistance of metals, which is generally proportional to absolute temperature. For ductile metals without many defects, like platinum, the linearity is rather good. They are about as "ideal" resistors as gases are "ideal" gases. So, if I put a platinum wire in ice water (in fact, I can use a platinum RTD made for this purpose) I measure 100.0 ohms, and if I then place it in boiling water I get 138.5 ohms. That gives an absolute zero of -100*100/(138.5-100) = -259.7C Not great, but as good or better than trying to measure gas volume ratios!
You claim that you can heat something indefinitely, but if you heat a substance too much then theoretically it would collapse into a black hole (Kugelblitz)
A Kugelblitz is not a black hole! But you are right it can collapse in one
@@martinkasse1932 actually I'm pretty sure it is
@@martinkasse1932 Isn't it?
They're both regions of space behind a singularity caused by a density of mass-energy?
A Kugelblitz is a singularity originally formed by radiant energy concentrated in a small region. Presumably, any single object radiating such energy would itself form a singularity _long_ before its radiated energy did so.
14:18 so we could call that a "Parker experiment"?
So are thermometers like spedometers for atoms?
I love how you actually do the scince instead of just speaking about it.Makes it easier for me to understand how scientific experiments are done.
"...well not the farenhet, that's stupid..." 🤣🤣🤣 You made me giggle my good sir!
1:20 Hah instatnt like
0:56 “There’s no such thing as negative jiggle” I think an engineer would disagree with you there...
So would a LASER.
7:05 For the clickbait, yes, we get it **wink wink**
You missed rankine, can’t believe my favorite temperature scale is being ignored
Interesting conversation with one of my neighbours a few weeks ago. He said "You're like that Steve Mould guy on UA-cam". I asked what he meant. He replied " you're smart enough to figure shi...ahh.....stuff out for yourself and you're always happy to share what you learn and know but you do it in a way that's easy to understand". I said "Yeah, Steve is excellent like that." 👍😉 Thanks Steve. Cheers mate.
Awesome!
Um actually... There was no year 0. Don't believe me? Look it up!
Agreed! That's why years that are multiples of 10 are the last year of a decade, not the first year of the next decade. The 21st century didn't start until 2001.
Never send a scientist to do a historian's job.
@@outwithrealitytoo Or vice versa.
Absolut Vodka? A Brit turned Swede, Felix approves
Plank Temperature?
Absolut.
A possible way to deal with friction in the syringe: Use a force meter to pull the syringe with a set number of newtons, release, and record the volume. Then push it with the same number of newtons, release, and record the volume. The average of the two readings should be a more accurate measure of the real volume at 1 atm. Or even possibly do the same but record the volumes when pushing and pulling.
Im impressed with the way you explained one of the errors in the alcohol experiment WITHOUT
using the term "partial pressures"