Hot Glass SHATTERS in Water
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- Опубліковано 28 тра 2024
- We dunk various samples of red-hot glass into cold water.
More links and info in full description ↓↓↓
We used quartz and borosilicate.
Featuring Conor Howell-Bennett and Professor Martyn Poliakoff.
Thanks to Smarter Every Day for the Prince Rupert Drop - • Mystery of Prince Rupe...
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From the School of Chemistry at The University of Nottingham: bit.ly/NottChem
This episode was also generously supported by The Gatsby Charitable Foundation
Periodic Videos films are by video journalist Brady Haran: www.bradyharan.com/
Brady's Blog: www.bradyharanblog.com
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Loving that emoji. ;)
@Azazel I bet he's a channel member. I can see the emoji, it's the prof!
Prof Poliakoff must be protected and treasured
Holy moly your like a youtube wizard!
Yes, that's the professor.
A good glass blower is a scientist’s best friend. Can’t recall how many times our glassblowing team has saved us.
They are becoming a rare breed these days. Not many institutions maintain a glass blowing workshop anymore.
Indeed, the scientists, mathematicians, manufacturers, engineers and everyone in between, are all one team. In the old days often one person did all of it himself.
Yes, we have one at my university and any time she’s off, we really feel the pinch. There should be much more attention given to this field.
That entirely depends on your science ... for chemists the statement is probably correct, but physicists need the whole bunch of "metalworkers" more to create their pressure containers for the vacuum apparatuses.
@@Muck006 true, apologies to the other sciences as I’m a researcher in chemical engineering. Not to say welding and metal work isn’t important, it just tends to be something that is much more readily available. At least where I am, metalworkers far outnumber glassblowers. Even for us though, we still need them for things like working on our larger reactors and general maintenance.
PYREX brand is a popular brand of borosilicate glass used in cookware. Kimax is a popular borosilicate brand for laboratory glassware....A misleading pyrex label on some cookware (lettering of the "pyrex" label is purposely lower case) uses only a cheaper, tempered soda-lime glass. The manufacturer justified this by stating the tempered glass was less prone to breakage from impact or dropping.... In contrast, the original PYREX borosilicate glassware can be identified by its "PYREX" brand label using all upper case letters.
PYREX is still produced in Europe - "pyrex" the inferior tempered glass is what is now sold in it's original home market of the USA
Yeah, it's absolutely infuriating. And I've heard of people having fairly serious accidents because they're used to how actual Pyrex acts and end up shattering the new garbage.
One of the reasons they changed it in the US was because PYREX was popular with meth producers and they got pressure from the DEA.
@@DoodlesMcpooh I doubt the DEA had anything to do with it. US made Pyrex was already entirely eclipsed by cheaper import lab glass decades before the meth problem. Corning sold the Pyrex trade name to the Chinese for a truckload of cash.
Odd. Until recently, I thought the reason "PYREX" was resistant to thermal shock was because it was just "ordinary" glass tempered. I just gathered that from watching something about glass manufacturing. But the subject somehow came up in the presence of a friend of mine, who is a retired chemistry prof., and he told me about borosilicate glass. Now, it turns out that I was wrongly right in terms of the knock off "pyrex"-- which is news to me today. I will have to watch for that. Big thanks.
Big difference in quartz and borosilicate glassware is also the UV transmission. Borosilicate glass absorbs everything below 300nm, quartz can go to ~170nm. Quite important if you try to do photochemistry.
There are other performance characteristics between Borosilicate glass and Quartz, but the big thing they're trying to demonstrate (And FAIL, Don't use different shapes and masses when making thermal comparisons) is that quarts and borosilicate glass have different thermal ranges where they shatter at. And, yes, if you heat Quartz up enough, it will behave similarly to glass when plunged into water. It's just that the impurities in glass (both potassium oxide and boric acid) shrink the thermal range.
Also important if you break the outer glass on a mercury vapor lamp, but continue to use the lamp the flash burns to your eyes are excruciating until you discover why you keep getting flash burns and not welding.
Germicidal lamps as well
If you make a piece of glass that connects with itself in a loop, is it a piece of oroborosilicate glass?
This guy right here 😂
Indubitably!
Indeed!
And if you then frighten it it becomes horrororoborosilicate glass
You should get punished for that joke
You get a prize for that!
The latest toughened glass for phone screens heats borosilicate glass in a molten potassium salt at around 400°C to do an ion exchange with the sodium. Because the potassium ions are bigger it forms internal tension and strength that way instead of tempering it. It would be cool to see how borosilicate glass, treated in this way would behave in this experiment.
That is a Corning invention. It is called gorilla glass. I don't know if that is the exact method for fabrication.
@@louistournas120 It is. He pretty much wrote a transcript of Corning's advertisement video.
"Hot glass shatters in water." This is something I've known ever since I dribbled some saliva on the lightbulb of my bedside lamp when I was 10. I feel this was the earliest evidence of my scientific curiosity.
Was it saliva or something else you are ashamed of admitting?
Hope a solution is found soon for your chronic drooling disorder. Makes working with people in person rather... moist.
@@leagueaddict8357 those are the crusty socks of which nobody believes were simply in bottom of hamper for very long time. Dryers don't eat socks, mothers throw them away.
@@leagueaddict8357 o_o
Why was the saliva dribbled onto the lamp?
3:40 & 5:34 very beautiful demonstrations of Leidenfrost effect: At first there is an insulating steam layer around the red hot glass, but as it cools down the air layer suddenly disappears.
i would love to know more about Conors job and the type of lab glass he makes, thanks for sharing this.
Me too. There's a short thread here, the OP is D-Hop Supreme, that covers some of this, but yes, I'd like to see more of this too.
From the U.S I just want to say thank you professor for all of the videos all these years. I've watched every single one of them, and continue to learn and enjoy science through your channel's work. Thank you everyone at Periodic Videos.
I really like that, in the slow-motion shots, you can watch the Leidenfrost bubble break to let the water start boiling properly.
This video has single handedly ended an age-old debate among stoners in less than ten minutes and saved me millions on glass nails. Thanks Periodic Videos!!
Loved the university glass blowing workshop at uni when I was there , don't let the beurocrats take that from your department! It's so useful not having to send out for complex glassware!
Often custom glassware is only something you build yourself, or you have to contract it out to a speciality house at a massive price.
@@SeanBZA yup, unless you have an in house glassblower. Those guys are worth their weight in gold
As a geologists that worked as a glazier through undergrad and grad school i feel this was made just for me.
I work as a TA for a university course on glass. We are having a lab today where the students are supposed to heat several kinds of glass and then quench them in water to figure out which glass is which. Crazy that this came out the same day!
What kind of course is it?
@@quintrankid8045 Non-crystalline solids, taught in the materials science and engineering department.
I grew up in Corning, New York where Pyrex originated. They used to give factory tours where you could see different items being made, and they employed glassblowers to make specialty items. Just down the way was a shop where you could buy their products but also glass art, figurines, etc. It was sad that so much glass manufacturing went overseas. There is still a Museum of Glass in Corning but I don't know if anything is still made there.
At my glass factory, we have to use a significantly hotter flame than a gas/ox torch in order to manipulate quartz. Sometimes we even have to use hydrogen, which is quite a dangerous gas to work with since you can't really see the flame.
An interesting note to add to what he said about the quartz glowing more brightly: Sometimes when our operators work with the quartz, the light can be so intense on one end that due to the fiber optic effect of the light traveling down to the other end of the tube where they are holding it, they could get a "sunburn" in a perfect circle.
Happy to answer any questions about labware manufacturing!
Always excellent and highly informative videos!
You also need quartz glass if you want UV light to pass through, for example the UV-C light in a pond filter.
I thought about this problem and figured I'd just use a radioactive material sterilizer. Sent off to Oak Ridge for some Cobalt 60. The FBI showed up instead.
I love the "wait for it" and the perfect comedic timing created for what is just shattering glass
I wish I was as cool as Conner
Brady, I’ve watched just a ton of this and your other channels… You’ve got such a great job, man xD
I wanna know why glass is used in chemistry at all. Why is glass the go-to for mixing & testing chemicals in? How can one element rule them all & be so inert & noninvasive when it comes into contact with so many other compounds???
Do a video on the use of glass in the lab please : )
For once its is clear.
This is based on the amorphus structure. Not shaped with periodically shaped elementary cells like a crystal.
i think what it is is resistant to alot of corrosive liquids. with a notable exception being HF. it can also be shaped to make a bunch of different instruments. and its see through. idk what makes it so corrosion resistant.
Because its clear so chemists can see what's going on inside, malleable (with some skill and heat) for shaping into weird and wonderful shapes by gents like Connor and chemically resistant enough for the vast majority of purposes.
If it's not resistant to the chemistry that needs to be done(eg using HF or strong OH- or high temperatures) then we'd use something else (steel, titanium, platinum, ptfe, ceramics...) but alot of the time this looses the ability to see what's happening in the reaction.
What the others said.
Additionally it is super easy to clean, making it basically last forever as long as you don't break it. I have personally used many flasks that were older than myself.
It is so inert because it's still mostly silicon dioxide and the silicon-oxygen bonds are _really_ stable.
@@christiannorf1680 Is it just luck of the universe that the silicon-oxygen bonds are also transparent?
Absolutely adore the thermal images shown here. And it's great to see the transition of LWIR radiation into the visible and back.
I'm writing a report on quartz oscillators and until now I'd been confused on their excelent reliability. Your point on its expansion explains this wonderfully! Thanks
Thank you, dear Professor, for another great video!
So cool! Love this channel, always has something interesting to cover :)
Nice video!!
I'd love to see a video of Conor making custom glassware or repairing a 3-neck flask or condenser.
I hoped you'd touch on the Prince Rupert's drops; good on Destin for helping with some of his terrific footage.
At first I was like where's Neil? Who's seizing Neil's lab? Then I pictured Neil going crazy throwing tubes and flasks at Connor 😂
Probably on his bike, taking the long winding way to the chemical supply company just to pick up one small bottle of whatever chemical they need 'to save on small order cost'.
do you think connor knows how to make ketamine?
oh boy this guy really has a future. Glass breaks when put under stress. WHO WOULD HAVE THOUGHT!
Nice slow-motion video, very interesting to watch the behavior of the water and vapor alongside the glass itself. I also appreciated the IR imagery to help showcase the temperature gradients.
Thermal shock in action....I'm a glass artist my, though I mainly work with what we call soft glass (Coe 90 to 104)
We miss you Professor. Please keep the interesting science coming, you are helping people make neuro connections about alot of different things. We all need you, and love you. Thanks for your passion in science.
I love how in the thermal shots the warming water looks as if it's fluorescent dye!
My main experience of quartz was in my early programming days with "windowed" microcontrollers. This was before flash memory. Normal silicon dice would be assembled with a quartz window, allowing the One-Time-Programming to be reversed by exposure to ultraviolet light. It took about 20 minutes, so you'd get a few ICs to work with and a decent socket in your board.
I heard of someone whose program worked fine with a windowed part but never a standard OTP. Daylight was "initializing" the RAM he'd forgotten to initialize in code.
You’re the absolute best man kudos
I'd like to see more of Connor and his glass making craft! Seems super interesting.
Loved this one
Learned that this is part of a major subject in material science. Thank you for the video.
Watching the glass slowly break in water is very hypnotic and nice.
love the sound
I love how the Borosilicate glass seemed to know where the camera was and kept moving so to be at a bad angle.
This is as intensely interesting as it was when I performed similar style "experiments" as a child. I learned so much doing things just like this (but not this specifically). I spent the majority of my idle time exploring the world in these ways when I was young. I do miss it so.
Not sure how true this is but I’ve heard that professional scientific glass blowers are exceptionally difficult to find and essential if you want to run productive chemistry labs. Most of them don’t have university degrees and often get the chop when university managers look to cut costs. They do move on to commercial R&D labs where they get paid well. Love to hear more about this.
Looks like an interesting profession.
Great video 😊
Periodic videos venturing into physics! I like it!
The bathroom in my new house had these two ornate glass lamps flanking the mirror, looking very old fashioned. One day I was using the sink and a drop of water flew up and landed on one of the bulbs, causing it to explode in fairly dramatic fashion. I was quite impressed. I wondered whether this ever happened to the previous owner. Anyway, I replaced the bulbs with the modern low energy ones and, so far, there have been no more explosions.
we need to see collaboration with SmarterEveryDay
The process of slowly cooling glass after it's been heated is called annealing. It's also done with knifemaking for the same reason.
Not the same reason at all. The principles behind the heat treatment of steel have very little in common with glass annealing.
@@TheHuesSciTech Please forgive my ignorance, but would you mind giving a one or two sentence explanation of the differences, or perhaps point me to something I could read about it? TIA
@@quintrankid8045 Try "Heat Treatment - the science of forging" by "Real engineering" and note that crystalline grains, grain boundaries, and the way that the *mixture* of iron and carbon behaves across different temperatures is central to the explanation. Meanwhile everything in this video is simple thermal expansion, amorphous not crystalline, and no (reasonable) explanation of what's happening in this video would refer to mixture phase diagrams.
quartz was also used to protect the cameras that would film the rockets of the Shuttle and rocket booster addons as they were being launched. I always found this fascinating. A camera right next to the launch site being able to watch a controlled explosion.
Makes me think that there needs to be a spin-off channel with more materials science. Really enjoyed this one.
Glass blowers are the unsung heroes of the chemistry department.
This, 1000x this
Dear Professor, can you explain what types of gasses form when lava meets ocean? Thinking about the situation in Spain.
Water doesn't contact when it's cold. Water is such a cool molecule.
I loved learning about making glassware in highschool chemistry.
We have to sometimes have the same annealing process when welding certain metal alloys.
If you have made the weld properly the weld zone should be stronger than the rest of the weldment, but if you have not done the annealing properly then the weld will fail, not at the weld itself, but along the edge of the weld zone, where the weldment was almost, but not quite melted.
Really like every explanation of the Professor, along with the theory he nicely explains particular application of things in daily life, in this case why quartz is used in xenon headlights.👍👍.
The stress being locked in by rapid cooling produces desirable properties in glass for some purposes. Glass treated in this way that doesn't disintegrate on its own is much harder to damage than chemically identical glass without the stress frozen in, so it can be used in applications where you want very strong glass, such as vehicle side windows, tabletops, doors that need to be secure, and so forth. When such glass is broken, the internal stresses cause it to shatter into small pieces that tend to not have sharp edges, so unlike conventional glass they don't present a sharps hazard. (Freshly broken glass varries one of the sharpest cutting edges known. This is why being thrown through a window can easily cause sever, even fatal, injuries.)
Pure fused silica glass is used for windows and optics that need to be UV transparent. We used on to get UV from a mercury vapor lamp into a vacuum chamber. You just need to keep track of your windows because they look like any other one.
love the drama an explanation
would love to hear a high res recording of the shattering glass sound
I want to see this done with polarizing filters to highlight the stresses
I love the Acoustic Emissions from Borosilicate glass
I'm fascinated by the steam bubbles coming off it, you can see them expand and then collapse in sparkly flashes
Great to see something we work with...Using quartz tubes to vacuum encapsulate metal samples for annealing over 1000C
I’m here because I coughed into my dab rig and the banger exploded
Would you consider doing a comparison "Quartz Vs. Corundum"?
Are there nuance-differences between "Quartz" and "Fused silica"?
In a strict materials science term, quartz is crystalline and fused silica is the amorphous (or glass) structure. In fact furnace tubes using fused silica devitrifies into the crystalline beta quartz (cristabolite) above 1100C and is a source of stress and cracking of furnace tubes in old semiconductor processes.
I'm so happy that your university still employs a laboratory flameworker (that is the correct term; glassblower isn't and glassblowers' jobs are done by robots today). Please keep that tradition alive. It's so much better when a person can offer a quick and direct help with an apparatus.
One: I love that the department has glass blowers to create various apparatuses. Two: I love the Cubs hat!!!
I found this out when i was about 11, pretty interesting. I took a glass out of the dishwasher, which was water heated, and I poured some cold water into it to get a drink. I was so confused lol. My dad explained to me why. My dad is honestly the main reason I watch videos like this, I’m glad he instilled curiosity in my mind when I was little.
Dudes fro keeps getting bigger and better over the years
I like how you can see the leidenfrost effect dissipating before the liquid water has its effect.
This smells more like physics than chemistry! Sixty Symbols would like a word.
I remember doing this in middle school science class. We had these small glass straws I heated over a Bunsen burner and it cracked when I cooled them under water in the sink.
This reminds me of when I was told to avoid eating hot food followed by cold food or the opposite, because it creates cracks in the teeth
The quartz looked more like quenching a steel sword in oil.
Soda-lime glass could also have been showcased!
Eh, it could, as well as other glasses, like kiln glass used in art projects. But that's not the problem with this video. They're trying to imply there's a change in properties where pure Silicon Dioxide (Quartz) does something completely different than Silicon Dioxide with impurities (Glass) does. However, the only thing those impurities does in this regards is change the Coefficient of Expansion (CoE) by changing the difference in temperatures needed to cause the material to rend itself into pieces.
The glaring error in this vide is where they used a tube for one material and a rod for another. Those shapes and masses will perform drastically more different than if they used similar rod or tubes for the differing materials. Meaning, a tube of any glass would perform similarly to the tube of quartz, and the rod of quartz would perform the same as the rod of glass. The ONLY differences would be the change in temperature to create enough strain for the piece to rip itself apart. The CoE just dictates the size of the temperature difference needed.
@@jackielinde7568 They are both tubes, just the borosilicate is a open ended glass tube, while the silica is an old teat tube with a closed end.
Cool.
Correct me if I'm wrong, but I think a nother reason why Quarz isn't more commonly used is, that it's rather sensitive to salts. You shouldn't touch Quarz bulbs for that reason. They could explode because of the salts on the human skin.
I have a 150 mm optical flat made from fused quartz; it allows testing without as much worry about the temperature.
You seem to have in your garden a lovely plant called Lonicera Tatarica L. also called Tatarian Honeysuckle ...
1:19 You can also see the Leidenfrost effect taking effect there. A layer of gas (steam) is isolating the red hot glass from the water.
When I went to boarding school, a naughty bunch of us used to splash water on the incandescent lightbulbs in the corridors and watch them blow up for fun. We were never caught
Yeah, thermal shock. I learned this when I rinsed a glass straight out of the dishwasher with cold water.
There’s a Dick Francis novel about a glassblower and when the villain makes him create a copy of a glass sculpture, he deliberately doesn’t anneal it. It explodes like a bomb, creating a distraction.
Oven-safe glass in the USA used to be real borosilicate. Now it isn’t usually, just a tempered, somewhat heat-resistant soda-lime glass. Adequate but inferior.
I love that book. It's called "Shattered".
I have a couple of my mother's old borosilicate measuring cups and bowls. There IS a difference. Same goes for glass dishware such as corelle. That stuff is chintzy now and prone to explosive breakage.
This reminded me of videos I've seen of people using heat and cold to break glass along lines. Could you please do a video debunking (or not) their claims?
love the vid
The outside isn't contracting, it is frozen into place and the strain comes from the inside cooling more slowly and having time to contract.
we had a pyrex baking dish, probably about 7 or 8 years ago, that my husband left on the stove top - well he left one burner on (that the dish was touching) so when I went to move the unevenly heated dish it literally exploded as soon as I touched it.
thankfully I wasn't hurt at all, just badly shaken up. I still have anxiety today about leaving stuff on the stove top 😬
Interesting example of the Leidenfrost effect at 6:15 too. (and at 3:40 & 5:34 as ProjectPhysX and others pointed out)
So, basically, this is what happens if a Prince Rupert's drop and a piece of popcorn have a baby.
Borosilicate glass expands ~10x more than quartz when heated
You can see a thermal shock wave travelling down the specimen as it cools 👍
Normally I wouldn't comment on someone's appearance, but, man, oh, man, does Conor look cool. He may have a cool job and be excellent at it, I'm certain, but he is styling while doing it and that needs recognising.
Now I need to know: is there a difference in Prince Rupert's Drops made of borosilicate glass and soda glass, and quartz glass?
Same applies to windscreens in winter and defrosting them with hot water.
I just found out about the badges, and it's a really interesting sequence. Like hydrogen to helium to carbon to gold to cesium??
this thumbnail made me think that this was a different channel than periodic videos
Even borosilicate is special
Omg I miss the chemical professor, big love from Indonesia