Soyuz One: A Soviet Space Tragedy

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  • Опубліковано 25 лис 2024

КОМЕНТАРІ • 325

  • @singularityraptor4022
    @singularityraptor4022 2 роки тому +528

    This relationship is quite poetic and sad....this is something worthy of a movie or a mini docu series like Chernobyl. Thank you for this excellent video.

    • @uglybetty8747
      @uglybetty8747 Рік тому +7

      Would luv if HBO adapts dis into a Chernobyl like mini series

    • @SupBro-ww9go
      @SupBro-ww9go Рік тому

      I aree

    • @sharingiscaring1952
      @sharingiscaring1952 8 місяців тому +1

      Becaraful what you wish for. The woke brigade will turn it into a love affair

    • @madzen112
      @madzen112 4 місяці тому

      Like a Russian 'The Right Stuff'

    • @riverraisin1
      @riverraisin1 4 місяці тому +1

      @@madzen112 Congrats on being the first in this thread to spell correctly.😂

  • @peppertrout
    @peppertrout Рік тому +436

    A political commissar like Brezhnev would have only shed a tear if Komarov’s death made him look bad.

    • @Blazeit-rj3eb
      @Blazeit-rj3eb Рік тому +21

      yeah, other than being a good kisser, Brezhnev ruined and doomed the USSR to destruction.

    • @peppertrout
      @peppertrout Рік тому +17

      @@Blazeit-rj3eb The dooming and ruining of a communist state part, I don't so much mind.

    • @Blazeit-rj3eb
      @Blazeit-rj3eb Рік тому +23

      @@peppertrout I would have rather seen it reformed slowly but surely a process that had started with Khrushchev(unless the reforms started after Stalin were completed, the USSR would collapse, unlike China, which did complete its reforms), instead of allowing it to collapse, leading to the horrible times the post-soviet people experienced in the 90s and after, and then the fascist dictatorship in Russia right now. My mother got into the best theatre/acting school in the USSR in 1990/1991. After its collapse, she lost all that instantly, all the money her grandmother saved up her whole life(most likely thousands of rubles, and that was a lot considering monthly salary was 100), was gone in an instant. All the post-soviet leaders either became dictators or sold off all the soviet union to their friends(creating oligarchs), like Yeltsin did. And now the countries of eastern Europe and central Asia are either run by dictators like Putin, or in extremely horrible conditions, like Bulgaria or the Baltics(Poland is an exception). And now, Putin is invading Ukraine, stealing hundreds of thousands of children, and millions are suffering because of something that was thought to be unthinkable when the USSR still existed(Russia and Ukraine fighting). And I feel this even greater, as I myself am a Ukrainian, and so is all of my family.(from Odessa and Kiev mostly). I will say that although I am not a usual socialist, I am a revisionist socialist(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)), so I may be slightly biased, but the government of the Soviet Union did follow a different ideology which I do not agree with, and was authoritarian, which I do not agree with as well, so do not think me to be something like a tankie or whatever they call them.

    • @kurosu-samaklipleri7090
      @kurosu-samaklipleri7090 11 місяців тому

      Communism is fundamentally authoritarian. Government holding too much power is never a good thing. They should only hold power of vital sectors like health industry.

    • @Icspiders247
      @Icspiders247 7 місяців тому

      ​@@Blazeit-rj3eb All socialists are revisionists in the end.

  • @concept5631
    @concept5631 Рік тому +164

    We should all strive to be friends like Komarov. Holy hell, that dude was loyal.

  • @matgeezer2094
    @matgeezer2094 Рік тому +131

    Komarov comes across as a highly decent person - very professional and understanding the screwed up system he lived under.

    • @MrChoklad
      @MrChoklad Рік тому +24

      Soviet union was full of incredible people with incredible minds, their engineering breakthroughs, especially considering their limitations, were absolutely amazing, but the system was terrible, and genius never got recognised or awarded. Truly a tragic story

    • @concept5631
      @concept5631 7 місяців тому +8

      ​@@MrChoklad And that's why they fell.

  • @bgb6260
    @bgb6260 3 роки тому +363

    A simple upvote doesn't even begin to do this video justice. Extremely detailed research, perfectly told story. Thank you!

  • @ripwednesdayadams
    @ripwednesdayadams Рік тому +179

    Every achievement of the Soviet Union was made possible with the blood of Soviet citizens. Komarov and Gagarin’s friendship was both touching and heartbreaking.

    • @zh3294
      @zh3294 Рік тому +2

      Like every achievement,for example,this basic fact about,human body contain 80% water..Japan 731 made horroble tests for this

    • @lsudx479
      @lsudx479 10 місяців тому

      Do y'all think Komarov and Gagarin ever 69ed? There's film of them kissing on the lips. 🤷🏻‍♂️

    • @Georges_IV
      @Georges_IV 6 місяців тому +5

      @@lsudx479💀💀

    • @lsudx479
      @lsudx479 6 місяців тому

      @@Georges_IV Is that them after they finished? 🤣

    • @fonzireyes
      @fonzireyes 4 місяці тому

      To this day...

  • @Alex-wm8hx
    @Alex-wm8hx 2 роки тому +105

    This got me emotional for a person that rarely sheds a tear. Thank you for sharing this story in such a beautiful way.

  • @TeknoKseno
    @TeknoKseno Рік тому +88

    As an engineer on the Soyuz program, I must say this is one of best and most well researched videos on the topic.

    • @concept5631
      @concept5631 Рік тому

      Are you still a Soyuz engineer?

    • @concept5631
      @concept5631 7 місяців тому +5

      Guess not.

    • @ElectronFieldPulse
      @ElectronFieldPulse 6 місяців тому +4

      He probably isn’t actually an engineer, and if so, he should be ashamed

    • @nipcoyote1140
      @nipcoyote1140 6 місяців тому +5

      ​@@ElectronFieldPulse Soyuz still flies today.

    • @ElectronFieldPulse
      @ElectronFieldPulse 6 місяців тому

      @@nipcoyote1140 - What is your point? How could you ethically be involved in a project where human life was an afterthought? Why would you work with a company voluntarily sending people to their death for the glory of the USSR?

  • @josephschultz3301
    @josephschultz3301 5 місяців тому +7

    Komarov sacrificing himself to the mission for Gagarin's sake is just... man, that's painfully sad. Hat's off to ya, Komarov.

  • @budrocket1
    @budrocket1 Рік тому +601

    Thank you for debunking the "screaming cosmonaut" hoax. There are NO "secret recordings" of Komarov yelling, cursing, crying or anything of that nature. He was professional until the very end. His reputation does not deserve sullying.

    • @lsudx479
      @lsudx479 10 місяців тому +3

      Are you saying he got the men's butts discount?

    • @mondodimotori
      @mondodimotori 9 місяців тому +36

      In my opinion this supposed "fact" didn't diminish the person. It was actually fitting on the whole mission up to that point, a professional that was just fed up with everything and spoke the truth.

    • @SpicyTexan64
      @SpicyTexan64 6 місяців тому +10

      Commie

    • @Heyu7her3
      @Heyu7her3 6 місяців тому +22

      Idk how being human would "diminish" him tho

    • @GM-xk1nw
      @GM-xk1nw 6 місяців тому +15

      ​@@SpicyTexan64 wow, I'm sure you are smart and not a 13 year old troll

  • @zaltanking9915
    @zaltanking9915 Рік тому +40

    This has to be the most underrated channel. The story telling and imagery 💯

    • @m.streicher8286
      @m.streicher8286 Рік тому +1

      @SnoopyDoo this is so pedantic no one cares

    • @robban7521
      @robban7521 Рік тому +11

      @SnoopyDoo he literally said and showed pictures of the state funeral? and he said was that won't bring him back to his family which was his point if you'd actually listen to what he's saying.

  • @adamfrazer5150
    @adamfrazer5150 Рік тому +12

    Your ability to paint the reality of the situation, the stakes at-risk but also the talents you display for injecting personal nuance and the chemistry between those that did whatever they could to succeed, or to hold back the tide of ill-advised choices made on their behalf....
    It saddens me that you don't have the exposure/recognition/compensation that such efforts would warrant. In a perfect world.
    Many thanks for all the work you've poured into this, greatly looking forward to devouring your content 👍🍻

  • @ВикторФирсов-е9ф
    @ВикторФирсов-е9ф 2 роки тому +153

    The story of Gagarin's death is still classified. The version you told is believed by Leonov (the plane was Su-15, not MiG-21 btw), but not the only one.

  • @somewhat._.damaged
    @somewhat._.damaged 2 роки тому +21

    I honestly would have never know about this if it wasn't for this channel, thanks IMPERIAL, for the wonderful video.

  • @lowwastehighmelanin
    @lowwastehighmelanin Рік тому +85

    As someone who can read Cyrillic characters: the misuse of them is so confounding and really messes my brain up. I wish the English speaking internet would knock it off. 😂

    • @CharlesFreck
      @CharlesFreck 6 місяців тому +11

      Mhmmm magic runes *throws random letters are the screen*

    • @ronaldgarrison8478
      @ronaldgarrison8478 6 місяців тому +7

      This video is like the vast majority I see on any subject: Very informative, but with incredibly inept presentation. The narrator seems to have a very shaky grasp of the language, although he seems to have a native accent.

    • @CharlesFreck
      @CharlesFreck 6 місяців тому +4

      @@ronaldgarrison8478 if it's so easy you become a successful content creator then

    • @SurnaturalM
      @SurnaturalM 6 місяців тому

      I just wrote almost the same thing.

    • @ronaldgarrison8478
      @ronaldgarrison8478 6 місяців тому +4

      @@CharlesFreck Talk some sense. You can be a success and still be inept in one or more areas. And I insist on the right to say so.

  • @astrolonim2032
    @astrolonim2032 2 роки тому +17

    Brilliantly told, and wonderful research. An amazing channel. Kudos

  • @More_Row
    @More_Row 2 роки тому +16

    Pronunciations on point!
    Well done on the video and great research.

  • @AdamBorseti
    @AdamBorseti Рік тому +2

    This channel deserves orders of magnitude more views than it has. I subbed, you've got a great sense for interesting topics that I don't often see covered elsewhere if ever. Keep up the good work!

  • @farpointgamingdirect
    @farpointgamingdirect 5 місяців тому +5

    "We, the unwilling, led by the unknowing, are doing the impossible with completely inadequate weapons. We have done so much for so long, with so little, that we are now fully qualified to do anything with absolutely nothing at all..."

  • @michael_epp
    @michael_epp Рік тому +2

    i just found this channel & i’ve been binge watching every single video. keep up the amazing work!

  • @horrorspirit
    @horrorspirit Рік тому +3

    Your writing is beautiful and you tell this story really well

  • @aaronblank2318
    @aaronblank2318 Рік тому +13

    'a murder of bureaucrats...' Well said.

  • @tylercohle2780
    @tylercohle2780 Рік тому +1

    I love coming finding new channels w/ unbelievable good creators & content!! Cheers my friend 👏 👏

  • @CS2SkinInspect
    @CS2SkinInspect 2 роки тому +12

    its mindblowing how little subs this channel have. the best content i've ever found in more than +10 years using the site.

  • @TCBElvisAPresley
    @TCBElvisAPresley 4 місяці тому +2

    I wasn't aware of this event, as I'm not very familiar with the Soviet space program. The story legitimately deserves to be described with these two over-used words: epic tragedy.
    Bravery, honor, camaraderie, and loyalty, in the face of government deception, ignorance, and betrayal permiate the story. It would, as others on here have already suggested, make for an excellent movie, or Netflix series. RIP Yuri Gagarin and Vladimir Komarov

  • @aidandomenech
    @aidandomenech 2 роки тому +3

    Pls keep these videos up I promise you will get somewhere with this quality I’m so happy I found this underrated channel

  • @robynsnest8668
    @robynsnest8668 Рік тому +7

    Aside from calling it an aircraft couple times, this an awesome video. Well researched and unbiased telling of history. Thank you for that and the ending of Gagarin.

  • @SockyNoob
    @SockyNoob Рік тому +6

    Komarov, what an absolute gigachad of a person. Absolutely selfless. Rest in peace.

    • @rdallas81
      @rdallas81 6 місяців тому

      Gigachad is the g- a-y e,st thing ever

  • @mml7623
    @mml7623 2 роки тому +11

    Absolutely stunning, brilliant research

  • @JACarter
    @JACarter Рік тому +1

    Thank you for this excellent account. We do not always get clear mindedII info on Soviet space accomplishments but this one is different, giving the hero Komarov -- and Gagarin -- his due.

  • @ethantaylor9613
    @ethantaylor9613 Рік тому +43

    Russian history be like *produces the most insanely capable human being I’ve ever heard of… Kills them for no reason*

    • @WaiGee_
      @WaiGee_ Рік тому +7

      russian present as well

    • @kukuc96
      @kukuc96 6 місяців тому +1

      For real. Gagarin and Komarov are probably among the best test pilots the world has ever seen, and they killed one just so they could hit a launch date based on a history book, and silenced the other about it.

  • @AimedGalaxy
    @AimedGalaxy 6 місяців тому +4

    9:56 Komorav was NOT the first man to fly into space twice, that honor goes to Gus Grissom who flew in both 61 and 65 on Mercury 7 and Gemini III

    • @AimedGalaxy
      @AimedGalaxy 6 місяців тому +1

      Wow I didn't check the date, I really look like I have a stick up my ***

  • @WalterWhiteFootballSharing
    @WalterWhiteFootballSharing Рік тому +5

    This is amazing work. The chilling background music and visuals just at the 8:00 mark. Thank goodness for UA-cam to give guys like this a platform... but these damn algorithms...How am I only finding this THREE years later when Ive been watching a hour of history for 900 nights without seeing this suggested?!

  • @Masterhitman935
    @Masterhitman935 Рік тому +1

    14:33 thank you for not censoring that image.

  • @rafeverao4105
    @rafeverao4105 4 місяці тому +1

    Beginning the video with "SФЧЦZ" on the screen just... hurt. It was pain to have a mix of Latin characters and incorrect Cyrillic be used in the first frame. BUT! Good video! I think it really shows the flaws of Brezhnev's premiership, his sheer vanity and treatment of people and the USSR as a whole as a muscle which he flexed to show off power and wealth, power and wealth he hoarded worse than the capitalists he and the ideology he claimed to stand so often depicted. Even more important than that however, I think it shows deserved respect to Kamarov, and shows how Gagarin tried his best to be a true friend to the doomed cosmonaut.

  • @mariajursi1685
    @mariajursi1685 2 роки тому +18

    This is really good

  • @sharrpshooter1
    @sharrpshooter1 Рік тому +2

    This needs so many more views honestly

  • @sc1338
    @sc1338 Рік тому +10

    What an honorable man.

  • @wezel6313
    @wezel6313 День тому

    immense video.. thank you again 🙏

  • @samuelkorger3567
    @samuelkorger3567 2 роки тому +7

    Underrated channel. Comment for algorithm.

  • @DS-bz4mz
    @DS-bz4mz 2 роки тому +5

    A very interesting video. Comment for algorithm, here we go

  • @Kokozaftran
    @Kokozaftran Рік тому +2

    Great content! Learned a lot

  • @lowkoalatee4033
    @lowkoalatee4033 2 роки тому +7

    Wow this channel is rare

  • @concept5631
    @concept5631 Рік тому +6

    This video is criminally underrated.

  • @JamieElli
    @JamieElli 4 місяці тому +1

    Komarov wasn't the first person to go to space twice, that was Grissom, although his first flight was suborbital. He had died earlier the same year in Apollo 1.

  • @pandahugs2271
    @pandahugs2271 2 роки тому +1

    very good video. leaving a comment so that youtube can recommend this to other ppl.

  • @youtubeus3rname
    @youtubeus3rname 2 роки тому +5

    What a masterpiece. Thank you

  • @JeffreyRachau
    @JeffreyRachau 6 місяців тому +3

    As an American,i have no problem giving respect to both men. Brave and loyal to the end. Great story.

  • @frankmccann29
    @frankmccann29 6 місяців тому +1

    I remember this. I felt real sorry for Kamarov. He was a nice guy. We saw him on TV. You know clips. Really sad. RIP Kamarov.

  • @theleesidesnowman1127
    @theleesidesnowman1127 Рік тому +1

    The Council for the Problems of Mastering the Moon would be a sick band name

  • @gordonjustin4787
    @gordonjustin4787 6 місяців тому

    There is an old saying " Hast makes waste . " Technical problems that had to be corrected were not corrected . Decisions in higher positions of powet had no Technical Knowledge. Had they corrected these problems this would not have happened. There was not
    even one unmanned flight to test this new spacecraft. Komarov was very Brave to do what he did. Thank You for this Excellent Video !

  • @POEMS466
    @POEMS466 3 місяці тому +1

    Joseph Walker was the first man in space. He flew thw X-15 rocket plane to more than a hundred kilometers above sea level before Gagarin went up.

  • @pizzafox_
    @pizzafox_ 5 років тому +7

    Very nice

  • @z_polarcat
    @z_polarcat 2 роки тому +4

    You're a good writer.

  • @BradH2024
    @BradH2024 8 місяців тому +3

    09:54 - “…and became the first man to venture into the unknown on two occasions.”
    Actually, Gus Grissom was the first to go into space twice: Mercury-Redstone 4 (1961) and Gemini III (1965). Apollo 1 was to have made him the first to go three times.
    Komarov was the first to go into orbit twice.

  • @beth-bi9yv
    @beth-bi9yv Рік тому +2

    How tragic. The lives of brave men and women are sacrificed again and again by those who wouldn't have the courage to take their places.

  • @tonypeters2010
    @tonypeters2010 2 роки тому +3

    You deserve way more subs

  • @mihailo-dl3jn
    @mihailo-dl3jn 5 місяців тому

    brilliant video a real eye opener makes you wonder about Gagarin's flight accident maybe it was time to silence him as well

  • @davidhess6593
    @davidhess6593 4 місяці тому +1

    Prior to judgement it's important to remember that 3 of our best astronauts were burned alive in Apollo 1.

  • @alonenjersey
    @alonenjersey 3 місяці тому +1

    There wasn't much of a gap between this tragedy and the Apollo 1 tragedy

  • @rinagi9163
    @rinagi9163 Рік тому

    Thanks for the Video!

  • @terrynewsome6698
    @terrynewsome6698 Рік тому +1

    I knew no greater friendship then that if a man willing to lay down his life to save a man he calls brother.

  • @O530CarrisPT_C2
    @O530CarrisPT_C2 7 місяців тому +1

    Vladimir Komarov on the Soyuz 1, and Gus Grissom, Edward White and Roger Schafee on the Apollo 1. 1967 was a terrible year for spaceflight.
    Komarov crashed in the Soviet Union at the speed of 320 km/h (200 mph).

  • @timestampterrysassistant7638
    @timestampterrysassistant7638 Рік тому +1

    underrated channel

  • @ralphghost820
    @ralphghost820 Рік тому +2

    "there are only good people and good people on both sides, but there are also good leader and bad leader on both sides.All the difference between good and bad can only be seen i hindsight, not in foresight. i just wish that one day those good people come forward in peace when those bad leader come to face war."
    emperor Tsiya Milvarta Shianvle

  • @michael-e2e4c
    @michael-e2e4c Рік тому +1

    everything about soviet space program stuff is fascinating

  • @totallyahuman.2955
    @totallyahuman.2955 Рік тому +1

    I'm not crying, you are. 😭

  • @Roush97BC
    @Roush97BC 5 місяців тому +2

    I never bought the story about Gagarin's death. I'm not sure if confronted Brezhnev about soyuz 1 directly or indirectly but it was no secret that he blamed him.

  • @ardeladimwit
    @ardeladimwit 5 місяців тому +1

    two great heroes and two terrible deaths. Such a terrible loss.

  • @igostupidfast3
    @igostupidfast3 11 місяців тому +1

    My brain had a mini stroke trying to read the Cyrillic in the beginning of the video

  • @mininoble2253
    @mininoble2253 6 місяців тому +1

    Faux Cyrillic can be weird, I'm a native English speaker who took 4 years of Russian in high school a couple years back, and it took me 20 seconds and a lot more thinking about it than it should have to realize that said Soyuz and Sfchuz, my brain was able to immediately recognize that the second to last letter was meant to be read as U and not a ts.

  • @arrow1414
    @arrow1414 Рік тому +1

    Great report, although the narrator calling Soyuz an aircraft was annoying.

  • @johndyson4109
    @johndyson4109 6 місяців тому +2

    Soyuz was a GREAT SUCCESS! Apollo 1 was a failure but the Apollo program was a SUCCESS!!

  • @seanlincoln7923
    @seanlincoln7923 4 місяці тому

    "Thanks to extensive research-"
    "Oh yeah? What about elaborating on that research?"
    "Trust me, its extensive."

  • @colleenross8752
    @colleenross8752 9 місяців тому

    The same year as Apollo 1, RIP to those we lost in both tragedies

  • @i_like_lemons
    @i_like_lemons 2 роки тому +2

    May the algorithm find your channel.

  • @bencebanati
    @bencebanati Рік тому +1

    Your pronunciation of russian names was great! It really shows the attention to detail, when it comes to research.

  • @mississippichris
    @mississippichris 5 місяців тому +1

    Fascinating

  • @jelkrette1955
    @jelkrette1955 2 роки тому +8

    Amazing

  • @trueKENTUCKY
    @trueKENTUCKY Рік тому

    Keep up the good work 🤠

  • @Gyrocage
    @Gyrocage 6 місяців тому

    The BBC did an excellent short radio play about this on the 50th anniversary of the tragedy.

  • @thenorthernphilosopher
    @thenorthernphilosopher Рік тому +1

    Idk why but I just love this SФЧYZ opener :)

  • @Lepo69
    @Lepo69 4 роки тому +5

    Glory

  • @theflimsboy7730
    @theflimsboy7730 Рік тому

    So underrated!

  • @achyuthvinu
    @achyuthvinu 2 роки тому +18

    This is just…

  • @nicolas-he2oe
    @nicolas-he2oe 2 роки тому +2

    Underated

  • @auhbean6572
    @auhbean6572 Рік тому

    what an amazing video

  • @salhadinashair1011
    @salhadinashair1011 5 місяців тому +2

    Brave hearts Brave USSR pilots and engineers

  • @rdbjrseattle
    @rdbjrseattle 6 місяців тому +1

    Medallions with the likenesses of Gagarin and Komarov were left on the surface of the Moon by the Apollo 11 Astronauts - they made it in Spirit.

  • @MrAwawe
    @MrAwawe Рік тому +3

    What does "SFCHTSZ" mean?

  • @cmillerg6306
    @cmillerg6306 6 місяців тому

    Will UA-cam producers PLEASE attenuate distracting background sound in their videos?? PLEASE!

  • @SurnaturalM
    @SurnaturalM 6 місяців тому +1

    Being able to read Cyrillic when someone use "fake" Russian do something weird in my head.

  • @johnmooney9444
    @johnmooney9444 6 місяців тому

    The world lost a tallented engineer, pilot, and person.

  • @Awesomes007
    @Awesomes007 6 місяців тому

    It’s impressive that the Soviets accomplished so much in the midst of such a difficult system.

  • @change_your_oil_regularly4287

    Commenting as this channel should be pushed by the algorithm

  • @pavelvasilevich2785
    @pavelvasilevich2785 Рік тому +22

    SФЧUZ 0:02 doesn't mean anything it's gibberish....In Russian it's : СОЮЗ correct spelling.

    • @pavelvasilevich2785
      @pavelvasilevich2785 Рік тому +3

      Souz is translated as united or union...as Sovetskiy Souz/ Soviet Union

    • @owenfarmer1588
      @owenfarmer1588 5 місяців тому +4

      ah… sftchuz… my favorite space program

    • @airspeedmph
      @airspeedmph 4 місяці тому +2

      Well, those are not quite Cyrillic characters used wrong, but rather a stylistic choice in using Latin characters modified to look like Cyrillic. I mean, the author doesn't pretend that those are Cyrillic, he's just taking liberties with the Latin ones, like an artistic license. Think the opening sequence from Red Heat with Arnold Schwarzenegger.

  • @Alexrocksdude_
    @Alexrocksdude_ 2 роки тому +4

    You definitely need to up your thumbnail quality to match the video quality so you get more clicks. They gotta grab attention and make me want to click.
    Anyways, this is another FANTASTIC video!

  • @BlueBerry2283
    @BlueBerry2283 5 місяців тому +1

    As I once heard a great UA-camr say:
    "The Soviet Union wasn't a country, but a parody of one"

  • @jcdisci
    @jcdisci 6 місяців тому

    I hope this isn't a precursor to the crewed mission of the Starliner capsule.

  • @novavon88
    @novavon88 6 місяців тому

    Kinda weird that at 15:00, the music turns to two Christmas carols - at 15:00 it's Carol of the Bells, and at 15:50 it's Oh Come, Oh Come, Emmanuel...
    Odd, that.