Parity Violation in Beta Decay (Wu Experiment) | Weak Interaction in Particle Physics
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- Опубліковано 17 чер 2024
- Parity - 01:22 | Neutrinos - 08:29 | Wu Experiment - 21:25
Parity is a mathematical transformation that effectively inverts or flips the axes of a coordinate-reference system. In doing so it transforms a right handed coordinate system to a left handed coordinate system, thus giving us a mirror image of the physical phenomenon.
It was long believed that the Physical laws in our Universe are invariant with respect to a parity transformation, i.e. the laws of our universe cannot distinguish between a physical phenomenon happening in our Universe and its (parity-inverted) mirror image in a mirror Universe, thus making both the phenomenon equally likely. In short, our Universe is symmetric w.r.t a parity transformation ie. left and right. If a particular phenomenon is likely, then its parity inverted (or mirror image) phenomenon is also equally likely.
However, this symmetry or parity (or conservation of partiy) is violated in the case of Weak interactions. One of very first experiments to observe violation of partiy was performed by Chein Shiung Wu et all around 1956, by looking at the Beta decay of Co-60. Beta decay essentially involves weak interaction. What the Wu Experiment found was that the electrons emitted in the beta decay were preferentially emitted opposite to the direction of Co-60 nuclear spin. This violated the idea of parity symmetry, because otherwise there is no reason for the electrons to be emitted preferentially in one particular direction. This is also the reason why the neutrinos emitted are left handed and anti-neutrinos emitted are right handed in weak interactions. So violation of parity symmetry in beta decay was shown by the Wu Experiment, after which this principle was revisited.
In this video i discuss the above ideas..
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▱▱▱▱▱ Elementary Particle Physics ▱▱▱▱▱
1. Four Fundamental Forces
▶ • Four Fundamental Force...
2. What are Antiparticles?
▶ • What are Antiparticles...
3. What are Neutrinos?
▶ • What are Neutrinos? (N...
4. Neutrino Oscillations
▶ • The Mystery of Neutrin...
5. Parity Violation in Beta Decay
▶ • Parity Violation in Be...
6. What are Leptons?
▶ • What are Leptons? (Cla...
7. What are Hadrons?
▶ • What are Hadrons? (Cla...
8. Lepton, Baryon, Strangeness Number
▶ • Lepton, Baryon, Strang...
9. Eightfold Way (in Particle physics)
▶ • Eightfold Way (in Part...
10. What are Quarks?
▶ • What are Quarks? ( Qua...
▱▱▱▱▱ PLAYLIST ▱▱▱▱▱
▶ • Elementary Particle Ph...
What are Neutrinos?
▶ ua-cam.com/video/Ukop9e8dAuI/v-deo.html
Neutrino Oscillations
▶ ua-cam.com/video/jamnVJ6u1wY/v-deo.html
What are Leptons?
▶ ua-cam.com/video/UQXjfh0j2yg/v-deo.html
What happens if you join the head of your paper arrow to the tail of your paper arrow, as in a torus? What if neutrinos are a torus with either a RH or LH twist and antineutrinos are a twisted torus with the opposite twist?
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Is there an alternative interpretation of "Asymptotic Freedom"? What if Quarks are actually made up of twisted tubes which become physically entangled with two other twisted tubes to produce a proton? Instead of the Strong Force being mediated by the exchange of gluons, it would be mediated by the physical entanglement of these twisted tubes. When only two twisted tubules are entangled, a meson is produced which is unstable and rapidly unwinds (decays) into something else. A proton would be analogous to three twisted rubber bands becoming entangled and the "Quarks" would be the places where the tubes are tangled together. The behavior would be the same as rubber balls (representing the Quarks) connected with twisted rubber bands being separated from each other or placed closer together producing the exact same phenomenon as "Asymptotic Freedom" in protons and neutrons. The force would become greater as the balls are separated, but the force would become less if the balls were placed closer together.
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What if we describe subatomic particles as spatial curvature, instead of trying to describe General Relativity as being mediated by particles?
Quantum Entangled Twisted Tubules:
“We are all agreed that your theory is crazy. The question which divides us is whether it is crazy enough to have a chance of being correct.” Neils Bohr
(lecture on a theory of elementary particles given by Wolfgang Pauli in New York, c. 1957-8, in Scientific American vol. 199, no. 3, 1958)
The following is meant to be a generalized framework for an extension of Kaluza-Klein Theory. Does it agree with the “Twistor Theory” of Roger Penrose? During the early history of mankind, the twisting of fibers was used to produce thread, and this thread was used to produce fabrics. The twist of the thread is locked up within these fabrics. Is matter made up of twisted 3D-4D structures which store spatial curvature that we describe as “particles"? Are the twist cycles the "quanta" of Quantum Mechanics?
When we draw a sine wave on a blackboard, we are representing spatial curvature. Does a photon transfer spatial curvature from one location to another? Wrap a piece of wire around a pencil and it can produce a 3D coil of wire, much like a spring. When viewed from the side it can look like a two-dimensional sine wave. You could coil the wire with either a right-hand twist, or with a left-hand twist. Could Planck's Constant be proportional to the twist cycles. A photon with a higher frequency has more energy. ( E=hf, More spatial curvature as the frequency increases = more Energy ). What if gluons are actually made up of these twisted tubes which become entangled with other tubes to produce quarks. (In the same way twisted electrical extension cords can become entangled.) Therefore, the gluons are a part of the quarks. Quarks cannot exist without gluons, and vice-versa. Mesons are made up of two entangled tubes (Quarks/Gluons), while protons and neutrons would be made up of three entangled tubes. (Quarks/Gluons) The "Color Force" would be related to the XYZ coordinates (orientation) of entanglement. "Asymptotic Freedom", and "flux tubes" are logically based on this concept. The Dirac “belt trick” also reveals the concept of twist in the ½ spin of subatomic particles. If each twist cycle is proportional to h, we have identified the source of Quantum Mechanics as a consequence twist cycle geometry.
Modern physicists say the Strong Force is mediated by a constant exchange of Mesons. The diagrams produced by some modern physicists actually represent the Strong Force like a spring connecting the two quarks. Asymptotic Freedom acts like real springs. Their drawing is actually more correct than their theory and matches perfectly to what I am saying in this model. You cannot separate the Gluons from the Quarks because they are a part of the same thing. The Quarks are the places where the Gluons are entangled with each other.
Neutrinos would be made up of a twisted torus (like a twisted donut) within this model. The twist in the torus can either be Right-Hand or Left-Hand. Some twisted donuts can be larger than others, which can produce three different types of neutrinos. Gravity is a result of a very small curvature imbalance within atoms. (This is why the force of gravity is so small.) Instead of attempting to explain matter as "particles", this concept attempts to explain matter more in the manner of our current understanding of the space-time curvature of gravity. If an electron has qualities of both a particle and a wave, it cannot be either one. It must be something else. Therefore, a "particle" is actually a structure which stores spatial curvature. Can an electron-positron pair (which are made up of opposite directions of twist) annihilate each other by unwinding into each other producing Gamma Ray photons?
Does an electron travel through space like a threaded nut traveling down a threaded rod, with each twist cycle proportional to Planck’s Constant? Does it wind up on one end, while unwinding on the other end? Is this related to the Higgs field? Does this help explain the strange ½ spin of many subatomic particles? Does the 720 degree rotation of a 1/2 spin particle require at least one extra dimension?
Alpha decay occurs when the two protons and two neutrons (which are bound together by entangled tubes), become un-entangled from the rest of the nucleons
. Beta decay occurs when the tube of a down quark/gluon in a neutron becomes overtwisted and breaks producing a twisted torus (neutrino) and an up quark, and the ejected electron. The phenomenon of Supercoiling involving twist and writhe cycles may reveal how overtwisted quarks can produce these new particles. The conversion of twists into writhes, and vice-versa, is an interesting process.
Gamma photons are produced when a tube unwinds producing electromagnetic waves.
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Within this model a black hole could represent a quantum of gravity, because it is one cycle of spatial gravitational curvature. Therefore, instead of a graviton being a subatomic particle it could be considered to be a black hole. The overall gravitational attraction would be caused by a very tiny curvature imbalance within atoms. We know there is an unequal distribution of electrical charge within each atom because the positive charge is concentrated within the nucleus, even though the overall electrical charge of the atom is balanced by equal positive and negative charge.
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In this model Alpha equals the compactification ratio within the twistor cone, which is approximately 1/137.
1= Hypertubule diameter at 4D interface
137= Cone’s larger end diameter at 3D interface where the photons are absorbed or emitted.
The 4D twisted Hypertubule gets longer or shorter as twisting or untwisting occurs. (720 degrees per twist cycle.)
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How many neutrinos are left over from the Big Bang? They have a small mass, but they could be very large in number. Could this help explain Dark Matter?
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Why did Paul Dirac use the twist in a belt to help explain particle spin? Is Dirac’s belt trick related to this model? Is the “Quantum” unit based on twist cycles?
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I started out imagining a subatomic Einstein-Rosen Bridge whose internal surface is twisted with either a Right-Hand twist, or a Left-Hand twist. The model grew out of that simple idea.
I was also trying to imagine a way to stuff the curvature of a 3 D sine wave into subatomic particles.
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Dear Mr Das, What a superb follow up to your “What are Neutrinos” lecture. I especially loved your explanation of the Wu experiment. I very much respect your ability to present quantum concepts in understandable explanation - you do share that trait with the great Richard Feynman.
Thank you.. I am very flattered by such high praise :) I am glad you enjoyed the video
UPDATE: So here's the video on Neutrino Oscillations, finally :) ua-cam.com/video/jamnVJ6u1wY/v-deo.html
I promised a video on neutrino oscillations. However, i am a bit stuck on a few animations (which i wanted to create for a better visualization of the topic) so till i figure that out, pls enjoy the other videos. Cheers :)
OK sir. I'll wait for it. But you are doing great work keep it up sir. 👍
Tqq so much sir particle physics content on UA-cam is not much in number so u r initiative is really appreciable
Only my opinion but I would say You are already very good at explaining things with your chalkboard explanations. Don't worry about animations. Often they are over simplified and give and incomplete and misleading View of the physics. This is especially true in the case of a complex probability amplitude function that is represented using an image which is naturally described with only real number dimensions. For example, I don't know how you could animate the probability amplitude function for a photon in the double slit Experiment. The very act of showing an animation implies a measurement of it as it moves forward in time. Looking at it destroys it from the very beginning. I would like to be proved wrong it's this would help in the understanding. But I don't see anyone has done it
@@henryD9363 Thanks.. I think you have a point there!
I thank you from the bottom of my heart for the series you are doing.
Really great video! I was looking for a detailed but accessible explanation on the Wu experiment, focussing on the physics, and this was perfect. Thank you!
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God bless you
We had to read the original paper of the Wu experiment in our Particle Physics Master course and I didnt understand much while reading it, but with your video its totally clear to me and I finally understand why this experiment was so groundbreaking. Thanks a lot !
Awesome! In my opinion, this is the most complete and clear explaination I could find on UA-cam so far. Also you seem to be a very talented science communicator, thank you for your work 😍
This is really really interesting. Can't have imagined a better physicist to explain this!
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If I can give multiple likes to this lecture then I will. I first ever find such a pretty explanation. It was my first lecture of yours and I became big fan of you
Thank you so very much for this detailed and clear explanation of the violation conservation of parity. This is so helpful. It's the first fully COMPREHENSIVE explanation I have heard. It was detailed, step-by-step, and clear all along the journey. You did not skip over or rush through the important and difficult aspects, which is something that happens all too often in technical lectures.
The Best explaination ever ! Thank u so much sir for such an informative and lucid explaination . ♥️
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It has been the most reliable source which is also easily understandable compared to some books.
I am really grateful that I can live in a time one can benefit from videos like these.
This video helped me with my thesis for bachelor degree in physics, beautiful and clear explanations.
Perfect clarity. Please keep on doing. How sad that Wu did not get the Nobel she so much deserved.
Excellent. What a demonstration. Dear! you are a true Physicist.
I'm watching this video almost 1 and a half years after its release. I'm a student of IISER kolkata and I was writing an article for our science club, this video helped me a lot to be able to finish up my article. Thanks for making such an awesome video.
Thanks. So clear im surprised! Other videos out there wasted my time they are so vague.
What a simple explanation! You are great.
Luv it, now i can understand what is parity operation!!!!!
Wow! What a beautiful explanation! Thank you!
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You deserve 100 Stars ✨ ✨. This video is awesome
no doubt best explantion
and my curiosity has increased after watching ur videos
thanku sir
Excellent explanation of the Wu experiment. Thank you!!
1st video of you I saw.. subscribed.. lots of love.. keep explaining 🌹🌹
Excellent explanation of a confusing theoretical physics topic without the need for advanced math. Yes, Feynman would have been very happy to see this. Thanks.
What a great explanation. Thanks!!
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I am really glad that I came across ur Channel before my final exam its really helpful for me to understand and write all things with clear understanding some points i really want to appreciate
1. Ur handwriting is ( nice and clear)understandable to each and everyone so no hustle while understanding
2. Ur way of speaking slow, clear and clean works that make this more understandable
Not only this single video i am appreciating all ur videos 🎉🎉🎉😊😊
This is the best video I've ever seen. Congratulation
That was soooo smooth.....great explanation sir
Great vidoes! I like the depth at which they go to. Could you make a video explaining maxwell's, faraday's and lenz's laws. And perhaps derive them.
Excellent explanation...i couldn't understand this topic earlier but now u hv made it so clear and easy to understand..keep doing these videos sir...
Splendid teaching skills...glad by atttending your lectures ♥️♥️
Such a beautiful explanation!
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Excellent explanation! Thank you!
Very useful for student to understand what is parity violation. Very simple explanation. GOD bless you Mr Das.
Thanks for your superb explanation! I finally understand this issue,
Sir, this was really a midblowing explaination. keep up the good work 👍
Great explaination. Thank you so much .
Wu's experiment was explained beautifully ❤️❤️
Thanks for the post. Helped me understand what that mirror means - it is a "mirror of probability" not a "mirror of observation"..
Outstanding explanation. Truly Word class
Fantastic video. Thanks a lot.
that was very helpful!! thank you :)
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God bless you sir..God always with hard worker...
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Wonderful! Thank you!
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phenomenal explanation
I also realized that in our Universe doesn't exist the double like button rsrs
Excellent explanation!!
Thanku so much.... It was really very very helpful sir 😃😃😃...
Thank you for your efforts
This was one of the finest (i just revisited this lecture) the explanation to preferential outcome of electrons was explained nicely. My only question that remains unanswered is why can't we simply see the parity violation by observing only beta decay rate?
Sir you are genius... i didn't explain that how u can make easy this difficult topic in simple way..
I've gone back to my masters classes with your video 😆😆
very nice explanation....Thank you Sir
Wow. The most interesting topic is here.
Excellent 👌 explanation
Great Explanation!
wah bhai kya explain kiya hai, gajab
Thanks a million Sir!
Sir You are like a Strong Electric Field, which can push the electrons like us to a very far distance.
Thank you
Wonderful video as always. Thanks very much again. This is the first time, I've been able to understand clearly what a mirror image/transformation means. I was under the assumption that in a "Mirror" Universe, you have to flip the charges as well (Electron becomes a positron), and a particle becomes an Anti-Particle. Perhaps that is a different set of transformations. Thanks again for very clear explanations.
Indeed, what you are referring to is CP (Charge+Parity) Once P-symmetry was violated, it was believed that CP- symmetry was conserved instead. But that was shown to be violated too, leading to CPT
Thank you sir..... I learned a lot
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Thank you🙏😊
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thank you very much about this video.please can you doing a video about giant resonance in nuclei
It would be great if u can make a PDF on this with the diagrams that u drew on the board. Awesome video though.
Great. 🙏