Men of the Eagle - Roman and Byzantine Infantry
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- Опубліковано 29 вер 2024
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Made with iOS IbisPaint. Soundtrack used is the Industrial Rome, Medieval Sumeria, Industrial Scythia, Industrial Greece, and Atomic Scythia themes from the Civilization 6 OST, I don't own the rights to the tracks.
The whole grand sweep of Roman and Byzantine heavy infantry evolution from the 9th century BC to the 15th century AD. I've kept to calling them Byzantines mostly out of convention (yes they are Romans) but also to recognise them as their own distinctive culture.
One Etruscan disliked this.
and also don’t forget the Carthaginians
A total of five Samnites so far!
I honestly dont understand why people would click dislike on this?
@@charliestepson90 Bots, probably
some persians and arabs asw
The best explanation for the Varangian Bra that I've seen is that it helps with weight distribution, a common issue with heavy mail coats.
I figured the Lorica Segmentata stuck with people because of how unique, and possibly uniquely Roman, it was compared to the rest of their gear. We go from Greek styled hoplites to chainmail, Gallic helmets and Spanish swords... Then, out of nowhere, segmented plate armour that only sticks around for a portion of Rome's history and doesn't seem to come up anywhere else in history. As quickly as it appears, it's suddenly replaced by eastern scale armour and the latest in Gallic helmets. This is just conjecture, but people better versed in Roman history than me might have some more plausible theories.
That's definitely part of it. It's very clearly and obviously *Roman* compared to the rest of it, but it was expensive and complex to make compared to scalemail, chainmail, and lamellar armors.
I always love your art, but I really liked the additional facts as well. :)
Your style evolved beautifully
I always love Roman history and it's enemies.Thank you for this great work detailing types of soldiers Rome had from its rise and downfall.
Great video! Probably took a lot of time and research. And love that Civ soundtrack! Keep it going)
Thank you!
This most certainly saids another light on my view of Roman armor. Nice video!
the Byzantine Bra as you referred to it was used to take some of the weight off the shoulders as the belt is used to keep one's pants up this chest belt did the same for the shoulders minimizing the downward pull of the armour.
Nobody knows for which it was used and if it had any practical function at all.What you mention is classic theory which is however dobted by reenactors who had practical experience wearing it and experimating with it finding it as rather very unlikely theory.
Verangian bra. So when you wear strapping it is to attatch things to it. For example in the Strategikon it is specifically stated that tassles are to be attached to spears and armour. These were so that cases for weapons or weapons not in use could be secured to the person of the soldier either on foot or horseback. The Verangian bra will be nothing more than a yoke for the pack or weaponry or shield that they carry.
There are many ways in wich I could explain why this video is so fucking amazing...but so fucking amazing it's the only thing that comes to mind :)
What an amazing video ! You deserved more views man.
When the video mentions 'Central Asian' influence, it specifically means the North and East-Iranian nomadic pastoral tribes such as the Scythians, Sarmatians and Alans.
Also Turkic tribes (esp the Avars)
I really like this narration, keep it up dude!
Did you draw these?
Also, your narration is excellent! Really enjoyed this video and learned a lot. Thanks!
Yes i did, and i'm glad you liked it
So called "Varangian bra" (lol i hear this term first time in my life) is actually a chainmail mask hanging from the neck. For some reason early medieval mail is characterized by having a coif sewn onto it, you can see examples of it just hangin loose on the Bayeoux tapestry, but there are some tombstones which show the mask worn on the face.
yeah i've heard that theory too. Makes sense in the western context, but i still find it lacking to explain something like this www.pinterest.com/pin/573786808770977817/
@@foojer on this picture it is kinda difficult to make out what's this guy is wearing. This could easily be a scale armour so the harness would be very similar to linothorax (attaching back side of the armour to the front side to make it easier to wear). Since reconstructions of this harness for mail show that it was almost useless. I would have sent you a link to a podcast, but it's on Russian 🤷
Eh fair enough. I’ll just settle for it sometimes being the way you described, but not always
Great video ! For those interested, some monumental works regarding the Greek Byzantine Empire by three experts of Byzantine History, include;
Warren Treadgold;
“A Concise History of Byzantium”,
“A History of the Byzantine State and Society”,
“Byzantium and Its Army, 284-1081”,
“The Byzantine Revival, 780-842”.
Gustav Schlumberger;
“Un empereur byzantin au dixieme siecle: Nicephore Phocas”,
“Byzance et les croisades”,
“Récits de Byzance et des croisades”,
“ Le siege la prise et le sac de Constantinople par les Turcs en 1453”.
Sir Steven Runciman;
“Byzantine Civilization”,
“The Fall of Constantinople 1453”,
“The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence”,
“Byzantine Style and Civilization”,
“The Last Byzantine Renaissance”.
All epic. And thrilling.
very nice video, congrats!
Love the art work 🎉
As always, great video.
Hay can you do a video on the evolution of middle east infantry. From Babylon to the ottoman and safavids.
Wow 👌 thank you very much
segmentata still looks the best by far
I waited for this video
very underrated video...
Hey, thanks for this video! I have been trying to find a military history of the 7th century roman armies that fought against the early Muslim caliphate. There's not much out there, sadly. Would be interested in learning all the weapons they used in that time period too.
I don't see how people could dislike this
amazing, as always.
Well The Romans had that armor in the campaign agaisnt Dacians because the Dacians had a really anti-armor weapon and that is the Falx . Which was extreme effective against Heavy Infantry. In Romania is studied that The Dacians defeated a large nurmber of Roman soldiers because of that weapon.
Importance of falx is often over-dramatically exaggerated.It was not some sort of atomic bomb and Romans actually used such kind of armour both prior Dacian campaigns of Trajan and also long afterwards at completely different places and against completelydifferent enemies.Also-those two campaigns of Trajan were not first nor last conflicts Romans had with Dacians.
Would love to see something similar for Germanic warriors, maybe from late antiquity to the renaissance
so explaining the purpose of the varangian bra bc apparently none of you have any idea how bras work.
boobs are heavy if you gotta walk around with them day in and day out. so, you need something to support it. a bra provides support for booba as well as your back and shoulders. a varangian bra works similarly in the same way a belt does. it holds the mail and provides support for your back and shoulders so it makes carrying the weight a lot easier.
Nobody knows to what it served or if it ever had any practical use and not just decorative.And it didn't even named "bra" to make it clear.What you mention is popular theory which reenactors find very unlikely since they do have practical experience of wearing it on armour(and experimenting with it)but it is of no significant help as for more comfortable distribution of weight.
İ like when it comes to 1453 he said “for thr city!”
Byzantine is a nickname of Eastern rome, given around 17-th century when it was transforming into Russia.
Modern state of Russia is de-facto Eastern Rome or Byzantine.
Do wish that you included the shield designs of the Chi Rho and later western patterns that eventually became the practice of heraldry.
Chi-rho was very limitedly used symbol on shields.
Great video! Never noticed the Danubian guys. Every day in Life is a lesson 😅👌🏻
Everyday is school day my man
foojer True story. 👌🏻
That scale coif may have just been a roman stop gap to fill in for a short of helmets at the time, and was mostly made from pieces chest armor to badly damaged to fix.
Interesting, never heard that before but makes a lot of sense
@@foojer well in a age of constant grinding civil war and massive raids by Persian and Arab nomads, it would make sense to use everything and anything that was on hand.
Ps. I know is not really your thing but I have been working on concept art for more realistic warhammer fantasy unites from all faction, and I was wondering if I sent you the designs that you could make a episode on them?
In your style, just offering the concept art of course.😁
0:49 Etruscan pp helmet
I wonder if the varangian bra would be helpful in holding some of the chainmails weight so it wasn't all resting on your shoulders
That is what old theory suggested.Those with experience wearing it says it is unlikely it was there from this reason.
Why is it that most of Europe abandoned the cheek guards on helmets around the 700s
I just started watching, and civ 6 music??
Great video. Whats the music at 14:00?
It’s the Scythians Atomic theme from Civ 6
Dear Foojer:
Wouldn't the Byzantine soldiers use something like:
Νικα!, Προσνικης!, Φιλρωμανια, η Δοξα εις Θεον! ;
(Victory!, To victory!, I love Rome! or otherwise Glory to God!) .
Byzantines were one of the most mixed race empires of history, its amazing how the people in these time could left behind their differences cause christianism and roman culture keep them together
more with voice pls
It's interesting how what we imagine as the iconic roman legionary armour is actually pretty early, and short lived, in Rome's history.
*late
Cause it looks cool as fuck
It was some of the most effective.
Just expensive to make and a bitch to maintain.
When it comes to war, especially for the Boots, cost efficiency trumps raw performance every time.
@@TaRAAASHBAGSunless of course production difference is very small
@@TaRAAASHBAGSSegmentata was actually not that expensive to craft or maintain. Hamata, on the other hand, took forever to be made and consumed more metal, but was cheaper to maintain.
Your voice sounds nice, like you could voice a podcast
Romans always took the best from every people they met, and assimilated them in time
The real strong of Rome
"complain less / adapt more " ;)
And eventually they met people who would not be assimilated and the empire broke from corruption.
No matter how sad the Fall of the Byzantine Empire and missing the opportunity to become the biggest irony by turning into a republic in modern era, I am glad it lasted this long
lol that would've been awesome
Or even better: it turns back into a republic in the wake of the French Revolution, but then some time during the 19th century it reverts back to a kingdom, with a Roman king. Thus the cycle would be complete: from monarchy to republic to empire to republic to kingdom.
Or even better: World War 1 begins and the Republic of the Byzantine reverts back into an empire.
That is interesting, what about a large number of former byzantine refugees find safety on Malta and later going on to settle in new Spain eventually revolting and making the western Roman republic of Mexico.🤔
When the Byzantine empire fell, it was still the Roman Res Publica(or in Greek, Politeia). It never abandoned being a "Republic" or stopped calling itself that. It's just that the Romans didn't have the same definition that the modern term does.
The difference in quality with your earlier work is stunning to say the least. You've gone from good to magnificent. The shine on the armour and the leather belts was just amazing
Thanks mate:)
Seeing all this variety in Roman Arms and Armor kinda makes me sad that when in Fantasy there's a faction that is supposed to be an expy of the Roman Empire (The Empire of Cyrodiil in the Elder Scrolls, and especially Skyrim, for instance), they always default to the "Galea and Lorica Segmentata" look of the Imperial Legionaries, just because it is the most well-known Roman Infantry. Just look at the Danubian Legionary at 3:44 ! The armor almost looks early Medieval, and has a very striking look to it.
Or anything from the 4th Century onwards, really. Eastern Rome and the Byzantine Empire are severely overlooked in Fantasy when it comes to taking inspiration for a faction.
Also, I think the Varangian Bra was probably there to distribute the weight of the armor from just resting on a soldier's shoulders and hips (belt).
Well I hear that Mount and Blade Bannerlord has a Byzantium expy
From Hong Kong, but spent time in Canada
In the distant future yes:)
Imperial faction in Bannerlord are heavily inspired by 8-11 century Eastern Roman Army.
Bannerlord made a nice attempt at escaping the more stereotypical looking Roman infantry, with clear Eastern Roman influences.
Stop reminding me of 1435 bro you make me depressed.
Loricatvs 1527 1453* 😊👍🏻
I understand what you mean.
It's also the year the English were finally kicked out of France (minus Calais)
@@Duke_of_Lorraine you, I know you, you comment frequently on extra history.
@@richraichu4068 haha, lmao me too I recognized him
After rewatching this, all I wanna see is Roman/ Byzantine uniforms in the Napoleonic wars ... Ohh god this quarantine is affecting my brain, I am daydreaming.
Now that would be cool....
@@foojer Yeah Byzantium surviving is one of the great What If's of History.
There's DLC in EU4 for that.
@@Ezpazmic Yeah and in Tier 4 the Infantry Musketman wears plate cuirass, THE INFANTRYMAN!!!
They would probably wear Maroon uniforms similar to a Russian uniform.
I don't know why, but everytime I saw you draw the pattern for chain mail, I felt so satisfied. Especially the moment when you finished filling the last part of the chain mail.
Same here man
The Trapezountines as you called them definitely called themselves Roman and their ancestors till this day still call themselves Roman. My family are the descendants of the Trapezountines.
This was one of your best videos. I also think, your drawings gets better and better, compared to your first video of the roman army. I also liked the historical background facts. You could really imagine, how and why the troopers evolved in that manner.
What I would really like to see would be germanic or iberian troopers from antiquity to the renaissance
The evolution of German and Iberian troopers from antiquity to the Renaissance would be pretty cool
The Gothians could be a remarkable fantasy inspiration. The blended Gothic, Byzantine and possibly Turkish influences must be something!
if only we knew more about them!!
Commentary is a great addition makes this video leagues better than your other ones which are already really good.
Great video, I always wondered what late Byzantine soldiers looked like and I would see some films of the Siege of Constantinople where the Byzantines are wearing early Middle Age spangenhelmets
Yeah film studios just use whatever medieval props they have at hand I guess
foojer And, they‘ve never opened a history book either.
Started with “For the city”, ended with “For the city”.
For Rome And Byzantium!
Severan dynasty/Crisis of the Third Century reenactor here. Thank you for representing 3rd century AD troops with accuracy.
The world is ready to accept the aesthetical superiority of Niederbieber helmets!
In matter of events, the 193-284 AD period (Middle Imperial) makes Game of Thrones look bland 😈
Nice:) I've always wondered tho, are Niederbieber helmets very uncomfortable to wear? They seem to offer great protection but your head is almost completely encased, plus you can't tilt your head up while wearing it
@@foojer I can tilt my head but to a limited extent, I'd say. They're not uncomfortable, as I wear mine with a proper galericum below.
Such a tragedy that Diocletian's reforms phase them out due to the cost and time to their fabrication, even if some models survived throughout the 4th century.
@@foojer Although crouching position is definitely a challenge, to say the least.
That's why archeologists think the Roman soldiers found gassed by sulfur dioxide in one underground tunnel during the siege of Dura-Europos in 256 AD didn't wear helmets.
@Deniz Metinoğlu T. Those are my two favorite emperors. They deserve either movies or series about them.
Have you social media? Is hard to found reenactor groups from that awesome but neglected period of the roman history
Rome falls - I slep
Constantinople falls - I cry
Same man and even worse is that in 1923 the greeks lost all hopes of regaining Constantinople
hidden aren’t you ashamed?
@@wv8d Dont wory, one day, we will reclaim Constantinople in name of NATO and nonmuslim world.
@@honzavasicek well probably but not anytime soon since the city is too heavily turkified
@@honzavasicek nope.
great work! it's funny and maybe a little sad to see them start from "for the city" and end with the same phrase, but nothing stays forever, does it
6:31
Greetings from Berkasovo, Serbia!
Great video, would love one of various barbarians gear over time, such as one specifically of all the Celtic styles from the Hallstatt period to the Jacobite rebellion or of the all the Scytho-sarmartian styles from the Greeks descriptions to the Alans of the Middle Ages
Yes! I would love to see (at least a speculative look of) the Huns, Hepthalites, Kutrigurs, Avars, Bulgars, Magyars, Pechenegs... and so on!
Ooo and/or a tour of the different Germanic successors in the west: Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Vandals, Franks, Gepids, Lombards, and Heruli
0:05 you forgot that some time in the 8th century romans started wearing skin, they would still depict sculptures skinless throughout the century
I love how you included Trebizond and Theodoro in there. Way too often overlooked parts of Byzantine history!
Theodoro is particularly ignored, there's really not much about them out there.
In the later Empire start using the spatha but they still use the Gladius
It always amazes me how greeks were romans for several centuries.
One thing I would like to see is the Maurian troops. Supposedly parts of North Africa remained "culturally Roman" up until the invasion of the Islamic caliphate.
North Africa was still part of the Roman Empire when it was conquered by the Caliphate around the year 700.
7:28 most common attila total war roman infantry
Support more videos like this www.patreon.com/foojer
Made with iOS IbisPaint. Soundtrack used is the Industrial Rome, Medieval Sumeria, Industrial Scythia, Industrial Greece, and Atomic Scythia themes from the Civilization 6 OST, I don't own the rights to the tracks.
The whole grand sweep of Roman and Byzantine heavy infantry evolution from the 9th century BC to the 15th century AD. I've kept to calling them Byzantines mostly out of convention (yes they are Romans) but also to recognise them as their own distinctive culture.
6:29 is labelled incorrectly, should be a Deurne helmet
foojer ik
Ok
Mhm that’s the first time I heard an English Person pronouncing a German word perfectly... I am impressed with all of your vids! I stumbled upon you like 3 videos ago and instantly subbed! This is amazing content, keep it up!
Ah good to know all my years of learning German haven’t gone to waste:)
Cutting off at 1453 feels like history’s best tv series got cancelled. Byzantium should have lasted until modernity.
I love it how you describe Triarius as "old farts" lmao.
Great video. This kind of presentation of the different types of soldiers is respectable.
A little sidenote: The common use of trousers in the 4th century, not only a germanic influence, but also hunnic too. Probably the the first people in Europe who were wearing trousers were horse nomads. (If I know correctly, we do not have hystorical presentation for wearing trousers, only after the apperance of the huns in Europe, wich happend also in the 4th century. It is possible, that the roman armadopted the trousers from the huns.)
Roman soldiers have been wearing trousers in northern Europe since the late Republic. they didn't just freeze to death
@@histguy101 If I know correctly the first roman illustration of the trousers, is from the Column of Arcadius. And this monument was made after the arriving of the huns to Europe.
I do not say that the trousers on roman soldiers were only hun influence. But this horse nomad nation certainly had some influence on roman military.
@@frosthammer2386 Perhaps, but the Romans were in contact with trousers wearing peoples very early on, such as the Celts, from whom they adopted all sorts of things, like their armor, helmets, shields, swords, etc.
By the late Republic, soldiers were wearing 3/4 length pants with leg warmers.
I don't think we can say they adopted pants from the Huns, as Roman pants were tight-fitting, like leggings. The Huns and Avars wore very billowy, baggy trousers, which would be seen as feminine in Roman society. They thought a man's muscular legs should not be hidden.
@@histguy101 It could happened. One little side note: that 'very billowy' part, with the pants of the Huns and the Avars is not really true in my opinion.
They had baggy trousers, that's true. But only to a certain degree. The trousers were made in a way, that they won't be limitation in certain movements.
But this type of very baggy trousers, worn by the Turks (in the Middle Ages) for example, was not really common among Huns, Avars, or Hungarian people.
The term "Romioi" or Roman in the Byzantien world means only Greek/Hellen and well, almost all the armors and arms of the Byzantines were made in the Hellenesitic/Oriental way as the Strategikon and many other military treatises suggest.
Firstly claim that by "Roman" they in fact meant "Greek" is old outdated and totally false claim mostly propagated by modern greek nationalists and few nationalist greek historians.That by Roman they meant Roman and not something else was demonstrated without any rooms for doubts.I will gladly provide you literature if needed.Second half of your reaction is also incorrect and used in manipulative way in order to try support first part of your reaction which is the sole reason for why you wrote it.Roman army across its entire history always adopted its gear from outside world both from west and the east.In "Byzantine" times they mostly copied ways of the eastern nations and some practicies were going back to ancient greek armies but you are misusing that fact in very manipulative way.
@@paprskomet It is the theory that has the most support for modern Byzantinisms and as your little knowledge shows. It is the theory that has more evidence about its medieval identity.
I am not a Greek nationalsite, I am a Peruvian Byzantinist who studies in Germany and who personally read several Byzantine manuscripts, both originals and copies, including the Mauritian strategikon, Basilika's Basilika, and among the military and cultural traces they were called Greek You acknowledge that they had adopted the Hellenic war system and not the Roman one.
In an expedition made by Nikeforos Fokas writes that the phalanx system that the Byzantines used was a model based on a Macedonian Alexandrina phalanx that never saw the light due to the death of Alexandro and this was one of several military formations inherited and adopted by the Byzantines because it was their culture, it was effective and iconic.
Just to quote even Byzantine Generals of what you call "fake and Greek nationalist propaganda"
'Lads, have pride in your manhood, and don't allow yourselves to have the hearts of women! What cowardice makes you always run away? Remember your forefathers whose courage made the whole world subject to them. Hector, the bravest of men, fell before the arms of Achilles. Troy was reduced to flames by the Mycenean fury. India knew of the gallantry of Philip. Did not his son Alexander through his bravery make the strongest of kingdoms submit to the Greeks? The west and indeed every part of the world was once in fear of us. What people, hearing the name of the Greeks, dared to stand before them in the field? Towns, fortresses and cities could scarcely render their enemies safe from their power. Be valiant, I pray you, remember the courage of your ancestors, and don’t disgrace them by placing your trust in your feet [alone]! He who dares to fight like a man will overcome the strength of the enemy. Try to follow in the footsteps of your ancestors, and abandon now any idea of flight. All the world should know that you are men of courage. One should not fear the Frankish people in battle, for they are inferior both in numbers and in courage. '
The Byzantines used to put meanders and suns of Vergina on their shields, armor, swords, etc. and this is a hint of their Hellenic consciousness compared to all the evidences that exist.
I only mention meanders and suns of Vergina because they are the best known to normal people but apart from these Hellenic traces there is an infinity of art, equipment, architecture ect that shows that their civilization and society was "Christian Hellenic" and they were aware of it. Then you should do a little research on your part before speaking so confidently.
@@ΘΕΟΦΑΝΩΚΟΜΝΗΝΟΣ
Firstly-your knowlidge of Roman army during mediaval times is very vague if you limit it only on greek legacy.That demonstrates only your ignorance about it.
Secondly you will hardly prove what you want to prove by merely cherrypicking one isolated passage which is moreover not even written by Byzantine Roman but latin writting guy from the west under Norman rule.I can provide you several such passagies written directly by Romans where they manifest quite clearly what they mean under Roman and it is not "a Greek".In some cases-especially in later centuries you can find pasages where they talk about themselves at one sentence as about continuators of both ancient Romans and Greeks.Greek nationalists are typicilly using sources only from very last centuries of empires existence when very small minority of intellectuals started to view themselves as Greeks(out of complex set of reasons which cant be ignored) but we do know that this was not the case with majority of "Byzantine" population,nor the state itself ever gave up of of their claim on being direct continuation of ancient Roman Empire.
Thirdly somthing to read for you:
By Anthony Kaldellis:
-"Romanland: Ethnicity and Empire in Byzantium"
-"The Byzantine Republic: People and Power in New Rome"
-"Hellenism in Byzantium: The Transformations of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition."
By Gill Page:
-"Being Byzantine: Greek Identity Before the Ottomans"
By Ioannis Stouraitis:
-"Roman identity in Byzantium: a critical approach"
Did you read anything from it?
...and of course there is also an ocean of original Roman sources from that period but you either despise with them or decided to ignore what they say to you which is like not seeing elephant in a room.
In the meantime,if you want,try to confront me with something better than just text from western writter ,.-) !!!
@@paprskomet Yes well then you refuse to believe history and modern Byzantinists and even claim that my source is a European and not a Byzantine General.
You don't even bother to justify why and you just call it European without giving any explanation, leaving aside that your mentioned Byzantinists can be found by anyone just by searching Byzantinism in Google, it's a shame that you think the theory that Anthony Kaldellis supports is so superficially and as your even poorer knowledge on the subject suggests, it seems that you did not read his books nor that of any of the Byzantinists you mentioned. Curiously
one of them taught me, like Ioannis Stouraitis at the University of Patras but if you decide not to put any evidence of what you say and you only mention 3 questionable citations that are from a modern point of view, let me quote you some not to say all serious Byzantinists that support the Greek identity theory.
1. Aug. Heisenberg, Byzantinist:
"Byzantine is the Christianized Roman state of the Greek nation" (Staat und Gesellschaft des byzantinischen Reiches, Die Kultur der Gegenwart, p. 364)
2. D. Talbot Rice, Byzantinist:
"Byzantium must really be studied as a chapter in the long history of Greek culture and Greek thought" (Byzantines, 26)
3. Arnold Toynbee, Byzantinist, in The Greeks and Their Legacies:
He speaks of the "power of the Hellenized Roman Empire" (p. 71)
"The Greeks had identified with the Roman Empire and had appropriated it" (p. 116)
"In the 5th century the empire continued to be nominally Roman, but in fact it had become Greek and remained Greek" (p. 187)
"The Roman Empire itself came to be appropriated by the Greeks during this transitional period" (p. 187)
"The Greeks finally made the Roman Empire their own" (p. 212)
4. H.-G. Beck, Byzantinist:
"The empire became 'Byzantine' because conquered Greece had once again won in the spiritual realm and could now regard state power and state organization, which were initially so foreign to it, as a framework within which one could pursue a career., And to excel without having to leave the commons to the Latins ”(The Byzantine Millennium, p. 38).
5. St. Runciman, Byzantinist:
"I do not think that modern Greeks are more Greek than the Byzantines" (Interview with L. Thomas)
6. L. Brehier, Byzantinist:
"The Byzantine state is the organic development of the Roman Empire, but it became Greek and Christian and we find in it united the three fundamental elements of European culture: Hellenism, Roman law and Christianity" (Le dιvelopement des historie Byzantine, Revue d ' Auvergne, vol. 18, p. 34)
7. Ch. Diehl, Byzantinist:
He considers the Byzantine Greeks, refers to the Hellenization of Romania after Heraklion (History of the Byzantine Empire, p. 69 et seq.) And writes that the Roman means the Greek.
8. Ostrogorsky, Byzantinist:
He writes about the time of Heraklion (7th c.) "Byzantium, although it always remains firmly attached to Roman political ideas and traditions, changes into a medieval Greek state" (History of the Byzantine State, vol. A ', p. 217 )
9. JB Bury, Byzantinist:
"The civilization of the Byzantine state, having deep roots in the past, was the last phase of Greek culture" (History of the later Roman empire from the death of Theodosius I to the death of Justinian)
10. Alexander Kazdan, Byzantinist:
In a study he emphasizes that the Empire was Greek, although it contained some minorities, Armenians, Italians, Slavs (Alexander Kazhdan and Antony Cutler, "Continuity and Discontinuity in Byzantine History", Byzantion vol. 32 (1982), p. 465)
11. Gyula Moravcsik, Hellenist-philologist:
He writes that it is better to talk about Hellenology than Byzantinology (Byzantion, vol. 25 (1965), pp. 291-301).
Leaving aside that Kaldellis also recognizes Hellenic continuity and that the theory he supports is harshly criticized by modern Byzantism due to its potential lack of proof and massive modern views.
Clearly you don't have the slightest idea of what it is to study the Byzantines and unlike you, I took my citations from my books and not from the total war 2 forums and I can still give you more.
PS: Read the history of the Greek nation maybe you convince yourself that they were Greeks.
@@ΘΕΟΦΑΝΩΚΟΜΝΗΝΟΣ Just about every ancient Roman writer extolled the virtues and vices of the Homeric heroes or Alexander, or others, etc in their writings. The earliest Roman historians even wrote only in Greek. Every time a general or Emperor launched an expedition east, he was compared, or compared himself to Alexander. This includes Crassus, Mark Anthony, Trajan, Lucius Verus, Septimius Severus, etc. Conversely, when Heraclius concluded his war against Persia, he returned in Triumph, and the Senate at Constantinople hailed him as "Scipio."
Byzantine emperors traced their power back to Aeneas, Romulus, Augustus, and Constantine.
Suggesting that an English transliteration of the Greek transliteration of "Roman" meant anything other than "Roman" is asinine.
When Gregory of Tours in his Frankish history(in Latin) refers to the Byzantines, he calls them the "Res Publica" of the Romans, and conversely, Procopius (in Greek) calls the Roman citizens under Vandalic and Gothic rule in Africa and Italy Ῥωμαῖοι.
When Byzantine military manuals use the term "Phalanx," they aren't referring to some specific Hellenistic style of fighting, but simply using the Greek word of the time for "military formation."
You're emphasizing far too much of a distinction between "Greek" and "Roman" to begin with, then retroactively removing one from the other. Neither the classical era Romans, nor Medieval era Romans are going to fit into these stereotypes you've created for them.
For instance, anecdotes about "Macedonian strategies and tactics" from Byzantine military treatises do nothing for your point when classical Roman military treatises contained them also, and it is from those Classical Roman era sources that the Byzantine sources took influence from.
Lastly, the Byzantines never stopped considering their empire a universal empire, even when all they had left was a city.
"Roman" was never an ethnic identity. The original Romans were Latins, Sabines, Etruscans, Greeks, other Italics, along with the descendants of Trojan refugees(according to legend). It was a city state and citizenship.
I think very early Roman and neighbouring Italian warriors having gear resembling Gallic gear (with Greco-Etruscan influence) is because, quite likely, a subsection of the Roman and Italian tribes WERE Celtic cousins of the Iberians and Gauls in the first place.
The Romans were partly Hellenised Celts from the onset (and the near by Samnites even wore Celtic style neck torques).
well they did live near the celts so their cultural influence must of had some effect on the tribes of the Italian peninsular.
Well the Insubres for example, who aided Hannibal in his invasion, were celtic. At the time they lived in northern Italy on the south side of the Alps. So we know for a fact that there were celtic tribes in what is now called Italy. Of course that place wasn't thought to be Italy or Roman territory at that time, not until Rome won against Hannibal and conquered the Insubres that is. The Insubres people eventually all became full citizens of Rome, so by then you would assume there to be a lot of celtic influences parted to the majority culture of Rome. There definitely are celtic influences in Roman things before that, but it could come from trade and copying enemy war materiel.
@@myfaceismyshield5963 Maybe the earlier European Celts copied a lot from Greco-Etruscan Italians too, with armoured vests, "Celtic" helmets, and scutum shields having a mixed Italian origin in their basic forms.
The Trebizon empire did think of themselves as the Roman since the last ruling dynasty of Trebizon was the Komnenoi, who ruled the Eastern Rome in the 11th century to 13th century.
I love Roman history
15:44
So you're telling me that tall hat isn't the most Turkish looking thing ever? lmao
They took it from the byzantines I think
@@Damo2690
Nah. The Fez was a mixture of turkic and levantine headgears afaik
@@RexGalilae The fez only became official in the 19th century actually. Tall hats back then were mostly Slavic-Byzantine stuff
@@shako4907
Ooh TIL. Interestingly, the Fez is still worn today in the Levant and Turkey and as far away as Morocco, giving everyone the impression that it had middle Eastern origins since Slavs and greco-romans don't wear it anymore
@@RexGalilae Nobody wear it today if somebody wear this everybody will make fun of you. Fez comes from Fas in Turkish Language which means Morocco. Probably Fez originated from Morocco.
Your drawings improve in quality over time, just like the Roman army did :)
How can we evolve from this 3:35, to the rest of infantry men showed... this in an insult.
It's not an evolution. The one at 3:35 is a stereotype, the one immediately after is an actual soldier's depiction. They existed at the same time. Perhaps the first was for parades, and the second for actual battle.
Thank you for this Great Video showing also the often forgot Late Roman and Byzantine Army and also the Little Empires. (Trebizond, Soissons)
Seeing all these soldiers and all these eras put together, I can't help but think of how many things could've gone wrong, and how changing small details would've altered history in a gigantic way. What if the Samnites won? What if Hannibal pushed towards Rome and took it? Or even much earlier, what if Rome was crushed during the Latin Wars? Or on the contrary, what if the Byzantines managed to restore the former Roman territory?
There was a latin saying "It's come to the Triarii" which is basically the roman equivalent of "Shit hit the fan".
I do wonder what that 3rd Century BC Roman Princeps would think of the 4th Century AD Legionary. Would he even recognize him as "Roman"?
This is a highly valuable video for anyone who wants to do their own historical artwork. Showing all the layers beneath the armor is important, because it let's everyone know how the gear was put together.
By 1453 the once mighty Roman Army was reduced to a small professional force of 7,000 men.
Yet despite the inevitable end of the Roman state, they still managed to defend Constantinople for almost 2 months against 80,000 Ottomans.
Now do a part 2 with Holy *Roman* Empire, Seljuks of *Rum,* and the *Tzardom* of Russia. 😜 jk nice video.
On the Varangian Bra, it was probably used to help take the weight off the shoulders. With mail shirt, it isn’t super necessary, but it would be an improvement, so I could absolutely see them doing it for that reason
This theory is the most often mentioned but reenactors doubt this being really the case as from their experience it do little to work like that.
usually athletes wear straps or what not to increase stability and strenght
that bra is 100% nade for the following things
keep chainmail close tight and secure
help with the load bearing and strenght capacity of the soldier
Just so everybody knows, the roman empire fell in 1435. No such people or nation called the byzantine empire
You missed the Romano Britons which continued in the last remnants of Celtic areas of Britain such as Wales
3:90 i like how you describe the falx and dacians
You give way too much credit to foreigners. Copying equipment was done, but it usually evolced on its own form there in pararel to the the equipmnet still used by the origian users not adopted twice. When you say were not sure where it comes from, it was propablly invented by the romans.
Magnificent!
This comment will inevitably see a lot of repeat of praise I've heaped on you before, but heck.
I love the format of this video. Treating the evolution of a state's combat gear, along with brief, but very informative notes on each set piece is a great way to get into not only the warfare aspect of said state, but the cultural development surrounding it.
You art style continues to improve as well. Some pieces of cloth look almost photo-realistic, like the gorget and cap of the 7th century infantryman. The metallics look very pretty as well. Many of the scale/lamellar armour pieces look almost like they're from an oil painting.
As someone very interested in the Byzantine period, particularly between the Heracleian and Komnenian era, the later part of this video was a treat.
For the first Komnenian 12th century Skoutatos, I'm a bit... not sceptical, but still curious. The manikella in conjunction with a hauberk seems a bit odd to me. That might just be personal bias towards an "arms are usually the last part to get solid protection"-idea, but then again, 'usually'.
I figure the Niederbieben type helmet was much like the Lorica Segmentata: too expensive and complicated to maintain in large numbers. I find it fascinating how close it is in design to late medieval helmets, particularly the armet.
I would actually argue experimenting a bit with getting rid of the black contour lines. In some of the pieces, they seem almost invasive, set against the textures of the different surfaces, be they metallic or fabric. I've no idea how it would look, but it'd be interesting to see.
I think my favourites are the first 4th century legionary, the 6th century Bucellarius, the late 6th century infantryman, the various 10th century Skoutatoi, and the 13th century infantrymen, the last for sheer ugly-cool looks. Far too many favourites. I feel like that six year-old you mentioned trying to pick a favourite candy.
Which - smooth transition - brings us into you commentary. As I said above, brief, but plenty informative, and as always, delivered with insight as well as your brilliant deadpan humour.
Lovely seeing this vid. Hope you're doing good in these chaotic times.
Cheers.
Dude I honestly treat your comments as like the pay off for my work (well not the only pay off but it’s honestly a huge part of it). Thanks for the feedback man, yeah I’m honestly pretty impressed with the new look. Totally agree on the lines, I didn’t feel it at first but now I totally get it. Might try to phase those out slowly, or maybe make them thinner. Yeah the Byzantine rerebraces were kinda conjecture, it might well not have been like that. Anyway thanks for making my day once again bro, and yeah you take care too:)
My favorite is the Byzantine infantry Man from the 6th century.
8:45 Stara Zagora is a city In moder day Bulgaria I never knew there was a roman hemet design made in it
Btw at 1:56, mostly the Princeps and Hastatus only needed one greave because only one was necessary in formation. One leg would be in front (mostly the left), that leg would have the greave while the other leg (mostly the right) would not have a greave since it was in the back and there was a very rare chance that the enemy could attack a striking blow against the very far back leg. But yes sometimes it was expensive.
Edit: Here is some valuable knowledge regarding greave usage, I put the exact time the guy talked about greaves. It's also a whole video, I recommend watching. Link:ua-cam.com/video/APuh6rokd_w/v-deo.html