Magnetic refrigeration: How does that work?!
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- Опубліковано 28 вер 2014
- I describe how some materials can change temperature when a magnetic field is applied to them.
6:03 - update on ruby laser
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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic... - Наука та технологія
Came here from an Adam video to see a working magnetic refrigerator and the link is now private. I wonder if the patent is sold
Could you please elaborate?
what other video are you referring to pleas?
Thanks
@@sailaab ua-cam.com/video/kVDl2Z4sSVI/v-deo.html
@@edfarage570 that's hillarious that's exactly why I'm here too haha
I also came from an Adam video on refrigeration. This video tread is much more interesting (Scientific)
Still hoping for a video from Adam's channel on this topic though.
You have to remember that in addition to this magneto-thermal effect there is also an electromagnetic effect ie. the movement in the field causes a significant voltage change which will read on the meter. The difference is that the magneto-thermal effect has a noticeable delay where as the magneto-electric effect is near instantaneous.
Some of my favorite time spent on UA-cam is spent here on this amazing channel.
One of the most fascinating channels on youtube. Excellent work as always Ben
Always, another great video from Applied Science.
Some of the instantaneous "noise" you saw on your temperature measurement looked like it could be due to electromagnetic induction in the loop at the end of the temperature probe. It only seemed to happen while you were moving the loop in an out of the magnetic field.
Agree but it was not very significant. Maybe if he had done it more than once when he noticed to disprove/prove it?
Brilliant once again Ben. I love learning new things and you keep on finding fascinating things to educate me with. Thanks and keep the vids coming.
Holy crap Ben, I say this every week, and i'll say it again.
Every video you make is more amazing than the last. Great work.
Wore my shirt today with pride! Keep being a hero, Ben!
just recieved your T shirts. very nice. I think part of the success is that the process is very simple. no registration and passwords required. And also your channel is fantastic, people are happy to support it.
As a layman, I really love your analogies. So helpful.
The test done with copper was most likely heated by the eddy currents generated within it when you entered/exited the field.
What I have heard is that if we could readily produce a 10 tesla field, we could have refrigerators more efficient then Freon refrigerators. (We could also have a lot of other things, such as motors/generators that are 1/100th the size of present designs!).
Here from Adam Regusea?
*Ragusea You just watched his video and couldn't even spell his name right...
Anthony Prosser *salt*
Yeah
Same
I NEED to have the Applied Science coat you were wearing! Make another campaign with that! Please! (Great video as always)
Thanks! I would have offered the coat via an online ordering process if possible. I didn't find any suppliers that would offer customized lab coats with the ease of teespring-style crowd ordering. I customized this lab coat myself with a vinyl cutter and thermal-transfer vinyl. It would be too expensive to make them this way for mass production, but maybe I will offer a few as prizes or random give-aways. Better yet, maybe I will just produce the vinyl parts, and let you transfer them to your own garments!
You make genuine videos.
Eddy currents / magnetism affecting the current through thermocouple affecting the reading on the meter?
is it possible your sensor works on a constant voltage measuring current to find a resistance to measure temperature? if so then placing the sensor in the field would induce a changing emf messing with your readings.turn the sensor 180 and see if the temp moves the other direction
No shit, I was hoping someone would say that! That was my VERY FIRST THOUGHT when I saw him showing the effect, especially since the temp spikes occur when he first moves the probe through the field and settled after. Exactly what you'd expect from induction 😂
@@xxportalxx. if you watch the rest of the video you might notice that he tested it.
You're AWSOME mate!!
I am 100% interested in a Mass Spectrometer. I will check your reddit.
3:08 the standard refrigeration cycle has about a 20F drop in temperature. Converting the 20 Kelvin drop that magneto can provide is about 36F which is well within the range of commercial refrigeration. Not exactly solid state refrigeration like thermocouples, but it is still good in that no refrigerants are needed. It would be perfect if the efficiency was better than the existing technology - no use getting rid of the Freon and using 4 times the energy to run this. Also, how dangerous is the material to handle? Mercury switches were all the rage until we realized that if you played enough with the silvery stuff, you could die.
Promising tech with some questions to be answered.
Thumbs up overall!
Great Video!!!
My T-shirt turned up the other day, well pleased with it. keep up the cool vids (pun intended) :)
Was looking at this Magnetic Refrigeration a few years ago for use in a Lunar Base. A great over due idea ! Keep up the good work. Back then a couple companies were in this business.
Eyes UP and lights down, tjl Sent by Win7Pro64 w/ADSL
Tim Lipinski There needs to be a better home dehumidifier made. The current, typical situation is that they're junk after 3 (5 maximum) (ALL of them - victims of circumstance) and get thrown out. Too finicky and expensive to fix. Older R-22s (?) seemed to last over 25 years. At $200-$225 a piece, it's very annoying.
Subscribed, nice explanation.
Very knowledge video Sir I was finding a video on magnetic cooling experimemt at home
I recently subscribed, you have great videos. Have you ever build a IR camera that measures temperature?
You are great person 🙏🙏💐
Did you have to ensure that the room temperature was higher than the Curie temperature of Gadolinium (68degF/20degC) in order to obtain the temperature shift?
72 got it toasty in there. I really like the graphics on your thum nail. It looks great and makes me want to click.
The title..."how does that work" a reference to the ICP song "Miracles"? Probably not, but the similarity made me smirk.
Benjamin Sprouse Effin magnets.
A Spark Plasma Sintering system might be a fun option. I work with industrial ceramic research at school and use one regularly. A quick review of the literature suggests it is possible. In principle the system is not complex but some of the equipment required a might be cost prohibitive. Basically vacuum chamber with capability for conductive DC anvils and graphite punches and dies. If you want specifications or literature, i would he happy to help with that. The article I'm looking at would probably require ~2 millitorr pressures, and around 2kA current and 30MPa pressures. In retrospect, might cost a pretty penny...
An engineering senior design team that I advised built a pyroelectric energy harvesting device. The electrocaloric/pyroelectric effect is the dielectric analogy to the magnetocaloric/pyromagnetic effect. Our device was constructed using liquid crystals. The circuit was a little crude, but this year we are improving the circuit and are looking at new pyroelectric materials.
A video of the operating device can be found here: Pyroelectric Energy Harvesting Device Based on Liquid Crystals
Do you believe that this technology will replace the actual refrigerant compressor cycle system for air conditioning and refrigeration?
Do you happen to know the effect on praseodymium instead of PrNi? I can find Pr online for $10 but I cannot find the PrNi that they used for the coldest temperature on Earth.
there are a number of problems with making a practical refrigerator with this kind of setup. For one thing, few materials exhibit much of a magnetocaloric effect. One of the more widely used materials in this category is a rare earth called gadolinium and its alloys such as Gd5(Si2Ge2). But magnetocaloric materials tend to be expensive. Gadolinium, for example, typically costs thousands of dollars per pound. The quest for cheaper magnetocaloric materials is an active research topic. Manganese compounds such as MnFeP1-xAsx are among those being looked at.
Synthesis of sapphires don't require high pressures unless you intend to use hydrothermal synthesis (which in fact I don't even know if it's suitable for making sapphires).
Processes like Verneuil or Czochralski's work on ambient pressure by melting the aluminum oxide and using seed crystal + controlled cooling to achieve the crystallization.
I'm currently working on a project of this sort, I've got a transformer for getting the heat I'll need for this process by Joule heating and I'm currently working on programing a micro-controller to handle the reading of the temperature and adjusting the output from the transformer according to it (just some simple proportional control looping since more advanced stuff like PID sounded boring and would also require more control parameters than I can achieve with the type of equipment I currently have).
I've found that getting good crucibles for this sort of stuff is kinda tricky, aluminum oxide apparently will react with ceramics and graphite is said to contaminate the crystals... I've been trying to get my hands on some molybdenum crucibles but they're way too expensive to fit on my college student budget =(
can we use other element in place of gadolinium which is more chipper than gd.
You seemed rather interested in the mass spec idea. My suggestion is that you look into building one based off of the quadrupole mass analyzer rather than the traditional time of flight. It's more efficient and also I have reason to believe you are up to such a challenge.
what were the objects you used to create this circuit?
When an ferromagnetic material is placed inside a magnetic field, it's domains arrange in the direction of the field. This lowers the randomness, and hence the entropy of the system. Now if we remove the field in adiabatic condition, the entropy stays low as no heat can transfer in adiabatic condition. This lowers the temperature of the system. By this magnetic cooling, temperatures as low as in the order of mK has been achieved.
A similar thing happens to rubber, where when it's stretched, it heats up, and when it relaxes it cools down, so similar to magnetic refrigeration, you could chop up a bunch of rubber band balls to cool down a room via elastic refrigeration!
Chris Orita That is an awesome idea!
Chris Orita Great idea, I'll see what sort of cooling I can get out of it :-)
Applied Science I was thinking about how the rubber bands lose their thermal energy when stretched and thought maybe that Liquid crystal helical chemical that straigtens out under voltage could shed thermal energy when the voltage is applied...
Applied Science just put out a great video on this subject, looks like he was inspired by the OP!
Applied Science, are there any T-shirts still available? Specifically a Large or possibly a Medium?? I would love to get one to support your channel, plus I think you logo is brilliant and cool looking ;-)
I though AS did that video years ago and I thought this was a joke. Then I looked and it was less than a year ago... how the memory plays tricks.
Nice shirt Applied Science, good quality, excellent fit.
When I received mine I experienced a strange phenomenon...When I removed the shirt from the shipping bag. It was folded and clinging to itself tightly, possibly due to static-cling from the bag. I shook it twice and started to put it on when I realized the shirt was quite warm to the touch. I'd estimate about 95F (~25 above ambient), like it had recently come out of the dryer. The bag that it came in wasn't warm, and it had been sitting on a parcel shelf for at least 3 hours, away from the sun, and any external heat source.
My first guess is heat from static discharge, but I've never experienced this before. I find it unlikely that a 100% cotton shirt could build a charge capable of releasing the requisite energy for such heating to occur. Also the humidity is pretty high today.
The only other thought I have is that this shirt has a very mild chemical smell...but I doubt that it would have been treated with anything that would go exothermic on air contact.
Thoughts?
LOL comedy.
is it possible to cause distension using gadolinium and gallum while amplyfied to an electric field?
You'll be able to create synthetic sapphire and ruby using a Verniuel furnace. I'm more than confident in you being successful. You'll need a constant supply of oxygen and hydrogen and good refractory materials lining the inside of the furnace. I'm building one myself and I created a small synthetic sapphire last week while testing substrate material and seeing how it reacted and held up with the aluminum oxide - titanium dioxide mixture being heated around 2200 Celsius for 45 minutes. I honestly didn't think I would have created a sapphire when I did. I was just wanting to see if the substrate would hold up and to see if I could fuse the oxide mixture at all.
Needless to say, building a Verniuel furnace is neither trivial or cheap, and finding thorough schematics of a functional furnace has proved just about impossible. I've only found concept drawings. I've gathered one good photo of an actual small production Verniuel furnace and have been creating measurements based off what I can visually retrieve from comparing known sized objects found within the picture. The rest of it, I'm having to design 100% from scratch based on the research I've been doing for months of material properties and applying what I know of refractory properties, thermal conductivity and endless tests.
I've found a supplier to purchase clear ceramic glass which can withstand 2000 Celsius temperatures so that I can have a viewing window. I've had to put a temporary hold on the actual furnace build so that I can complete my oxygen and hydrogen generating electrolysis box. I spent about $400 last night on materials just for this alone. I've probably invested about $1,500 so far into this project, but I think it will be worth it. I need something better to do besides buying a sports car for a mid-life crisis.
How can you be sure that what your thermocouple is measuring is *not* eddy currents (when moving the sensor within the magnetic field) messing up the cold junction?
A magnetic pulse tube refrigerator has already been made for the D Wave
So it a metal in the magnetic field pulls some heat from its surroundings, thereby reducing the temperature around it?
Sorry about the late comment; I'm just now watching this.
At minute mark 5:40 you mention using copper fittings in your ammonia absorption system. Are your sure about that? Generally speaking, that's a non-starter due to ammonia attacking the copper. Just google "copper compatibility with ammonia" and you'll get lots of good hits. I think most old ammonia systems were made with iron-based tubing.
Perhaps there is another comment already on this.
But I thought in the spinning ice skater analogy, the skater's rotation inertia is converted and energy is added to the system in the form of work done by pulling in of her arms? As opposed to conserving energy and and changing inertia?
So does it become more thermally conductive in a high magnetic field?
I'm curious that if you turn that small temperature sensor 180° in the field at 0:33 of the vedio, what will happen about the 71.6 F° stable temperature?
are you coming to Trondheim Maker Faire ?
can someone please send a link as to where i can acquire the materials for this? (the big magnet + gadolinium shavings) thanku
You can deposit Al2O3 onto a substrate via reactive deposition in your vacuum chamber. It's often used as a dielectric and as a resist layer in microchip production. I don't know how thick of a layer you could get in a reasonable amount of time, but I had a used viewing port glass that was covered in synthetic sapphire that was nearly a centimeter thick. Well, that was until the quartz base shattered due to all of the either tensile or compressive load the deposited layer exerted on it. I heard some *tink*.... *tink* noises one night and then woke up to a pile of shattered quartz and a carpet filled with little land mines.
Trying the Synthetic Sapphire would be good. You do not need pressure, just seed crystal and extremely precise temperature control. I saw it done commercially once, it was very interesting.
Can the same effect occur using electromagnets? And is there any side effects of using electromagnets other than power consumption?
How long does it remain above ambient temperature when exposed to a magnet?
Maybe a Polyimide sealant on the ruby laser if you don't want to remake it? Two sided kapton tape might work pretty well. I'm not sure what kind of thermal loads it was experiencing but kapton stuff is usually good to around 500F at least, and Polyimide's can be used up to 1500F or more.
Thank you sir
I dont want a t-shirt, I want a proper coat like the one you're wearing (:
greetings from sweden!
Adam Ragusea sent me here!
You can form rubies and sapphires in a flame. You basically mix a little Al2O3 in the gas feed and have it crystallize in the flame on a tungsten rod holding a seed crystal. You can put dopants such as Chromium Oxide in it to make a ruby instead of a clear sapphire and even titanium dioxide to make a star ruby or sapphire.
Sapphire and ruby can also be formed hydrothermally using very hot and pressurised water, but I understand it's much more difficult.
Can you polish the damage off the end of the ruby, or is its length tuned to the lasing wavelength?
If I had to guess, yes you could polish the rod but the quantity of material that would have to be removed is likely prohibitively large to do by hand/at home. If he were going to go that route, it would be more feasible to get a new rod or send that one out for regrinding and refinishing.
Lol, you said polish the rod.
87.elder Badum tsss
Ryan Willis Ruby rods are no longer being made and are becoming increasingly expensive and hard to get a hold of. It would be worth a regrind.
The position of the mirrors is what determines the length of the cavity, not the lasing medium itself. I don't think cavity length is very critical in a laser of this type. The alignment is far more important.
Can you try this experiment in vacuum? What is expected to happends?
There is already a guy who makes microprocessors out of logic gates. If anyone is interested, comment here. His channel is very informative and interesting.
I thought you guys might pronounce Gad-oh-linim... y'know.. like Aloomnm ;)
Thanks for the explanation!
This is how physics should look in a school. Greats.
The temp rise with copper moving out of the magnetic field may have been due to induced eddy currents.
hello.. i would like to know how we could able to control the increase or decrease of the temperature. for example from room temperature assume 30c if want to increase the T=35c, what is the parameter i should control.
Magnetocaloric materials would heat up when applied the magnetic field and vice versa. Therefore, magnetic refrigeration would apply the magnetic field to the magnetocaloric material under the adiabatically magnetization. Basically, if we apply the field to the material under isothermal condition, the entropy would conserve. The entropy change can be attributed to thermal entropy and magnetic entropy. If we applied the magnetic field, we will force the magnetocaloric material to become the ferromagnetic state, therefore, the magnetic entropy becomes order and decrease. However, the total entropy change is conserved and that means the thermal entropy would increase. This thermal entropy's increase would let the lattice vibrations and increase the material temperature.
@@chang-minghung8733 Thank you.. i'm also looking for a formula may be you could help me.. I want to heat up and cool down the air in a chamber. Consider i'm using Gadolinium or similar alloy material. for eg consider a room temp (30c) and i use 100 mg of gadolinium with a magnet capable of giving 1Tesla then i want to know how much degree of temperature i could rise up. similarly how much i could cool down vise versa . Advance thank you for your reply :) .
Make an induction heater!!!!! I could use that so much in my shop!
well google ti, it's not that complicated
but if you want higher power you will need to cash out
simplest I made was ZVS circuit induction heater
So my first thought is temperature change by magnetism? Wouldn’t induction created in the probe as you move it between magnets be more plausible?
CAN YOU TEST ELETRICAL CONDUCTIVITY(RESISTANCE) OF GADOLINIUM DUE TO TEMPERATURE.
Thanks for the video..i heard that resisance of gadolinium is direct propotional to temperature change..please prove to us.
Hi, what do you think about this mysterious fuel cell that uses salty water? Could you please do experiments with it and confirm if this is going to work to solve all our energy problems? Can this fuel cell really be so powerful like Nunzio La Vecchia claims?
Isn't the magnetic field inducing a voltage into the wire causing the meter to read erroneously? I mean your fingers were moving ever so slightly which would induce a voltage.
where do you get gadolonium
'Lithium-antimony-lead liquid metal battery for grid-level energy storage' - a recent paper in nature also seems an interesting project.
Basically take some lead, antimony, and assorted lithium salts, melt in a stainless steel container under argon. Onto the floating lithium salts, pace some metallic lithium absorbed onto a sponge.
Voila - battery, with no separator or other complexity, and no clear degradation mechanism. I do wonder if a small stainless steel thermos would work for a container. (450C)
HoMn2O5 is a crystal that apparently has a very strong magento-caloric response. Ihave no idea how to go about obtaining it tho but it is something I am interested in, (in making a kind of rotating ring with one side in a magnetic field+radiator and the other inside a chamber to remove the heat from.
if u know can you tell me? or if u want i tink you should make it and make a video of it =D
Are you ever going to attempt to build a device/ refrigerator with gadolinium? You built a refrigerator out of elastic bands!:)
While making your own RFID IC might be hard, it's pretty easy to make your own RFID tag out of a generic low-power microcontroller. For example: sensor.cs.washington.edu/WISP.html
There's also some verilog code for an EPC Gen2 RFID tag state machine: wisp.wikispaces.com/RFID+Verilog+Code
Also, while the original WISP is for UHF EPC RFID tags, there's also an NFC WISP: www.alansonsample.com/research/NFC-WISP.html
The other day I was wondering if energy is released when magnetic bonds are made and consumed when magnetic bonds are broken as happens in molecular bonds and if this is the case if it could be measured as a change in temperature.
None of that made sense.
Jonnysea1986 Well I think it makes sense as noobish speculation if you understand basic chemistry. I think it makes sense in terms of work also a magnet produces work in terms of force and motion when making a bond and consumes work when a bond is broken.
apples and oranges
I wouldn't be surprised to see you growing your own pure silicon Boule and then , slicing it and making a functional IC chip...? This doesn't seem like a stretch from scanning electron microscopes and sputtering...
Hello, the 1.8T field induce a current in the thermocopuple, thus influence your reading. The termometer read this low inducted voltage together with the thermocopuple voltage.
If you payed any attention in physics you would know that would only matter when there was a change of flux over time inside that single loop (when he was inserting and extracting the thermocouple). Also the amount of movement from hand shake while the thermocouple was inserted would cause such a ridiculously low change in flux over time that it would not cause a noticeable error in the temp. reading. Nice try though. I really liked your use of "thus" and "termometer." You must be SOOOOO smart.
Jonnysea1986
Hello, regarding the the flux change, EMF equals dB/dt. So, when he moved the thermocople wires thru the magnetic field with his hand, he induce a current in the thermocopule wires. The termometer that read the thermocopule is in fact a very sensitiv voltmeter since the thermociple use the seeback effect affecting two diffent metals, welded together in the measuring point. The change in temperature when influenced by a magnetic field is a well known phenomenon that is used in the industry evry day, but he must take the measurement problem into consideration also.
The future sounds so bright it's going to require welding goggles.
I have heard that making absorption refrigerators (servo old fashioned kerosene powered refrigerators) are VERY hard to build. you have to have every thing perfect to cause the ammonia to drip and condense to keep the thermal cycle functioning.
Better not bring entropy into the video... may as well in the comments.
(Consider the initial entropy S. After the 'disorganized' molecule dipoles align with the magnetic field, the entropy from magnetic organization does down. So, when you immerse the metal in the field, entropy stays constant since no heat transfer is occurring, and so the temp goes up to compensate! Vice-versa happens when you pull the material out. If you use that heat to transfer to a sink, remove the metal from the field, and use that 'coolth' to cool something, you've made a magneto-caloric refrigerator.)
I have some ideas for new heating and cooling technology using solid state graphite power cells and organic carbon power cells would you be interested in comparing notes?
Heh I've been working on making my own CPU from logic chips. Various 7400 series chips, bus tranceivers, multiplexers, D flip flops, counters, 555 timers for the clock/single step, logic gates and so on. I can tell you that doing all of this with just "raw logic gates" which I'm assuming means using NOR/NAND logic or something like that, you would need probably hundreds of chips and the wiring for that would turn into a rat's nest VERY quickly unless you had some custom printed PCBs. Whereas with purpose-made chips like I described you can get the design down to maybe 1 or 2 dozen chips. Even less if you can find a dedicated arithmetic logic unit, but the ones they make in the 7400 series are a real mess and have been obsolete for many years, so it's better to just make your own. I can also say that without knowing how a CPU or computer works at the logic level, learning how to do this takes many months. Nevermind actually planning and implementing it. However if you already know how to make a CPU and the inner workings of one, you could probably design and build a TTL based breadboard computer in a week or two. If you're really interested in it, look up breadboard computers and/or 8 bit breadboard computers on UA-cam. There are plenty of videos on them. And I believe there is one on computerphile for a special made computer in which the output of the logic gates connects to an LED so you can see what everything's doing.
Thanks god he didn't said to make it from transistor level instead of logic 😂
How about you make an anti-mass spectrometer? (please get this reference)
J c x CB u
Jeff Hardie Well, I didn't get that reference lol.
Add an etalon to the ruby laser to increase the coherence length for holography.
8 years later and we still don't have magnetic freezer in the market, what's going on?
Imagine having a brain like Ben´s.
"Ok, so, it´s sunday. What am I gonna do today? I could build a ruby laser? Or a scanning electron microscope? How about making some liquid ogygen?"
Me: "I wonder if the new episode of Mind hunter is out yet"
oxygen is a magnetic gas, a magnetic field can hold back molecules with less potential energy, it would be nice to check the effect with another method of temperature measurement.
I guess that Ruby Rhod got... HOT HOT HOTTT!
Hmm, how about research into the famous (or not famous enough) GEET engine, see if pre vaporization and pre heating of the fuel is as good as or better than conventional boiled crude fuels.
how about atomic force microscope?
A "Tip of the Sciencing Iceberg" demonstration of spin-spiral phase-locked temporal superposition and AM-FM time-timing modulation sync-duration connectivity. OK
Magnetic refrigeration works on which principle?
This affect is actually being used in microwave coolers, does the inverse of a regular microwave.
I'd love to see someone replicate the Einstein refrigerator, just copy the patent and do some testing/explanation. Discuss why it never caught on etc.
Yaaaay! The teespring campaign relaunched! Everybody go and buy more t-shirts!! :P
More t-shirts = more awesome Applied Science vids from Ben! ...and more cool-looking geeks xD
Make a very high energy electromagnet and modulate the field using a EEG machine
How about Toxicity of Gadolinium? Is it safe?