These lava flow types describe the vast majority of all flows of material on the planet! Which of these varieties do you believe to be the most scenic?
I feel fortunate to have a friend who visited Iceland during the 2021 eruption. She brought back a 12cm x 9cm chunk that had oozed out of the side of a flow, like a blister. It's my first newborn rock to take care of.
I have a piece too. Never considered it a new born rock😅. Mine has some volcanic hairs attached. Amazed they made the trip from Iceland to Idaho, USA intact.
I was hoping you'd include "komatiite." I only learned of this type of ultra-mafic lava recently. The presenter of the video said that this type can no longer form because the temperature of the magma/lava is too low nowadays. From what I just Googled, it formed billions of years ago when the Earth was very young. And I love how A'a lava is called "clinkers", lol! Heard that after this latest Mauna Loa eruption.
Well, for the most part it formed billions of years ago. Komatiites under 100 million years old are found on Gorgona island, and very hot mantle plumes can occasionally reach such temperatures (though the erupted lava will end up much cooler). Its a very interesting lava though, super low viscosity would have yielded flows more akin to carbonatites than anything else, although unlike those the very high temperatures would have quite strange effects and it would glow white hot. Plus, the spinifex texture it formed from cooling is quite interesting.
A Hawaiian native told me the reason for the Hawaiian 'clinker' lava's name is when anyone tries to walk on it in bare feet 😳 they have to saw, "Ah, Ah" with each step. 😊
Could you make a video about how different volcanoes are made and how the rocks the volcano is made of effect the lava? Another good video could be about how volcanos and tectonic activity in general effect the climate. Either way, thanks for making this one it was helpful!!!
What would carbonatite flows be considered? It feels vaguely close enough to pahoehoe to fall under that classification, but the extremely low viscosity definitely changes the structure enough that perhaps another classification is needed.
Carbonatite lavas are their own thing, and probably shouldn't be called "pahoehoe" without clarification. But there is only one active carbonatite volcano in the world, so having a special extra word just for one volcano's flows would be of limited utility.
1:00 "Clinkery" in this context means relating to the stuff that looks like [pure carbon] in a blacksmithing coal forge, but is more pointy and is not [pure carbon], and goes by the name "clinker".
I am camping near Overton NV just west of where the Muddy River and Virgin River join. Also near the St. Thomas ghost town. Some of the rock fields here look like multi colored molten glass that landed in a soft high temperature condition. Much of the rock looks like it could contain gold and some is transparent such that it might be diamond or quartz. This lava does not match what you presented?
Any system capable of massive explosive eruptions would contain massive amounts of rhyolite. So, likely just rhyolite 'A'a flows, perhaps with some obsidian involved. Probably some lava domes as well. This channel has plenty of information about this style of eruption. In fact, some large rhyolitic flow or dome being extruded is far, far, far more likely than the massive caldera forming eruptions most people envision with "super volcanoes."
@@lhaviland8602 Cute! But surely some of those lava flows are close to shore where they would be easily visible to someone diving in the water. Just sayin.
@@bevinboulder5039 Maybe they could observe lava flows at such depths but at more shallow depths eruptions don't behave the same way as the lower pressures means its much easier to vaporize water and triggering phreatomagmatic eruptions instead dominated by more pyroclastic Surtseyan activity. Not really the sort of situation you could safely witness....
Granite is an _intrusive_ type of igneous rock, while lava is molten rock that hardens into what is called _extrusive_ volcanic rock. Granite, diorite, etc. slowly cool underground, usually in a large chamber of magma that becomes a _pluton_ . One can see the individual crystals of minerals in granite because it cooled so slowly, allowing time for the crystals to grow. Looking at an extrusive igneous rock like basalt one usually cannot see the individual crystals (unless the basalt carries with it larger crystals.)
Looking it up the main source region of valuable ores appears to corresponds with a major volcanic arc formed during the Neoproterozoic known as the Lufilian Arc which forms a rock belt separating the Congo craton from the Kalahari craton and was . Now I'm not exactly sure why/if this arc and particular has such rich deposits siderophile elements (i.e. cobalt platinum gold palladium rhodium etc.) it could be the case that this site isn't really all that special and has just been narrowed in on by imperialist powers wealth grabbing resources without a regard for the native populace and thus allowing for more extensive identification and exploitation. It could also be the case that most arcs have such layers its just those layers tend to be buried quite deep in the underlying batholiths which given that the arc itself was active during the Cryogenian(a.k.a. Snowball Earth) there has been both plenty of time to remove kilometers of overlying rock which wouldn't generally be the case of younger batholith. However I also have to wonder if the seeming coincidental timing of this arc with the Cryogenian could have suppressed volcanism in a way which leads to enhancing/altering the cooling profile of magmas?
*Recent eruptions of basic volcanoes: -Fagradalsfjall, 2021: Length 181 days, rate of lava effusion 9.5 m3/s, 150.000.000 m3 of total lava erupted, covered area by lava 4.8 km2, average thickness 31.2 metres -La Palma, 2021: Length 85 days, rate of lava effusion 24.1 m3/s, 177.600.000 m3 of total lava erupted, covered area by lava 11.8 km2, average thickness 15.1 metres -Mauna Loa, 2022: Length 14 days, rate of lava effusion 190 m3/s, 230.000.000 m3 of total lava erupted, covered by lava 42.7 km2, average thickness 5.4 metres No pyroclast was considered. Sources: -Fagradalsfjall: agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2021GL097125 -La Palma: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9334277/pdf/41597_2022_Article_1551.pdf -Mauna Loa: earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/150736/sizing-up-mauna-loas-lava-flows
These lava flow types describe the vast majority of all flows of material on the planet! Which of these varieties do you believe to be the most scenic?
Could You Please Do a Video On Maroa (Whakamaru) Caldera Supervolcano next?
Which one did the stone age people make into knives?
I feel fortunate to have a friend who visited Iceland during the 2021 eruption. She brought back a 12cm x 9cm chunk that had oozed out of the side of a flow, like a blister. It's my first newborn rock to take care of.
I have a piece too. Never considered it a new born rock😅. Mine has some volcanic hairs attached. Amazed they made the trip from Iceland to Idaho, USA intact.
A'a is my favorite. It sounds so neat with the solid bits clinking together (I guess that's why they're called clinkers)!
Fun fact it's literally called "a'a" because that's the sound you make when you try to walk barefoot on ground made of it.
thank you for the overview of lava types. general videos covering terminology or basic theories are really helpful.
Merry Christmas!
I was hoping you'd include "komatiite." I only learned of this type of ultra-mafic lava recently. The presenter of the video said that this type can no longer form because the temperature of the magma/lava is too low nowadays. From what I just Googled, it formed billions of years ago when the Earth was very young.
And I love how A'a lava is called "clinkers", lol! Heard that after this latest Mauna Loa eruption.
Well, for the most part it formed billions of years ago. Komatiites under 100 million years old are found on Gorgona island, and very hot mantle plumes can occasionally reach such temperatures (though the erupted lava will end up much cooler). Its a very interesting lava though, super low viscosity would have yielded flows more akin to carbonatites than anything else, although unlike those the very high temperatures would have quite strange effects and it would glow white hot. Plus, the spinifex texture it formed from cooling is quite interesting.
He covered that magma in a video last year.
*video ends* "And thus spoke, kishibe rohan"
Very interesting! You gave me a much better understanding about this.
‘A‘ā was so named after someone touched it.
i adore that the USGS uses "clinkery" to officially define a'a lava. 😁
I like the chart you always show about silica content/viscosity. This video is also helpful!
I should add that I'm learning more from you than I did in college...! lolz
A Hawaiian native told me the reason for the Hawaiian 'clinker' lava's name is when anyone tries to walk on it in bare feet 😳 they have to saw, "Ah, Ah" with each step. 😊
Merry Christmas Geology Hub!
Hoy hoy aa Thankyou blessed)Happy New year 🌏🎄😇
I love these 2 words! I was just reminded of my geology class many years ago 🙏🌎 Thank you for making this video 🙏🌈💎
Could you do a video on how obsidian is formed? Your videos are great.
Nice video as always. Thank you 🖐👴
Could you make a video about the Villarrica volcano? Its making me go nuts about volcanoes and all this stuff
Watching A'a' is fun but don't get to close or you'll hear someone say A'a'Ah!
All the volcanos will be taking a few days off for Christmas, won't they.
Could you make a video about how different volcanoes are made and how the rocks the volcano is made of effect the lava? Another good video could be about how volcanos and tectonic activity in general effect the climate. Either way, thanks for making this one it was helpful!!!
What would carbonatite flows be considered? It feels vaguely close enough to pahoehoe to fall under that classification, but the extremely low viscosity definitely changes the structure enough that perhaps another classification is needed.
Carbonatite lavas are their own thing, and probably shouldn't be called "pahoehoe" without clarification. But there is only one active carbonatite volcano in the world, so having a special extra word just for one volcano's flows would be of limited utility.
Topic request: volcanic activity in Washington County, Utah
"‘A‘ā, Pāhoehoe!" sounds like the words a Hawaiian would blurt out when orgasming.
👁️👄👁️
Bruh
Still trying to find close up footage of an andesitic lava flow.
“Blocky lava, or ‘BLOCKLAVA’…” teehee
Seeing a pyroclastic flow or a lahar heading in your direction could be called exciting but fun? lol
1:00 "Clinkery" in this context means relating to the stuff that looks like [pure carbon] in a blacksmithing coal forge, but is more pointy and is not [pure carbon], and goes by the name "clinker".
I thought it had to do more with the sound A'a lava flows produce as they flow?
@@Dragrath1 Same concept.
Could you do Antipodes Island, New Zealand 🇳🇿? It is a volcanic formed island far away from New Zealand 🇳🇿.
I am camping near Overton NV just west of where the Muddy River and Virgin River join. Also near the St. Thomas ghost town. Some of the rock fields here look like multi colored molten glass that landed in a soft high temperature condition. Much of the rock looks like it could contain gold and some is transparent such that it might be diamond or quartz. This lava does not match what you presented?
What type of lava would it be if Yellow Stone erupted? Or any other massive super volcano?
There is a high chance of Surprise your dead lava... Regardless it'll boil your eyes out of your head. Good luck surviving... I'm mean happy holidays.
Any system capable of massive explosive eruptions would contain massive amounts of rhyolite. So, likely just rhyolite 'A'a flows, perhaps with some obsidian involved. Probably some lava domes as well. This channel has plenty of information about this style of eruption. In fact, some large rhyolitic flow or dome being extruded is far, far, far more likely than the massive caldera forming eruptions most people envision with "super volcanoes."
Oh no! Nothing about the toothpaste lava! D:
Seen a few... makes me feel small.
Have to say though, when I see Lava fan boys crawling over/around melted rock, I feel smarter than them.
Play it again in a couple of months
Now I'm curious about what the Hawaiian word for "pillow" lava is.
I'm not sure there is any since I don't think they had underwater ROVs back then ;-)
@@lhaviland8602 Cute! But surely some of those lava flows are close to shore where they would be easily visible to someone diving in the water. Just sayin.
@@bevinboulder5039 Maybe they could observe lava flows at such depths but at more shallow depths eruptions don't behave the same way as the lower pressures means its much easier to vaporize water and triggering phreatomagmatic eruptions instead dominated by more pyroclastic Surtseyan activity. Not really the sort of situation you could safely witness....
@@Dragrath1 Makes sense! Thanks.
I would like to know how granite forms
Granite is an _intrusive_ type of igneous rock, while lava is molten rock that hardens into what is called _extrusive_ volcanic rock. Granite, diorite, etc. slowly cool underground, usually in a large chamber of magma that becomes a _pluton_ . One can see the individual crystals of minerals in granite because it cooled so slowly, allowing time for the crystals to grow. Looking at an extrusive igneous rock like basalt one usually cannot see the individual crystals (unless the basalt carries with it larger crystals.)
@@TheDanEdwards thanks. We recently visited the Grand Tetons and was curious.
Q: Why are the richest Cobalt veins found in the DRC?
Because god has a wicked sense of dark humor.
Looking it up the main source region of valuable ores appears to corresponds with a major volcanic arc formed during the Neoproterozoic known as the Lufilian Arc which forms a rock belt separating the Congo craton from the Kalahari craton and was .
Now I'm not exactly sure why/if this arc and particular has such rich deposits siderophile elements (i.e. cobalt platinum gold palladium rhodium etc.) it could be the case that this site isn't really all that special and has just been narrowed in on by imperialist powers wealth grabbing resources without a regard for the native populace and thus allowing for more extensive identification and exploitation.
It could also be the case that most arcs have such layers its just those layers tend to be buried quite deep in the underlying batholiths which given that the arc itself was active during the Cryogenian(a.k.a. Snowball Earth) there has been both plenty of time to remove kilometers of overlying rock which wouldn't generally be the case of younger batholith.
However I also have to wonder if the seeming coincidental timing of this arc with the Cryogenian could have suppressed volcanism in a way which leads to enhancing/altering the cooling profile of magmas?
@@Dragrath1 Thank you very much. That is very helpful.
Pyroclastic flows?
They aren't lava flows.
Cringe Ah Ah Cousin Ben
I like the English names better. Hawaiians think they own everything.
I like the Hawaiian names better, they have more meaning to their language and cultural surroundings.
I read somewhere that a'a means 'hurts when walking barefoot on top' and pahoehoe 'doesn't hurt when walking on top'
@@ericclift1773 You say that but you don't share the meaning. Kind of shallow of you.
@@karenishness1 Hawaiians respect the nature around them, Americans don’t. Shallow enough for ya?
@@ericclift1773 Is that why they murder everything that moves and shove it down their throats? And you still never answered my question.....
*Recent eruptions of basic volcanoes:
-Fagradalsfjall, 2021: Length 181 days, rate of lava effusion 9.5 m3/s, 150.000.000 m3 of total lava erupted, covered area by lava 4.8 km2, average thickness 31.2 metres
-La Palma, 2021: Length 85 days, rate of lava effusion 24.1 m3/s, 177.600.000 m3 of total lava erupted, covered area by lava 11.8 km2, average thickness 15.1 metres
-Mauna Loa, 2022: Length 14 days, rate of lava effusion 190 m3/s, 230.000.000 m3 of total lava erupted, covered by lava 42.7 km2, average thickness 5.4 metres
No pyroclast was considered.
Sources:
-Fagradalsfjall: agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2021GL097125
-La Palma: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9334277/pdf/41597_2022_Article_1551.pdf
-Mauna Loa: earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/150736/sizing-up-mauna-loas-lava-flows