Is Dark Energy Getting Stronger?
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- Опубліковано 19 бер 2019
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The power of Dark Energy may be increasing as the universe ages. Subtle clues are emerging that the accepted model for the nature of dark energy and dark matter may not be all that. We saw the first such clue recently in our recent episode on the Crisis in Cosmology. Today we’re doing a Space Time Journal Club to reveal another clue. We’re looking at a new paper in Nature Astronomy, “Cosmological constraints from the Hubble diagram of quasars at high redshifts” by Risaliti and Lusso. It hints that the cosmological constant may not be so constant after all. In fact it may be increasing. If this is true, then our prediction for the future of our universe looks VERY different, and may involve the entire universe tearing itself to shreds at the subatomic level in the Big Rip.
On this edition of Space Time Journal Club we look at:
Risaliti & Lusso (2019) "Cosmological Constraints from the Hubble Diagram of Quasars at High Redshifts"
www.nature.com/articles/s4155...
#darkenergy #darkmatter #spacetime
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سلطان الخليفي
The universe realized we had noticed the 120 orders of magnitude discrepancy between the predicted dark energy value and the measured one, and now it is frantically trying to hide the evidence.
It is known as the Trump effect. :p
"The universe realized" I see this a lot now-a-days. Is this the new idea of God?
@@fr33ourminds
It depends person to person. Honestly, anything outside your control can be called God, the universe, karma, fate, etc.
@@SneakyLittleHobbit The growth of my hair is God! I knew it.
@@fr33ourminds Well I wouldn't reall ysay new, as far as I understand the concept of "the universe is god" (also known pantheism) has been around for at least a couple of centuries.
Exceptional physics, quantum mechanics, and astrophysics explanations. Its not dumbed-down, but it's also not bogged down by math. The best I've seen on these topics anywhere.
PBS Spacetime is the MVP for this.
One of the best channels on youtube
And presenter!
@Ryan Tandy Wow only 46? I had him down for fifty something.
@@sebastianelytron8450 I was just thinking the same thing considering how grey he's getting.
Na Isaac Arthur is better.
@@BeerSexAndHeavyMetal Well I wouldn't say it's fiction, it's futurism. There is a difference as in fiction you can do things that absolutely wouldn't be possible. While with Futurism you should stick to what is physically possible given certain criteria.
If we had fusion etc, but they are have to be things that we think are likely physically possible.
8:15 so i guess you could say that those xrays are.. straight outta compton..?
Thank you for existing, PBS Space Time
Thank you for being part of the space-time continuum.
but what IS existing?
@@terner1234 what I just said.
@@terner1234 LOL!
Only while it's observed...
It might go consciously overlooked, but the music scoring in this episode was fantastic. Perfect amount of atmosphere with being distracting
I love how well you brought an academic journal article into means that most layman like myself with just a general interest in physics and cosmology can understand! Thank you. please do some more!
Dark energy - for people who just don't have time for heat-death.
Can't wait for the sweet release of atomic sundering
Or the rapture
Wait wait
ONLY tens of billions of years away?
Meaning the big rip will disassemble most red dwarfs LOOONG before they naturally burn out?
That's way before the local group collapses into a megagalaxy too
Shit, that's really really soon on a cosmic scale!
Year late but I'm guessing that's the "worst" or earliest scenario that is very unlikely
@@nltiro3387 Not that late, at least not on a cosmic scale.
@@nltiro3387 Late? Nah its just been a moment. Nothing is late when talking cosmic timescales
Well another year late and cephid variables are being disputed, new lensing method from cluster galaxies with accurate predictions showing complete opposite of the variables so we might not even be accelerating...just expanding normal rate...
Dark Energy is starting to sound like the Nothing from "The Neverending Story ."
Thanks for another out-of-this-world explanation of the cutting edge information of our universe! Love your work, Matt!
I've really been looking forward to PBS Space Time covering this paper.
ok that Quasar standard candel is awesome and well done guys a superb way to explain them! :)
Agreed. He had me in suspense all the way up to the point when it was clear.
Pretty sure his research is in quasars so I love hearing him passionately talk about it. That blazar vid was one of my favs.
Wish PBS made a similar series based on Computer Science. Would be wonderful to watch.
Watching this at 3am Like I don’t have enough problems already in my life😂
Same here, feel you pain bro... :)
Been there :D
It's quite humbling to think about the scale, energy, life-span etc of all these "events", "powers", "phenomenon" or whatever you want to call them, and how basically all we can ever do "about it" is observe and guess.
Sometimes I feel good that I am going to die before any of this happens.
Daksh Rao you have the exact same profile pic as I do and I was like what the f did I already watch this video but it came out today... is this a me from a parallel universe? Not just the profile pic but also the fact I was thinking a similar thing makes me know some of the atoms in our body must be entangled with some property that has just collapsed the wave function.
It's elementary my dear Matt, dark energy is just an over-run log file of the simulation. Someone needs to find a console cable, plug in, and run:
>crosscheck archievelog all;
>delete noprompt expired archivelog all;
you are welcome!
The Matrix Architect speaks! #willferrell #georgecarlin
*ahem* clearly the simulation uses Postgres. `vacuumdb --all --full --freeze --analyze`
I just hope that whenever existence ends, it ends with "spacetime." =P
That's going to be my final word when i die
Thank you so much for a great breakdown of the new result. Getting lambda-CDM across is challenging enough, but this went to the next level. Thanks again!
What a topic, truly mind boggling stuff, but I'd expect nothing less from PBS space time, thanks for helping to add to the un-boggling of these topics for everyone. Dark energy studies and big rip theories were ones I always found very interesting, and this definitely added to my understanding of the topics so thanks for covering it specifically.
Rock solid science. Do more journal clubs! Maybe do one each week in addition to your other videos?
Epic... These are some really high quality contents, it's neither too abstract like the actual ones that experts deliver in the classrooms, nor too plane and mundane like what pop sci events often like to portray these topics
"Is Dark Energy stronger?" - "No! no, no... but quicker, easier, more seductive".
Fitter, happier, all together more productive..
Harder, better, and faster too
And once you start down its dark path, forever will it dominate your destiny.
Best comment so far.
Plus I hear they have cookies.
I just listened to my astronomer friend Becky say that if a scientific paper or UA-cam video ends with a question mark the answer the question is no.
Tell her you just saw a video on youtube titled "Can every science paper video on youtube ending in a question mark be answered with 'No'?"
Am I just confused, or at around 11:50 does he say 'dark matter' when he meant 'dark energy'?
Yup, oopsie!
Kris Cadwell
Too much partying on Branson Island!
Yeah he definitely swapped the two by mistake.
Yeah he made a slip of the tounge. No biggy he was consistent enough to just no make a big deal of it.
I think the video could have been a bit clearer if they left dark matter out entirely and even put a note at the start of the video that this episode is *not about dark matter*
Edit: but on the whole, I really enjoyed this episode... way to go guys!
If the Big Rip WERE to happen, would it have any effect on quarks bound up in protons and neutrons? From my understandingb you need to add so much energy to those systems to separate them that new quarks end up being created.
Could a Big Rip scenario cause a large number of quarks to be created? Possibly even a runaway effect if those new systems were separated?
what would happen to outside the universe?
@@VincentGonzalezVeg Teehee...
That sounds like a perfect way to create mass out of nothing, increasing the gravitational pull exponentially with the run away effect leading to a big crunch scenario.
@@carlosdgutierrez6570 Or a new big bang.
great job with the music on this one, my favorite episode so far thanks to that
This solidly backs up my hypothesis that massive dinosaur fossils were actually, originally chicken-sized. The tiny bird bones grew with the expansion of space.
onehit pick What? Gravity at our scale is much stronger than the expansion so we don’t grow
So wrong but so nice
Wow this channel is amazing.
"All very exciting!" Given how Matt was bouncing off of the ceiling with enthusiasm this episode, I assumed that he had discovered anti-gravity! I mean, did *you* see his feet touch the floor, even once? ;-)
Always awesome, always inspiring. Thanks SpaceTime xxx
I really liked the animations in the text, graphs, and images in this video. They helped me follow along and made everything easier to process. Give you video editor a pat on the back for me!
Wow a PBS space-time episode that I actually could follow from beginning to end. Thanks that was quite interesting.
This guy is an awesome host. I really enjoy the content being put out. Can’t wait for the future content.
This is rapidly becoming my favorite comedy channel.
Each and every day the strength of the Dark Energy within my own mental state an emotional being increases exponentially. Opposing the self crushing nature of my own apathy
So, the universe (spacetime) is expanding on the largest of scales. And since space and time are intrinsically linked, what is happening to time? It can't be static. Is time actually speeding up in these expanding areas?
Not really, AFAICT; in the FLRW solutions, the scale factor doesn't affect the time-time component of the metric, so its associated arclength (i.e., a measure of 'time intervals') shouldn't be affected by it...
"Is time actually speeding up in these expanding areas?" For who?
Time is synonymous with expansion and the inverse of energy density.
I like the subtle sound effect added a second after 8:54 to mark the big reveal
I envision when subatomic rip begins, quarks being pulled from each other demand particle-antiparticle pair production, drawing energy from the universe, slowing down the expansion, looking a lot like a big bang.
I wonder if space isn't expanding, but "falling" outwards. Local gravity may have slowed the falling rate early but just like gravity from matter, spacetime is falling like the center of gravity is just outward. I wonder if that could be calculated
When you see a flash of BRIGHT light from half way across the galaxy, I get that it is most likely a super nova. But how do you know the type? What makes it a class 1a verses some other kind?
They are able to figure this out by looking at the spectral lines corresponding to the different elements produced.
Thx m8
you sounded unwell in this episode mate (cold/flu) hope your well again soon, love watching these video's! keep it up!
Amazing episode !
Thanos. He's getting closer.
Could dark energy be an illusion of perspective?
Dark energy IS the expansion of the universe. It is not an illusion but a real thing. The universe IS expanding and nobody disputes that. One of the latest finds, 20 years ago, is that the expansion rate is increasing with time. This video is mostly about how best to measure that.
@@Tech_Casm yeah you're right. Observations have conclusively demonstrated this time and time again
Bra wth you talking about, hippie??
I love how smart you all are on the matter. I cant wait to be at your levels of understanding. 😂 I'm sure if I watch these videos for another 2 years I might come close.
@@missymarie4103 yes, yes, UA-cam>Math.(this is so obviously sarcasm) check out my other comments on the channel lmao
Yo good sound effects in the background. Kudos to the sound team of PBS Space time
Yes! Finally my question is being addressed. Didn't realize it would take an entire episode plus another tho.
Great episode! The disclaimers you did are very important because people might freak out about the big rip, or any potential end of the universe. We just need to heed the words of Michio Kaku, run to another universe if this one is going to shit!
Hello! What about doing an episode about the theory of quantum inertia? It is supposed to supersede in ways the "dark" elements of our universe, I find it quite fascinating! I know you would do the best explanation of this on entire YT like you always do :D
Wojciech Szmyt thanks for my research topic of the day.
despite pop sci hype quantum inertia is mostly fringy pseudo science.
@@ryandempsey4830 actually nope. physicsworld.com/a/helium-not-dark-matter-might-explain-damas-strong-signal/ for starters. Darpa has now begun investigating it. right now there is a civil war starting to happening in physics. They've spent a couple billion and made a bunch of dark matter detectors. Year later.... nothing.
The dogma has gotten so bad for dark matter Darpa, the federal government, the military industrial complex is stepping in to fix the issue. Also the theory was first purposed in 2007 and has been gaining traction fast.
Joe Scott has done one! See ua-cam.com/video/uhNrgUJArjU/v-deo.html
@@letoatreides4041 DARPA also spends millions of dollars looking into weaponizing lightning and transmitting electricity wirelessly, two things that are obviously completely impractical to anyone who knows anything about the subjects. They would probably give you a million dollars to research if "healing crystals" made soldiers more effective in combat if you could convince them it would give the US military a tactical advantage. They have a very low bar for credibility of their research ideas, don't make the mistake of thinking something is legit just because it's DARPA funded.
Another fantastic explanation!
This is the coolest graph iv ever seen, whatever the interpretation of the data...
Would that be the derivative of acceleration? Now that would escalate quickly!
beat me to it...Jerk
Oh snap
Defiance stop being a y'''🤬
@@FireHax0rd I see what you did there
Is information no longer a conserved quantity with a big rip?
I think we need a healthy vacuum to make particles or do anything our universe like. If it's more pulling more than the threshold, be wont be applicable anymore. So universe wont care about information from that point.
This is just my crazy thought
Entropy and conservation of information do not apply to the universe as a whole, because there is a constant influx of new information-energy in the form of more of spacetime itself. They apply to relatively closed or isolated subsets where dark energy is not a significant factor, like up to the scale of a local galaxy cluster, where other forces dominate.
Dark energy is still a pretty academic exception, because yes it's adding information-energy potential, but all it's doing with that is making more space between things, not really changing those things in any other way except to stretch long-distance light waves into redshift, which spreads out their energy but doesn't reduce the total.
For what it's worth, you don't have to worry about a big rip anyway. As galaxy clusters spread out and there are literally fewer possible interactions among things as they get more isolated by information horizons, dark energy will slow down and level off. Somebody will calculate the peak & drop-off rate at some time during the next few billion years or so as more measurements are made. We're just in the early part of the ramp-up curve right now.
@@animistchannel2983 If entropy and information do not apply to the universe as a whole, isn't it possible that they too may not apply to black holes since the laws as we know it breaks down at the singularity?
Sam O we really have no idea what happens at the singularity or if it even exists because Physics breaks down at that point
just the right amount of information.
12:43 "Before you dust off your 'End is nigh' sandwich board" like it lol
12:35 - THE END IS NIGH, WE'RE ALL GOING TO D... oh nevermind
According to Alexandria Occasio Cortez, yes. We are all doomed! The end is nigh!
@@funkymunky7935 Really, politics, here? Besides, isn't Trump the one making up national emergencies?
@@Marco48375 Who cares, right? There's only 12 years left anyway
Marco Tonino It’s made up if you ignore statistics.
@@funkymunky7935 You do know that number comes from the IPCC report, right?
Betteridge's Law of Headlines states that, “Any headline which ends in a question mark can be answered by the word no.”
Ima publish an article on that. The headline will be "can any headline which ends with a question mark be answered with no?".
@@hamstsorkxxor Or "Testing Betteridge's Law: should the headline of this article be answered with "no"?"
This channel never fails to expand my knowledge of our universe!
so beautiful! thank you for this!
If all galaxies emit light and electromagnetic radiation in all directions simultaneously all the time, wouldn't the fields from the surrounding galaxies eventually meet and cause some sort or reflection thus pushing the galaxies further apart and explain dark energy?
No.
"You no take candel"
Hahahaha those little kobolds were my favorite.
I think the big crunch has already started, and it has began in the bootes void
In your hypothetical universe where that theory is correct, it should be a measurable effect because I believe it would start to shake your Bootes.
MegaFonebone hm, perhaps, thank you for your analysis
Phenomenal topics like this excite and scare me at the same time! P.S. Love the new standard candles - quasars!
Dark energy seems like a sort of "energy of the gaps" because we can't explain our observations. It feels like it doesn't exist, maybe I'm crazy but I think we are on the cusp of changing understanding of the universe soon, it seems like that always happens when there are too many anomalies in a theory. I mean we keep trying to prove it exists along with dark matter and fail every time.
Actually we succeed every time. Dark energy is just a name we give to something we know exists. All we’re trying to do now is figure out its properties.
It’s like finding a piece of alien tech and trying to figure out what it is and how it works. We may not know what it does, what it’s made of, how it works, etc. But to say it doesn’t exist is just idiotic. It’s right there, I can see it.
Why can't expanding space time at what ever rate just be an accepted without explanation. On the large scale it is observable, at a small scale it is not measurable and things like atoms or galaxies can adjust to it second by second. Why giving an atom or galaxy 50% more space to move around in cause it to act any different, if you did it in an instant maybe but over billions of year who cares. Someone should just accept expanding space time and a universe that may be many time bigger than our observable universe. Try to explain why the edge of the observable universe is the same distance by red shift in all directions, logic an math says there is little chance we happen to be in the center of the universe. Explain why universe age in CMB calculations are close to this red shift age. Consider the idea the universe may be a lot older or younger than this number and expanding space time is capable of fooling us.
@myko
There are too many things wrong with this comment to go one by one, but just know all of those questions are answered in any introductory cosmology book. It's not that no one's thought of it and you're the first, its that we have and conclusively shown it to be incorrect. Logic and math support the current Lambda-CDM model.
@@ObjectsInMotion Like Zeke said, you can't see it, we've never been able to produce it even though it's said to be 85% of all matter in the universe, it's just absent. The only evidence is basically how galaxies move as if more matter/ gravity/ attraction were there, thus they postulate dark matter, but is it matter or is this a gap in our knowledge we plug with dark matter of the gaps? Could it be ionized gas or plasma? Or something else? It could be anything and I'm shocked so many cosmologists just act as if it's correct when evidence is basically non-existent.
@@ObjectsInMotion Math is a good start and often leads us to discoveries, but you can also produce mathematical models of the universe that work but we reject because of how arbitrary they are, or lack of supporting experimental evidence. Right now dark matter is a math only model, we've tried creating it in the hadron collider, we've tried proving it with predictions of observations and they keep failing to find anything.
I mean we had steady state models of the universe that worked mathematically by plugging in numbers, I'm afraid we are plugging in dark energy to fix broken models. But I'm just a laymen so I could be way off who knows.
Wouldn't a big rip be an endless quark generator. We know pulling these apart just makes more quarks. Potentially filling the universe with an ultra dense soup of quarks depleting the dark energy?
This could cause every thing to pull back together and cause all the mass to come back to one spot and then all exploding back out ie big bang it would just work creating an endless cycle of the univers
Great information keep it up🌹🌼💞💕
3:20 well the topic is mouthwatering...jokes aside really love this show...Respect!!
Is something in space pushing against LIGHT preventing the LIGHT from going faster?
Love this, but damn these kinda of videos really give you an existential crisis!
Well, if it makes you feel better, the earth will be ripped apart by a dying sun long before the universe is ripped apart by dark energy.
Ah don't focus on just the fact that you can perceive an end. And, as it goes with existence, the end of one thing leads to the beginning of something else. That has always held true.
I like to think that 'virtual' particles and some other 'law' will kick in when Relativity wears out it's welcome.
GREAT STUFF !
Believe me, this is the BEST channel on youtube even for a Ph.D. student in Physics :D
I mean it should be getting stronger. It's been lifting lots of heavy elements and having lots of proton shakes... I hear its favourite exercise is plancks.
Brilliant!
If the Big Rip is the ultimate fate of the universe and it takes effect down to the atomic/sub-atomic level... Do we end up with a "quark soup" or "quark cascade" as quark pairs are ripped apart?
We don't know, largely because we don't know what dark energy is and what its limits could be. It might end up producing a void, quark soup or a new big bang. It may be generations before we figure out what.
Quite intríguing. This reminds me of Renormalisation group analyses of the Gravitational constant and Lambda in the far infrared, where G gets asymptotically small and Lambda asympotically large. Perhaps this is a low-energy effect at work?
fascinating stuff!
Matt: Quasars are pretty crappy standard candles.
Quasar: Umm Excuse me!?!?
"Quasars can't 'hold a candle' to candles", said the candle.
Yeah please don't upset the quasars. I'd rather not attract one's attention.
It's great we now have 3 cosmological distance rulers. I'd love to see an analysis of their relative statistical strengths and weaknesses to see how they may best be combined into a single "best estimate" measurement. Conversely, is each truly good enough on its own for any differences to challenge theory?
Because, as we all know, there are lies, damned lies, and error bars.
I think it would be advantageous to graph the quasar red shift in three dimensions, there may be massive objects outside of our point of view as we know it from the CMB.
If massive structures formed after the initial expansion/CMB release in the early universe, then the extra red might be explained by the quasars being accelerated away from us by a currently unseeable force (mind you not an undiscovered force, just a massive source of gravity outside our visible universe).
Basically if quasars that are abnormally red shifted are clustered in similar directions uncorrelated to their distance then there may be something else going on other than whats theorized in this video.
Don't forget LIGO's estimate of the Hubble constant, it's fuzzy right now but will get sharper as more data comes in.
...Therefore, if the theory of accelerating cosmological constant is correct, and although might be a little speculative to say, the CMB could be the last picture we can get from the last atom which underwent the last big rip, just before we will experience the same in our beautiful, but at this point quite divisive, space time. (meaning if there is such underlying working cog in our universe, that can be it, ripping apart stuff over and over again). thanks for the show.
Wow!! That's depressing
LOL interesting idea though
@@christianheichel dont be sad, we might have lived this moment billions of times, every time just in a different universe. thats a lot of fun :)
I've got to say, this channel is geared to the highly scientific literate. I'm a casual enthusiast...therefore I understand about 10% of the content.... I still enjoy challenging myself by trying to understand.
I'm a casual listener too, but over time (and space? Haha) my understanding grew and grew!
I love the quirky sound effects y'all use.
I think that if the effect of dark energy is due to the negative pressure it generates on the expansion of the universe, then during the early universe this effect would be muffled by the high radiation pressure present in the early universe. Another possibility is that dark energy is increasing asymptotically, eg steadily increasing but approaching some constant value per unit space
Great episode! I was wondering; since LIGO knows so much about the black holes involved in the mergers it observes, could a future LIGO-like operation use black hole/black hole mergers as standard candles? I thought about this because you were talking about the dearth of supernova data from the early Universe(1st 50% of time), but gravitational wave energy dissipates proportionately to the distance instead of the distance squared. So, maybe we can get more data from the distant past.
I love getting my mind blown, not as much as other types of blowing . Only if pbs could do both your channel would blow up
Sounds like I'm playing mass effect
I may be just a simple country lawyer, but the explanation of Dark Energy resembles the way wind was explained before atmosphere was understood.
This type of thinking makes me happy.
Wait, how was that? Do you have a link? It sounds interesting.
Very informative. 😎
Good stuff.
What if dark energy/space expansion is the increasing summation of causal probabilty waves and gravity is the end of causality/cosmic time when probability waves colapse into single points?
Or what if that happens in the brain and causes consciousness? The answer: nonsense ;D
That Dark Energy is evil I tell ya! Evil... EEEEVIIIIIILLLLLLL!!!
Totally, An epic episode
Every week smarter thanks to you.
Will PBS Infinite Series ever make a comeback?
Why are we sticking with the Lamda-Concordance Model? Even after seeing the contradictory observations, I know it's hard to embrace a new result which is going against a well established model, but I think it definitely deserves to be tested again but if we find the same observation again then we should really accept it and correct our model and understanding, without any hesitation!! Great video once again, giving ever so slightly minute details as possible.👍👍
The accepted model might just be the best available, if there is nothing better to switch to, it will stand until it gets replaced with a superior prediction model
Because, and this may be a shock to you, but this is not the only measurement in existence. There are many other observations which DO support Lambda-CDM and they outnumber this result. Before we overturn what is accepted we must first hand evidence of how *every other measurement* is wrong.
Plus constant dark matter has a very nice Quantum field theory explanation, while increasing dark matter requires entirely new physics.
The universe may be ending a whole lot sooner than we thought, but check out those sweet MATLAB style flexes on the graphs.
hahahaha
You’re killing me, Space Time!
God I try to hard to pay attention and understand the concepts but man is it difficult !! XD
There is missing data samples so they are trying to adopt a new measurement tool that can fill in that sparse space in their system of analysis, and fortunately, it's doable since distance can be deduced in that new tool.
That's basically it, but it's definitely cool seeing these developments happen in near real time
"Is the Dark Side stronger?"
"No, no, no ... Quicker, easier, more seductive... Well, not all in yet, is the math."
Looking forward to that big rip video ;)
Ahaha you were still (over)doing the smart squint when you were just describing the graph components! Not as much as through the rest of it, but still. Uncanny!