The Milgram Experiment: Obedience to Authority
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- Опубліковано 14 сер 2024
- Are ordinary people able to do terrible things? And if so, how many would give high electric shocks to an innocent student, just because they are following an order? To find out, Stanley Milgram, a young psychologist at Yale University, conducted a clever, but controversial, experiment that changed our understanding of human behavior forever.
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COLLABORATORS
Script: Jonas Koblin
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SOUNDTRACKS
Toys Are Alive - Studio Le Bus
Terror Avenue - Jack Pierce
DIG DEEPER with these top videos, games and resources
Neuro Milgram - Your brain takes less ownership of actions that you perform under coercion by the British Psychological Society
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Ethical Issues in the Milgram Experiment - an overview on Prezi
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Watch Milgram Experiment 1962 Full Documentary
• The Milgram Experiment...
SOURCES
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Milgram, S. (2009). Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (Harper Perennial Modern Thought) (Reprint ed.). Harper Perennial Modern Classics.
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CHAPTER
00:00 Intro to The Milgram Experiment
00:22 Stanley Milgram
00:48 The Milgram Experiment
03:50 Milgram's finding
04:35 What do you think?
04:56 Patrons' credit
05:06 Ending
#psychology #stanleymilgram #themilgramexperiment #sproutslearning
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By doing this experiment, Milgram actually taught us how to be aware of our evil and weaknesses, and at least, give me a chance to not follow orders blindly
Yes! Thanks for you comment Ray!
@@sprouts there's no such thing as good or evil, only gray areas
The experiment was to address the huge elephant in the living room. Not make the wild animal go back to its natural habitat.
That doesn't actually work though, repeats of the experiment with subjects that know about the experiment still had similar results. The relevant variable is not awareness of the experiment, it is the environment (that includes an authority figure). Awareness doesn't matter, only the inherently human response to authority does. It takes serious anti-authoritarian conditioning to even have a chance of refusing to follow the orders of the authority.
it depicts that humans don't have fixed personality. they are a mixture of who they are and where they are
One participant was an electrician, and cried and straight up left the room, refusing to inflict the harm he once endured.
No he never why are you lying
@@The-Progress-Projectlook it up num nuts
It takes a kind of interior stubborn-ness in order to stand up for what you believe in. You have to be the kind of person that values what they think about themselves more than what others think of them because the social pressure to go with the crowd can be very hard to ignore unless you are prepared to be disliked and to actively rock the boat and be a vocal minority when you see people doing something you consider wrong. That's step 1. Step 2 is you have to ignore the temptation to abuse power. That is a little easier if your have a strong moral code, however your mind can trick you into thinking you're doing something for moral reasons, when the reality is you're doing them for selfish ones. So you have to constantly second guess your motivations, look for your own bias, and where possible, defer some of your authority to others or at least allow them to critique your use of power so you can avoid falling into the trap of "I'm doing this for the greater good, not because I enjoy it (wrings hands together and starts drooling)"
You skipped parts of the experiment. The subjects were diff ages (starting young, 18 yrs to older 35 yrs old). The older ones were prone to refuse to go all the way of the experiment and even quit (something around 30-40%, if not more) but the younger ones "blame" that the "authority" made them do it and they had no choice. This is why the Army is always looking to very young adults to have them join in, because they follow orders and think of consequences less. The Israelis army is a bit different, they give room to decision on the squad -- so it's a different psychological framework.
Except you go to jail if you don’t join the army in Israel
It's the same reason so many ideological fascist became teachers
I’m guessing the difference between the age groups was largely due to a sort of inherent authority that comes with greater age/seniority.
For example, a 20 year old subject would likely see the person conducting the experiment as a stronger source of authority than a 40 year old subject.
Thank you Aquel, you answered my question before I asked.
I guess the different "psychological framework" make them unanimously agree to kill innocent Palestinians. Not even sparing journalists, nurses or kids.
Thank you so much for publicizing this. The more people know about this, the better our future will be.
I wonder if the results would have been different if the "student" had been in the room so that the "teacher" could see them. Would so many people have been able to go to 450 volts if they could see a human face? The mask mandates have me thinking about that.
Good point. You are right that seeing the misery inflicted might have reduced the acceptance of authority. But think of it this way: the regular people in society rarely actually witness the evil they ask their governments to do in their names. We merely vote, but the atrocities are committed out of our ear and eyeshot.
I still can be broken, especially when you add peer pressure and the consequence of loosing something. Remember the Nazis and any other system like this like in many prisons or concentration camps around the world or just any corrupt totalian systems or mafia structures. Once people are in the fear of loosing something like family, position, wealth is so painful, they prefer inflicting this pain to others to stay safe? I assume the eye barrier is just like a 5th question in this case but you can easily overcome it with peer pressure. Allow eye contact and add a actor "audience / judges" who put pressure on the person. Most people are just weak to stand up, even if there are no consequences for themselves.
You're right. The data shows that increasing the perceived distance to the "victim" makes it easier to be cruel (which is why we can't ignore a crying child on the street but easily can let thousands starve to death on another continent). That can happen by influencing how we think about other people (dehumanizing or demonizing "them", often used in racism), or by literally creating walls.
I would not comply to anything I didn’t understand and would refuse and walk out
That's why so many people eat meat
Because normally a human lives under fear and anxiety, It's all about survival. That's what babies do, babies follow authority of parents, that's how they survive. They say in the first five-six years most neural connections are made, that means how ones gonna live their life is pretty much predictable. So in a way majority of humanity are just bigger babies, they just wanna survive so they go/follow where power/money/authority is.
Today, one of the big traps is computers which are sold or perceived as "authorities". There are many cases today where people were affected by wrong decisions which were explained as "but the computer said so." Examples: A software identifies people by name and birth date. If there are two people with the same name and birthday, the software can't tell them apart, so some decisions will be mailed to the wrong person. Or an AI that suggests that police should patrol more in a certain area. This leads to more criminals being apprehended. But every police officer knows that you catch criminals on patrol anywhere in the city.
Just last week, I read: "AI is neither artificial nor intelligent." All the data, the software and the hardware is all made and affected by humans. And it's not intelligent because it simply learns to respond to stimuli like Pavlov's dogs ... just without the dog.
Therefore, Milgram is even relevant when it comes to "perfect" computers.
I remember the Milligram experiment, I witnessed a portion of it on TV and remember thinking at the time: 'What is wrong with these people, why don't they just refuse to continue?' I was just a child at the time but I remember it clearly. Looking back at my childhood I realise now that I had and still have a rebellious streak and a mind of my own that I refuse to hand over to any authority figure. I now witness with despair the sheep-like behaviour of my fellow man and woman. I'll leave you to guess my feelings about our current world-wide political and medical situation...
Thanks for adding this
Wow, you're so special. Surely only you think you're not the sheep.
Yes, I also am a bit different. But when we differ from society, we suffer due to maladaptive behaviours, and develop personality disorder. I have been formally and medically diagnosed with two of them.
But it is these different people who change the world, and turn it into a better place.
@@mayanksingla3244 I'm sorry. I was being sarcastic, just so you know. What I meant to say is that it's always the dumbest people who think they're not the sheeps and they are completely obvious to all the nuances so it's a thought that you should be putting to the test.
@@bananaforscale1283 yeah, I do agree.
I wonder if the experiment comes up with such high results due to how many response prompts they had. For some reason, it felt like saying you didn't want to do it 4 times is a lot. People would pass a line where they thought, even subconsciously, that the conversation was circular; they do repeat most of the words each time. 2 prompts seem like a more natural "I don't want to do this." "Yes, I am sure I don't want to do this." type of thing. That may just be me though.
Good point
but isn't that the whole point? to determine if people would still hurt someone even if an "authority" was pressuring them? the way i interpret the experiment is to determine how many people would be willing to do the right thing even if they have to go against someone's orders. ideally, you would want the participants to say no even if you asked them 400 times. only asking once or twice removes the authoritative pressure, thus defeating the whole point of the test
@zilesis1 Where does the line stand between someone "pressuring" and someone lying and saying they had no other choice? I had to rewatch the video to make sure this wasn't dumb. Lol But, I do still feel the levels went a bit heavy. The results, I guess, speak for themselves as they were repeatable. But I would imagine people, in general, wouldn't know what to do at that moment if they were told, "You have no other choice; you have to continue." I also wonder if there were any lasting psych effects on the people who had made it to 450v.
Odd that I have read about this experiment many times before but the details hit differently this time. And while no one got hurt--at least not physically (certainly a lot of emotional trauma)--it still made me cry. People do not understand fully the things that influence their behavior. I have succumbed to peer pressure (groupthink/hive mind) when I was a kid but never to a point where it physically hurt anyone. Definitely emotionally. And vice versa. I have been hurt by groups of bullies both physically and emotionally. Cliques and social movements can sometimes harbor terrible people as much as they can harbor good.
You're right, this experiment makes us aware about so many things about how social environment and the presence of an authority makes us behave in a certain way. The results can be overwhelming.
I am really sorry for what you went through but here is something i found about the experiment.
Milgram was not oblivious to the psychological needs
of his participants and was aware of the potential harm caused by the
study. Immediately after the study, its true purpose was revealed to the
participants. They were interviewed and given questionnaires to check
they were all right. A friendly reconciliation was also arranged with the
‘victim’ whom they thought they had shocked. This procedure, known
as debriefing, is commonplace today, but this was not the case in
the 1960s. So, in this respect at least, Milgram was ahead of the game in
terms of ethics procedures (Blass, 2004).
Milgram also conducted a follow-up survey of the participants one year
after the study, to ensure that there was no long-term harm
(Colman, 1987). The results showed that 84 per cent said they were
‘glad to have been in the experiment’, and only 1.3 per cent said they
were very sorry to have taken part. Milgram also described how the
participants had been examined by a psychiatrist who was unable to find
a single participant who showed signs of long-term harm. Morris
Braverman, a 39-year-old social worker, was one of the participants in
Milgram’s experiment who continued to give shocks until the maximum
was reached. He claimed, when interviewed a year after the experiment,
that he had learned something of personal importance as a result of
being in the experiment. His wife said, with reference to his willingness
to obey orders, ‘You can call yourself an Eichmann’ (Milgram, 1974,
p. 54).
I started with the belief that every person who came to the
laboratory was free to accept or to reject the dictates of authority.
This view sustains a conception of human dignity insofar as it sees
in each man a capacity for choosing his own behavior.
(Milgram, 1964, p. 851
"If my family had to endure psychological hardship then everyone has to also!"
~Stanley Milgram (probably) before unleashing some real borderline psychological torture sociological experiments on the world.
Apparently, 99% of the subjects were not negatively affected by the experiment
I guess It can also be applicable through persuasion .like an authority can influence us to change our attitude and that attitude can produce a kind of behaviour that is against our former belief
Well this Channel is mind blowing !! Bring many more Experiments lessons. 🙏
We will
In my experience, the people who claim most loudly that they would not follow an unethical order are always the first to do so.
It's when we think we're so great that we don't need to question ourselves that we become capable of the most horrible things
Would love to see more social psychology videos!!
Noted
We'd like to think of ourselves that we'd never do something like that, but at the end of the day we don't know it, unless we're in the mentioned position.
Also I think it is only part of something which can drive people to awful deeds. Something which the nazis did was giving freedom to do awful things to certain authorities. Nearly everyone who had this freedom turned gradually into an absolute monster, because it led to a downward spiral of incrementally normalizing certain deeds, down to the point of rape, murder and torture. Would we be amongst the few who would remain reasonable? Or would be be amongst the majority?
In our current state nearly no one thinks that he or she would do stuff like that, but history has shown that the majority of us would.
And something which I think is also likely is that it's easier to shape younger men and women, but obviously we can't do experiments like that.
This reminds me of what we did during the Covid pandemic.
This study was brought up in my class one day. A teacher of mine posed the question to the class, "How would someone feel if the student was placed in front of them? or if they were placed in a different room, with nothing to hear or see? Do you think their sense of conviction would be different?" Obviously, it would. It would be easier to carry out the task if you didn't hear their pain. "That's why nowadays, it's easier to fire guns or bombs from a long distance without being scarred by human conviction, as long as it's not you or something that affects you directly. With just a press of a button, you can inflict so much harm. Imagine missiles that governments can carry out with just a bark of an order, as long as they don't see or experience something directly, they will never know how horrifying it is," he continued. That really made me think.
I think the world is chaotic enough that i dont need to pressure myself to follow the rules, yet i can be pressured through outside force to follow them.
Milgram is an under appreciated hero
who noticed when aynokoji said abt this experiment when Karuizawa was getting bullied.
That's why I looked this up
MILGRAM? LIKE THE MUSIC PROJECT BY DECO 27?
You can actually watch this experiment been done on youtube!
Clearly, Milgram was never in the military, where pain compliance, bullying and coercion is a way of life.
After an exhausting day at school this is all you need to cheer up ☺️
Yes self-awareness works!
I wouldn't wait to hear the answers.
I wonder when this study was performed. Modern people seem to be absolutely horrified and confused as to why the test subjects would even give one shock. maybe overtime we've learned to become more sympathetic, and learned to plca other people and ourselves over authority.
1961
Electricity is brutal. If you strike aa certain set of nerves the pain can last to about 1 hour or more
Great work 🥳🥳🥳 Thank you 💜💜💜
We should spotlight on the authorities and explain the evil nature to the world so that we can avoid creating horrible dictator like Hitler @psycho
Can you make a video about the Cyranoids Experiment of Stanley Milgram?
Can u add it here? sprouts.featureupvote.com
If I participated when I was religious, I would have “followed orders” for upwards of 300V.
If I participated after developing my empathy, reading, and learning to speak truth to power, I would have resisted with some or complete success to not administer the electric shocks.
People who score high on agreeableness (trusting, empathic, friendly) are most likely to comply. The ones least likely to comply are those who score high on disagreeableness (antisocial, not trusting, stubborn)
I never follow stupid and/or apparently illegal orders
thanks , that remind me to question things that i doubt
Excellent video
Thank you very much!
This experiment didn’t explain: Fear of being seen as outcasts is linked to Herd and Tribal instincts, and drives our subliminal priorities for unconscious yearning for safety. Also, Dr. Milgram didn’t know to focus on the subject of sensory shutdown correlated with cognitive and moral blind spots, and he did know of the counterpoint of Emotional/Sensory Reawakening, based on engaging with music and the arts, and the existential significance of that during current COUNTDOWN2045.
Surprisingly, 300 years ago J.S.Bach was aware of his music to have the effect of antidote to sensory deactivation pressure. That is the reason why he defied dogmas for zombified music. But his strive was not followed and his music became the victim of the tradition, contrary to his lifelong battle with inner force of Herd instinct. Most of his music had been performed in mechanical way. That is why, his miniature masterpiece with the meaning of musical Parody remained obscured and unnoticed.
But when it was played with no emotional withholding, it revealed what should be hard to miss - many dissonant sonorities that were banned from use by rules of his time, and yet he emboldened their sonic clashing impact with rhythmic emphasis and used them many times and in such way that reveals his approach of neuroscientist to his music almost three centuries prior to birth of this field…
#BachSensoryDeactivationEffect
Wouldn't it be possible to indirect experience of experiments on power and the environment through my case?
wow. such a great intructional video.
Would be great to see a video about the ‘thud experiment’ next! Love your work :)
Thanks
Added to our backlog. You can follow its progess on our website, look for new video script and leave a comment ;)
16 years ago they did ask me questions and when I got it wrong they would shock me. I was 5 at the time and I always wondered why they did this to me. From USA.
14 years ago I got another shock experiment where if I got the memory game wrong I got a shock. Is the memory shock still the Milgram experiment?
So THIS is how we ended up with a vegetable for a president?! 🥦
Send Trump more money, Owen. Be a patriot.
People will obey only to those superiors who had the power to inflict corresponding punishments on them if their orders are unfulfilled.
Weak minded people who are scared to implicate this jobs have the higher chance to obey the gruesome order. Well, I am not the one at fault here. I'm just following orders. They thought.
And only those principled person have possessed the. courage to vehemently say no on this said evil order at the risk of thier jobs....
There's a book by Robert Browning titled "Ordinary Men" which elaborates on this theme. It's about men in Nazi Germany who were enlisted to assist with the deportation of Jews into the ghettos. It's worth a read.
I think, being against authority and rules and laws, that I would have refused even the first mild shock to the student. There's no way someone could force me doing what I don't agree on. But I would have liked to be in the experiment to test myself saying this...
What is the link between COVID and Stanley Milgram obedience? Give two lines
There isn't a direct link between COVID and Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments. The COVID pandemic primarily relates to public health, while Milgram's work focused on social psychology and obedience to authority.
ChatGPT ♥️♥️🌹🌹
Yet it's still not taught to children in school not to do it and follow a moral code
what kills you isn't voltage it is amperage.
When you're naive and not knowledgeable, you'll be easily swayed
Ако съм на възрастта на участвалите - хора на над 50 г. надали бих се съобразявал с някой младок "учител" дето ще ми казва да правя дивотии.
None of them thought they were REALLY shocking someone
I mean they almost certainly had the “no way this is actually real/happening” thoughts running through their heads.
However, they also wouldn’t have known that they weren’t really shocking someone.
The subjects couldn’t see the other person, they were given a shock themselves at the start, and the other person would scream and act as though it was real.
And while they still couldn’t have been certain, I think the subjects showing signs of extreme anxiety suggests that they definitely at least thought that it could all be real.
Background music is hypnotizing
Could this be the reason behind increase in aggression among supporters of opposite parties in politics. 🤔
Good question.
At least this is more humane than Stanford prison experiment!
I think if the effects were directly seen by the teacher the outcome would be different.
Just role playing isn't the same as seeing the actual results of your actions.
Remember the Nazis and any other system like this like in many prisons or concentration camps around the world? I assume the eye barrier is just like a 5th question in this case but you can easily overcome it with peer pressure. Allow eye contact and add a actor "audience / judges" who put pressure on the person. Most people are just weak to stand up, even if there are no consequences for themselves.
Concentration camps were kept secret to the people of Germany. Out of sight, out of mind. If you don't see direct results of what your actions are doing, then you tend to go with authority. However, when pressed over and over, the vast majority of people break down to those making the rules.
A variation of the experiment was done where the students were in the immediate vicinity of the teacher and you're right, the results differed, but some participants still reached 450 volts
It mainly comes down to the will, ethics, and morals of the person. Some people will stop right away, while others will be pressured into following the leadership. I think the majority of people follow the path given to them by authority. It's harder for most people to choose the highest road.
Creo que la gente es capaz de hacer cosas malas con tal de no cuestionar a una autoridad. He sido docente y ahora trabajo en el gobierno (en educación) y veo que mis compañeros son capaces de seguir órdenes aunque reconozcan que no son correctas. Yo siempre tengo problemas con acatar a las autoridades y hacer lo que piden solo porque tienen un puesto de poder. Pero es desgastante y cuesta mucho; lo más cómodo es hacer caso y porque en el fondo, creo, no tienen claros sus propios principios éticos; se dejan llevar, son del montón sin criterio que abunda en todo mundo.
We always have a Choice
Always?
@@sprouts well not always a clear choice
But we always have some control over the actions we perform
In a rare case that we don't have a choice, we won't feel regret after doing that thing(don't confuse regret with sorrow)
@@sprouts killing the master or sacrificing own life in that process is a last choice
Now in real life, if the experimenter held a gun to the teacher's head and started to count down if he didn't shock the learner, very few would still argue they have a choice then.
@@Yogi-sq4oj though one O_O
Thanks
Could’ve just made a video on the US army and it would’ve sufficed
The experiment was deemed unethical? Did it upset the unethical people that pulled the near fatal lever? Oh dear, can't have that.
C19 proved nothing has improved with human's since Milgram's his report.
The pandemic and how we treated each other (dehumanized and marginalized) because of what authority figures told us is a modern example.
Unfortunately it is true.
@@sprouts I think what stands out is how people today think of the past and think it can't happen to modern people. I live in Canada, and it's sad
"some of the participants would break out in fits of laughing..." This percentage of people is the part that nobody seems to want to understand or talk about: The percentage of ordinary people that are just waiting for an opportunity to joyously inflict suffering on a random victim. Sixty years after this became a classic psychology experiment this is still the elephant in the room people can't or won't talk about.
To my understanding of these reactions, it wasn't " joyous" fits of laughter. It was an involuntary nervous system response correlating to the anxiety the participants were going through. They were also exhibiting signs of anxiety through nail biting, excessive sweating, etc.
This occurred prior to the Belmont Report and many of the federal protections that now exist in human subject research. The Code of Federal Regulations requires universities that receive federal funds and participates in research to have an IRB that reviews and approves these protocols. I wonder what the Yale IRB would decide if the researcher submitted this protocol today. Deception is allowed in research, of course. But how far is too far?
Thanks for the insights
An interesting experiment:)
Very!
This study shows why I don't like, when old people get arrested and to court, because they did minor things in the Nazi regime (like bookkeeping/ accounting in a KZ)
There is just so little chance that anyone of this society hadn't done the same.
A BUNCH of the participants found out the real purpose of the Milgram study beforehand and decided to fuck with the study for fun. People within the research circle know this. This study needs to be disregarded.
The problem with preventing the incentive that leads to this outcome is that every state WANTS their citizens to blindly follow their orders. To stop the cycle we first need to find political leaders, who have spent their life pursuing power to voluntarily give that power away
That's a powerful line!
In December of 2020, I conducted my own little experiment, using local social media. I asked inhabitants of surrounding English villages, whether they favored people being forcibly vaccinated against the you-know-what. The Respondents were aware of their anonymity. Of the Respondents, 66% were in favor.
I thought that accorded well with Milgram's early results.
defeat or heal
Most who watch this somehow eliminate themselves from the 98% that would deliver potentially lethal injury simply to comply with authority. Hubris.
question
If I participated in this experiment, and they asked me to administer an electric shock, I would have gotten up and left.
The Elite knows that and applied recently with their co.vid 19
Even tho by majority there is the obedience and scary blind orders done (I would join the minority of disobedience for said stuff) cuz of my moral code
I would gladly start with 450 volts
Look at how people lined up for the therapy and sacrificed their children to experimental procedures because they were told they had to.
Agree
Covid behaviour
Exactly! That was the first thing I thought of. Normally good parents are sacrificing their children to a scientific experiment.
Vaccines save lives. Keep smoking your horse wormer in a crack pipe👍
a human can survive a lot more than 450v we can survive 5 million kilovolts its just the amperes
We all have evil in us. We just need is two things. Lack of or believe of not being punished. Second, a catalyst.
Hi
If you are a true Muslim you wont agree to participate right from the beginning. Because even if they said you're not legally responsible, you know for sure that you'll be held accountable in the Day of Judgement in front of God, for inflicting harm on another person with no justified reason. And that you'll pay for it in the Hereafter, unless the other person forgives you.
That's how the true religion,when followed precisely, prevents injustices.
This is also why religious considerations are taken into account. In any form of psychology, the psychologist is trained in different personal beliefs, and would never force someone to do something that is against their spiritual or religious background.
This is a deltarune reference
Perfect video after convid-1984.
Well looking mainstream avrg mind-mode of fellow commenters here I must express personal disheartening of such reality..
What makes me downhearted is completely messed up spiritual sensory state ( empathy, morality, ego-drive) of contemporary People. Having only digestibly presentation of content ( at glance)about wickedness, evilness or any other "dark traits" of humanity and derived thru only "scientific method" it's deemed as "Valid" and feasible to their minds.
Where is philosophical approach, where is spiritual intelligence, where is reverence of ancestral wisdoms and traditions?
Here is everyone his "First Man" or Ubermensch if seen convenient with perpetual need of breaking thru wisdom and well established principles of morality.
Very fallacious and opportunistic stance over everything ordained in Humanity. You simply don't need test and test it over and over, just read some wisdom from great works written from our societal paramounts (st Augustin, st Paul, Georigos Palamas, DH Thoreau, Spinosa, Aurelios, Plato, derive some damn worldview!)
Was Stanley milgram experiment on obedience was banned scientifically ? Say yes or no
No. The Stanley Milgram experiment on obedience was not banned scientifically.
ChatGPT ♥️🌹🌹♥️
Was Stanley milgram experiment on obedience was banned scientifically out of academia ? Say yes or no
No. The Stanley Milgram experiment on obedience was not banned scientifically out of academia.
ChatGPT ♥️♥️🌹🌹
This experiment is flawed to begin with, live subjects should be in the same room, its like a sniper hitting a target at 1000 miles.
When the Orange Cheeto tells them to storm the Capitol, they oblige.
You are a perfect example. They tell you this narrative and you regurgitate it at every chance. You do this in spite of looking foolish becuase most everyone has seen the actual footage.
And when the rich, senile, old, white, male socialist tells them that inflation is being caused by Putin and greedy profiteers and "supply chain issues" instead of Federal Reserve money printing and interest rate manipulation, the Democrat voters believe him.
@@workinprogress3609 Send Trump more money! Save the election! Be a patriot!
i posit that the people “throwing the switch” had no Biblical knowledge morality or an entirely extremely twisted belief of what Scripture says.
Social pressure. Oh like the vaccine?
Vaccines save lives. What do you do?
light yagami
فقط یک فرا انسان میتونه اینگونه پاسخ بده. روحش شاد. کاملا درک کننده برای آنهایی که درک بهتری از اینکه از کجا آمدیم برای چه آمدیم و به کجا میرویم هستند. آنهایی که زندگی مادی یکصد سال را تنها بخش کوچکی از زندگی بی نهایت موجودات میدانند. آفرین باید بهش گفت و قطعا بهشتی است. من خواب شاه را تا بحال ندیده ام ولی فرشتگان الهی ارتباط بسیار زیبایی را باهام پیدا کردند که خلاصه آن توجیه شدم بهشتی هست و اینگونه افراد مانند شاه اگر هم بیرون شدند ولی بهشتی اند و امثال خامنه ای حرامزاده و شیطانی با تمام ادعای ایمان خیر.
Create a vedio in Hindi language
Please translate in Hindi language
i did not follow unethical orders
CIA: that's crap also 'liberate' others ain't that bad when it's not against 'our' interests 😂
I'm so early 😃