The thing that blew my mind was the Rush interview where he essentially said that there's too much safety regulations and it's not necessary because there are so little submarine-related deaths. And at NO point does it occur to him that maybe there are so little submarine incidents BECAUSE of those regulations!
@@richardhealy regulations are often written in blood, at least safety regulations. Safety and environmental regulations have been written to prevent harm to people in the environment sometimes from unfortunate lessons learned.
What really blows my mind is that most deregulation evangelists know better. They know exactly how dangerous the disassembly of safety and redundancy in the name of expediency and money actually is, especially in industries where safety margins and redundancy are so critical. They are smart and/or sociopathic enough to know better than to actually risk their lives in the machines/devices being deregulated. This guy was a fundamentalist true believer in a way you rarely see.
Professor Farnsworth: "Dear Lord, that's over 150 atmospheres of pressure." Fry: "How many atmospheres can this ship withstand?" Prof: "Well it's a spaceship, so I'd say anywhere between zero and one."
The dieseling effect happens when air ignites under rapid compression. You don't need diesel fuel for it to happen. That's what the guy in chat was talking about. When a submarine implodes, the immense pressure of the surrounding water can compress the air within the vessel at an incredibly rapid rate. This rapid compression can generate enough heat to ignite the air. This phenomenon is similar to what happens when a diesel engine compresses air to ignite fuel. However, in the case of a submarine implosion, the compression is even more extreme due to the massive pressure differential
With a collapse rate of the speed of sound in water, there isn't much time for any dieseling to occur, before the water smashes everything to loose molecules and minerals.
I thought I heard that guy wasn't even really a flat earther; he was just a rocket enthusiast who used the flat earther thing for attention to get donations.
@@isaacbruner65that's actually true. He went to where he could find the funding for his crazy hobby. I listened to an interview with one of his closest friends. The guy was pretty interesting. It's a shame that he died, but he understood just how dangerous his passion was
The CEO was an impatient prick, and it was going to cost him sooner or later. Had he not been in the submersible, he would probably be in jail right now, or facing serious lawsuits.
@@NickyBlue99 If you only see "staying in bed" and staying...where Rush is now staying, then yeah. Stay the fvck in bed You could always do things the right way. And get your device properly tested, proven and licensed, and you know, not kill people with false promises and total arrogance. But that doesnt seem to be an option for you. And no. I don't care if you're being sarcastic. Whoosh me if that gets you off. Whatever. What transpired here is not a laughing matter.
That's my bet since learning about this, their epoxy glue work looks so sketchy, I wouldn't even trust it on a domestic water tank repair, no way that would hold a sub.
too be fair, the US navy did also use epoxy-glue when they were developing carbon-fiber / titanium submersibles. See Scott Manleys video if you're curious
@@worawatli8952 yet it did hold a sub, For a relatively long time. Is it fair to say you’re surprised at how well it did? This is the insidious part of these organisations. Engineers who warn, are immediately useless when the problem doesn’t happen - at that point they’re less help than someone who said nothing at all.
You nailed it. Ms Rojas testimony reveals everything we need to know about the culture at OceanGate. Has any employee of OceanGate ever said anything approaching responsibility or apologizing for their actions?
Biologically speaking, all of human life is a delusion. We're all just pieces of meat in a cage of bone, relying on sensors and organs that we have no way of knowing are accurate, to live in a world we have no way of perceiving other than those sensors and organs. Your brain is perfectly capable of ignoring the entirety of your nose being in your field of vision at all times just because it's inconvenient, and will literally make up fake information to fill in all the time you spend with your eyes closed when you blink. Being able to believe whatever version of reality you want is hardly surprising all things considered.
kyle, you're much better at math and science then me, but there is an error in your talk about what happens to the human body. what you described is the forces of the ocean minus the decompression, to actually model out what happened you have to take into account the compression of water. that's what's causing the true damage here. see water doesn't really compress, you know this. but at this depth there is SOME compression to the water, it's very small, about 1 cubic inch per cubic yard of water (as i said, not much, roughly 29/30 of the water volume at the surface). that of course is held in that density by your 380 atm of pressure, so the pressure calculations of course are correct. the problem is this. what would water do if it suddenly found a 1 atm void? it would rapidly expand back to it's surface volume at roughly 5 times the speed of sound. THAT is explosive decompression of the water, and the forces it enact is instantiations. and all the water around it will expand as well which is why a shockwave is formed which travels through all the surfaces and splitters your carbon fiber hull into tiny pieces, those pieces are propelled in at 5 times the speed of sound, riding with the water rapidly decompressing into the void (air) of the vestle, shredding the occupants at the speed of 5 times the speed of sound into small meaty paste shattering bones and basically grinding the bodies into paste at the point of equilibrium which in this case formed right around the ring at the back of the sub. which is why the dome didn't blow off, and parts of the sub are still attached to the ring back there. it got the least of the water decompression. a femur might survive intact, depending on where it went and what hit it in the collapse, parts of the skull might have survived (or not, there is AIR in the skull), either way very little solid would have been left over of the 5 people thanks to the depressurization of the water for a moment, the shockwave of decompression would radiate away from the sub causing localized waves of decompression and recompression as water struggles to expand back to it's desired density, before gravity did it's thing and repressurized everything in the area at a rate of 9.81m/s2 and ending the local disturbance. btw: there is no way any one person was ejected, too big and the failure was too fast, and while the gas would have turned into plasma the time required to actually cook or vaporize them wouldn't have been long enough and no where near enough heat for instant vaporization, not enough air for enough plasma to do that instantaneously. i will trust your math on how much air would be needed to flash them into plasma before the ocean put it out.
There was a video around the time of the accident that pretty much explained this. I found it interesting at the time. The water actually doesn't move much at all. You can think of it like a tiny VERY rigid spring that doesn't have much travel distance. When the spring decompresses it would only move outwards a tiny bit. The problem is you have an entire ocean of compressed springs behind it. As soon as the first bit of water decompresses the water behind it will decompress and shove that decompressed water forward into the air void. So yes you are correct. The pressure doesn't actually do the destruction, it forces a wall of decompressed water to slam into things at extreme speeds. Or another way of looking at it would be like moving at multiple times the speed of sound and crashing into a surface of water.
@@LukeSumIpsePatremTe this is the same as the guy who drives 100 mph on the highway because "I am a very good driver, and modern cars are extremely safe even in accidents". No this is manslaughter at least, if not straight murder for him, all his senior officers, and every person who willingly ignored the fact the marine insurers would not touch it, the international association of submariners had said it was a death trap, or had ignored that they had fired the ONLY submarine rated person on staff to put this thing together... or when the first hull failed in testing, the second was built with nearly no record of it, and passed off as the first to prevent "unneccesary worry". This should not be a "neutral hearing". This should be criminal charges.
@@LukeSumIpsePatremTe if lots of people say: "that will kill people." And you do it anyway, because you will not listen to reason, then that is murder. Like throwing bricks onto a sidewalk. You know someone could die, and it doesnt matter to you. In Germany that would count as murder, if someone dies. That he himself died is for me no evident, he did not care, he cared for no human life, simply said.
@@LukeSumIpsePatremTe It's the same thing. He was the owner of the sub, he knew it was untested and uncertified. He still put people in that deathtrap and took unnecessary risks. He murdered those people through his fantastic hubris and contempt for proper safety just as maliciously as if he had premeditated it. Stockton Rush IS responsible for all of his poor life choices.
the example with a soda lid top bending and breaking isn't great... strain isnt about the material eventually breaking when you bend it back and forth, that's known as fatigue failure. Stress and strain is more like a bolt you are tightening and describing the elastic and plastic deformation as it gets tighter. a max torque value for a bolt is often at the point where you reach the max stress, and it's in the region of plastic deformation. it's why many bolts that are torqued to max spec must be replaced after being removed. as long as you stay in the elastic region, fatigue failure is not really a concern provided regular inspection is done, like in the case of bridges. Strain is a dimensionless quantity representing the ratio of change in a material's dimension to its original dimension it's a side point but it was an error i noticed in the presentation. does nothing to diminish the point he was making.
Scott Manley mentioned something interesting in his newest video on Titan and I looked it up: It is obvious that Ocean Gate didn't take all necessary precautions. But everyone say that carbon fibre is a bad idea. The U.S. Navy didn't think so. Naval Ocean System Center made an unmaned submersible called "Advanced Unmanned Search System" (AUSS). It had a similar design as Titan* and is capable of 6000 meters depth (it was pressure tested to 10k psi). This is far deeper than the depth of Titanic (3800 meters). They started using it in 1983 and did 114 dives before being transferred to Navy's Supervisor of Salvage and Diving, in 1994. No idea if it have ever been used since. *According to the technical report: "The pressure vessel is made up of a cylindrical pressure hull and two hemispheres (endbells). The pressure hull is a graphite-fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) composite with a wall thickness of 2.5 inches. The composite structure is filament wound using a process in which bundles of epoxy-wetted graphite filaments are wrapped around a mandrel with alternating hoop and axial winds. Hoop filaments are normal to the cylinder axis (90*) and axial filaments are parallel to the cylinder axis (0°). The hoop-toaxial filament ratio from the cylinder inside diameter through the first 1.0 inch of wall thickness is 2.5 to 1. A 2-to-1 ratio is used for the remainder of the wall thickness, except for the final layer, which is a hoop layer. These filament ratios are used because hoop stress is twice the axial stress in a cylindrical pressure vessel. A titanium coupling ring is bonded to each end of the GFRP cylinder using epoxy resin. These two coupling rings each have a single o-ring groove for face sealing to the endbells. Each endbell is a one-piece titanium machining. Vacuum along with the external water pressure is the primary mechanism for holding the endbells to the pressure hull. Clamp bands act as fairings and also hold the vehicle together if vacuum is lost. In order to electrically connect the vehicle's center section to the forward and aft sections, each endbell is equipped with eight bulkhead connectors. These connectors are 14-pin D.G. O'Brien number 1380018-101 with titanium housings. The pressure vessel has been subjected to hydrostatic pressure testing to 10,000 psi." Obviously there are some differences, like one being used remotely and the other one had people inside. The dimensions are different to (Titan's pressure vessel had a bigger diameter). But the techniques and materials seems comparable. Unfortunately I have not been able to find a report that talks about, if they found any damage to the hull of AUSS.
Yeah: when you ultimately commit do doing destructive testing, don't be inside the test chamber. Because that testing will happen one way or the other.
I wonder if the CEO had ever been SCUBA diving? I've been down to roughly 150ft and you begin to understand the how at mercy you are to pressure. From painfully clearing your sinus cavities every ten feet to the nitrogen toxicity in your blood, but it is the compression you feel on your body that brings it home. Wear a dry suit and it's really real. That fool would have had a lot more respect for pressure if he was;t an arrogant neofyte to the water. I cannot believe anyone looked at the sub made of two different material, each responding to pressure differently, and thought that it was safe.
Wound Carbon fibre is strong in tension and makes great pressure containment vessels (and possibly deep pressures as a bathysphere….(preferably ball shaped for even pressure distribution… Wound Carbon fibre in a tube, glued to a dissimilar metal? NOT ideal to withstand compressive forces…clearly….
The actual concept of those materials is sound enough, as CF is more than capable of taking that load if its built right, and dissimilar materials can be dealt with as well. Actually not the first submarine built with those methods, been at least one navy test vehicle in past and maybe more... The muppets that where building and running this sub clearly didn't care about doing it right and validating properly though. I also personally don't see any good reason to go with a relatively complex composite pressure hull in this case - the one thing that the composites are really really good at is strength to the weight, the other is being very very stiff, the first one has no real benefit unless your submarine is supposed to be deployed from a helicopter or something and the second could be useful but isn't required in the human pressure vessel. The only other thing composites can be great for is being very selectively strong around complex dimensional structures - when you need something a crazy shape that is very very stiff and strong in only specific places and light or even more flexible everywhere else (don't have to use the same infill or fibre materials for composites).
There are several submersibles that are made from Titanium and Carbon fiber. The problem is not the fusion of dissimilar materials, but rather the execution of this combination.
@@PickledSharkafaik there was only one that was extensively tested, it was from US Navy. I don't get the thing with the CF in submarines though, the weight is nowhere near of a limit when we compare to aerospace, it does not justify the hassle to work with CF (not even talking about problems with humidity and delamination)
I was a submariner in the Navy. And we always joked that our boat was made by the lowest bidder. Sort of dark humor to face that idea head on to keep it from haunting you. Lol
@@lordzuzu6437 totally. We had many strict safety standards. Especially after the Scorpion. They implemented the SUBSAFE program which improved safety by a lot. So much so that the US has not lost another sub since. These guys could have taken a note or two.
Fucked up way to think about it and be reassured. They may not care about you guys, but they definitely care about the expensive equipment & weapons on board. And they don’t want the embarrassment of losing a sub. That’s added incentive to get it right. Doing “the right thing” for self serving reasons.
Lol. I’m on the other side of the spectrum speaking as someone from General Dynamics Electric Boat. Dont worry, its in our best interest that General Dynamics keeps the US military as a major customer.
I remember learning about a diving bell accident and the rapid depressurization caused the guys sleeping in the pressure chamber to have their blood instantly boil and solidify. I would say they were cooked and splattered.
People are placing far more emphasis on the “combusted/cooked” part, though. They were pulverized so quickly that there wasn’t enough time to be cooked very much.
I saw an interview with James Cameron where he talked about his dives in the Mariana Trench. He said that the sub that he used was retired after about 4 or 5 deep sea dives. He talked about the metallurgy changing each time in the metal of the sub that we can’t see with the naked eye. Every dive takes a toll and even the strongest design can eventually fail. These guys were constantly using the same subs. This was bound to happen.
When this happened, my 17yo son who mods cars immediately said it was the carbon fiber. He uses a lot of carbon fiber on his race car and said even with normal road vibrations, you can get cracking in your CF around where the plexiglass is bolted in.
It's pretty bad when you're a billionaire and you're charging $250,000 per person to dive to the Titanic on your submersible and you skimp out on safety precautions and making it safer. Edit: since everyone has been saying he wasn't a billionaire, just pretend I said rich. The same still applies. He was too greedy to spend on making a safer submersible and he died for it.
Apparently he was having money troubles that incentivised him to complete dives with paying passengers ("specialists"). He keeps being called a billionaire but I wonder if that was ever true, let alone when he died.
Byford Dolphin incident, had nothing to do with dolphins, but was an off shore oil rig diving accident, in 1983. It involved a team of saturation divers, who were in a compression chamber, pressurized at the depth they had been diving at. The chamber was at the surface. Due to a procedural error, a crew member accidentally released all that pressure in the chamber. The pressure dropped from 9 atmospheres to 1 atmosphere, in a very short time, killing the whole team, in a gruesome, but mercifully fast manner.
To add some gruesome detail for those curious: a couple guys basically got boiled alive from the inside as the nitrogen in their blood did some funny stuff one diver, diver 4, very unfortunate guy, was near the slightly opened hatch and had his complete abdominal cavity catapulted out, including a part of his spinal cord, which they found 30 feet away on top of the tower. The recovery team could not find all his parts, but tried to reassemble what they could, including the mask of his face. So like, the fleshy part.
The crab getting sucked into the pipe is essentially what happened to one of the crew. Got forced out of a chamber thru the partially opened hatch; partially opened meaning, a crescent about 2 feet wide at it's widest. There are pix of what they found of him on the deck. At some distance from the chamber. They are not nice. Also, some years back, a report came out that the dive tender they blamed it on was just a convenient scapegoat and the real cause was faulty equipment. Families sued the Norwegian government behind that report and won their case, if you can call getting some $$ almost 3 decades later a "win". Also, one of the dive tenders outside the chamber survived.
For those of you still confused, carbon fiber is basically the opposite of concrete. A cinder block performs very well under the stress of a compressive force but will consistently fail miserably under the stress of a stretching force. Carbon fiber is great at containing pressure (an outwardly stretching force) but does poorly under the compressive forces of the deep ocean, which is why everyone else uses much more compressive-resilient materials when designing submersibles.
They really are both relatively hard enough materials to use right on their own, and yeah even more of a problem together. Each of the can be great in the right use case but those ideal uses are a surprisingly narrow range. Much of the time they are objectively worse than easier alternatives. So many individual things were done in exactly the worst possible way out of some combination of wild levels of negligence and arrogance.
the glue failed over time since it was holding together two materials with different pressure tolerances. when the water finally seeped in, over in milliseconds.
And in the video of them putting the glue on the metal, the metal looks completely smooth. Meaning they didn't even rough up the surface of the metal to give the glue something more to grab onto. Not that I think that would have prevented it but it's just something you usually do when attaching two materials like that.
''you jump out of a plane because you know its safe'' yes, and if something goes wrong and a jump was unsafe, we have all sorts of rules in place to figure out and punish who was responsible for negligence, because as a society we have agreed things should be safe!
Usually, yes. Especially if there is clear evidence of fowel play. If it's just a faulty parachute, then all they can do is give the organization a slap on the wrist. Unless it's faulty because it's ancient, then that's negligence.
The Apollo Project didn't just start with the Apollo 1. The data gathered from prior projects, including Mercury, Gemini, and the X-15, in addition to smaller less conspicuous experiments, and a lot of engineering, all contributed to the moon shot.
And even then there were two real bad incidents, Apollo 1 burned with crew onboard during testing and of course we've all seen Apollo 11. And that's with the incredible safety margin NASA demands
As horrifying as this is, I find comfort in them not suffering any pain. Not that that means anything. It should have never happened in the first place.
@@laniakeas92There is no reason to think they knew. The only “evidence” of such is from a single unsubstantiated and unsourced new report that is apparently based on a misunderstanding of how the ballast weights are used. “Any crack you hear didn’t kill you.” Unless some radically new information comes out in the testimony, they had no idea, no reason to be more afraid before the end. They were approaching the bottom and then it failed. They were dead before their nerves could carry signals to their brain that something was wrong.
@@laniakeas92 I think thats just dread in general of being that deep in the titan sub that has its hull creaks and technical/equipment issues on every dive.
@@laniakeas92 nope. "dropped two weights" was the last message seconds before they lost contact. that was normal since they were reaching the seafloor, plus there was no concerned messages before. the original chat is fake.
@tomr6955 could be, but based on my experience with autocorrect, I'd assume they meant to type "put in" all the bolts, whether the bolts were left off completely or just weren't properly torqued.
If I may I would also like to point out carbon fiber as it gets colder becomes more brittle. And let's face it as far down as they were it's not very warm. I think it's critical that this factor is taken into consideration. The colder carbon fiber gets the more brittle it becomes. And no one is pointing out this.
I had a very visceral conversation with my coworkers on the day the Titan Sub failed. "The hull was carbon fiber." I immediately turned to my fellow mech. engineer, and said, "The hull was...? What the actual... !?" And then I took a moment. No. That has to be a mis-phrasing from the news, right? A couple of in-tension supports were made of carbon fiber, right? No SANE, educated engineer would have made the entire hull of carbon fiber, a composite that does not preform well in compression (such as the semi-uniform pressures of the deep ocean.... right?). His slow nod of "Yep, the actual hull" made me sunk into my chair and despair. And he HAD BUILT SUBMARINES FOR A HOBBY. He was in so much pain seeing the realization on my face.
Consider the fact that in the Byford Dolfin accident the pressure was only about ~132 PSI. We are talking about ~6,000 PSI with the Titan sub implosion (~45 times more pressure). That's comparable to the pressure you find in firearm barrels like shotguns. I firmly believe the occupants of the Titan sub were more or less liquefied and extruded out the opening in the stern of the sub.
@@heinzriemann3213 Look up “mythbusters dive suit”. In this example some of the pig in the suit is forced out of tiny cracks in the helmet but it didn’t all come out because the helmet didn’t totally fail.
I think one of the most important reasons that carbon fiber being brittle is a bad idea for this is that if you don’t perfectly match the flex of the titanium with the flex of the carbon fiber, you’re adding a huge localized stress on that unforgiving carbon fiber
It's wild to be that Rojas, a technical diver, doesn't seem to see how unsafe all of this was. Technical diving requires a huge amount of forethought and well-tested safety practices. She understands what it takes to dive deep safely. I get that diving in a submersible is different, but given what an intense safety mindset you have to have to not die while diving, I would have thought she'd be a bit more cautious. These people have more money than sense.
She wanted to find titanic but someone else did ; so this was her playing explorer they made her feel like she was part of the team . One day she might realize how close she came to death from their poor safety
@@nataliescott2261 I don't think she's anywhere near old enough to ever have had a chance of finding Titanic: Titanic was found by Robert Ballard in 1985 using ROVs. He also did the first manned dive on the wreck in 1986.
Stockton was a real piece of work, it is said speaking ill of the dead is wrong but taking 4 other people with you out of ego and pride is just wack, a year and 3 months later just about and it only gets worse with each passing day with each new piece of evidence. Here's to hoping the nations of the world do something and force an international regulatory body and fix those loopholes about passengers vs crew.
I think there is a real conversation to be had about whether it is even possible for a non-expert to meaningfully consent to a risk involving forces that are so far beyond the comprehension of most people. If it was just Stockton Rush putting his own hide on the line, this incident would be bad, but arguably not tragic. Involving the other passengers is what puts it unforgivably over the line for me. There is no way that those people had a real understanding of what they were actually getting into.
If I don't like someone when they are alive that won't change simply because they died . Why are we expected to change our minds about someone after they are dead ?
For the curious the biford dolphin was an incident where a saturation diver got what the crab in this video experienced but in reverse. His body was blown through a gap a couple inches wide at ungodly speed and force. His ribs and vertebrae were all over the deck. Four other divers had their blood boiled and lungs burst but they weren't mutilated in the same fashion.
@@Echo_the_half_glitch probably more where rigs had there saturation procedures written in blood, it didn't have anything to do with the dive they were supposedly safe on deck
So was the Byford Dolphin incident, although in a more literal, speed of sound kind of mind blowing. I saw the autopsy photos. Don't do too much research unless you can handle seeing human mulch.
@@kdawson020279holy cr@p! If 9 atmospheres to 1 atmosphere can do that to a human body, I can't imagine what 380 to 1 would do. It had to be a human purée.
As someone scrubbing through randomly after the stream, thank you for making your disclaimer before the crab footage longer than necessary because it meant I still got the warning.
He COULD have been on to something if he had been trying to launch a less expensive, more operator friendly, shallow water submersible for research and recreation. I could see day long dives down to shallow ship wrecks and ancient underwater cities. Every research university may have eventually had one in their toolbox. BUT he resented the “experts” in general and actively set out to be antagonistic to anyone who may have called him on mistakes. Sadly.
The Byford Dolphin accident is the best/saddest example of delta-p (9 atm), since it immediately gives an explanation of what it does to the human body.
As additional info re: Factor of Safety. In theatre/entertainment, we work on both 8:1 AND 10:1. If someone is underneath it an any point, it's 8:1, if YOU are the thing above the ground (think Peter Pan)...it's 10:1. And not JUST 8 or 10:1...but redundant in many cases. IE, at least 2 or 3 failure points, so a single point of failure 'can', even with dynamic forces, be made 'safe' by other points.
The white semi-planar thing you see attached to the rear hemisphere is the technical stuff under the floor with the batteries and oxygen tanks. The hull and the inner sleeve is totally obliterated.
The only person on that sub to feel bad for is the kid. He told his mom before hand that he didn't want to go and was scared but his dad made him go anyway.
The only evidence we have on that was the statement by one aunt. His mom never confirmed the story, so I have to assume it, like that "leaked transcript" last year, was not confirmed.
@@leechowning2712probably feels guilt for allowing it If I was the kid in that situation, I'd be kicking and screaming not to get in from my claustrophobia alone
I wish this same generic comment wasn't posted on every single oceangate vid. This is the real proof of how false news spreads fast and you see it everywhere.
It so annoys me when people say that going through an experience where you REALLY think you are going to literally die ( UNlike skydiving etc) is adrenaline-rush style "exhilerating" . IT IS NOT. It is traumatizing. When we skydive etc, its cos we want the adreniline rush of something that looks dangerous, but still have the inner knowledge we really WILL be ok. Allowing us to focus on the feeling of falling, flying , the air etc, and not the trauma & fear distraction of fearing that you are going to actually die.
The funny part is, space is easier when it comes to pressure vessels than the deep sea; in the void you just have to hold the pressure of a single atmosphere against the vacuum of space. Under the sea, you have to structurally counteract the pressure of the whole ocean above and around, which gets only more and more crushing as you go deeper. Paradoxically, getting to space is hard, literally rocket science. But going to the bottom of the ocean, is as easy as dropping a rock into water.
Kyle! Will you ever do a Half-Life History on Hisashi Ouchi? I always appreciate the way you present victims of radiation incidents as people deserving of sympathy and care, and not just as characters for the audience's amusement. There are also some myths surrounding his subsequent care that I think your platform would be good at addressing.
Stockton Crush sounds like he thought he was a genius, but he was very, very, far in the opposite direction instead. Super egotistical too from the sound of it, and he also seemed to have had a problem with any authority unless it was him who was the one with all the authority. If he'd just listened to his engineers then that disaster never would have happened. What a horrible employer. It must have been awful to work for him.
I’ve been working with more than 5.000 atm. Aka. like more than 10 times the pressure here. 30 years ago…… I’m also a STCW marine engineer. The construction and management of this vessel is to be criticized in any way possible. Any who had any kind of responsibility in construction or management of this vessel must be held accountable ! I’m horrified that is was allowed to go to sea at all.
The lack of seatbelts or even seats - imagine being dropped down so hard the cap comes off, but you and your can-mates are loose in that can. Imagine you get tangled in some titanic wreckage and you fall over from your seated position and loose the controller, or break it, when it leaves your hands
I used to work at a composite winding company. We were developing concrete pumping pipes. Guess where they always failed... at the transition between the composite and metallic connections.
The video of the aft titanium dome with basically the remains of the crew compartment squished into it like an empty toothpaste tube made me physically ill.
@@kill-network No. I just have the dignity and sense to not talk so disrespectfully about five people's mortal remains, people that are still being actively mourned.
I did the math shortly after the event occurred. I did the math on how hot the compression bubble got being compressed from 1 to ~375 atm. Prior to the bubble collapsing (instantaneous) the temperature would have been as hot as the surface of the sun. If you were there, this would have looked like a wall of water coming at you from all sides at the speed of sound. Any remains would have been recovered would have been bone fragments. The marine creatures at these depths would have long since consumed these "remains" as the ocean AGRESSIVELY "pre-chewed" these people. The only "good" thing is that no one could have experienced any pain from this event given how quickly it occured.
Just a pin prick hole at those depths would produce a jet of water that even if it looked as thin as a spiderweb would cut you clean in half. Imagine that power but a full body wall of water.
This just means that you're not watching his vide on-release often enough. YT won't notify you as soon as a video comes out (or stream or wtv) if you don't click immediately on the notification whenever it shows up. It might only notify you when it thinks you'll want to see it (based on your watching habit, e.g. watching news in the morning, gaming during the day, and ASMR at night).
I’m just sitting here as a mechanical engineer specializing in hydrostatic systems and structures just nodding along. The lesson in material science and strength of materials was a weird nostalgia trip… and kinda reassuring that all the engineering schools are teaching the same stuff.
Life (Saving?) Pro Tip: Ctrl + Shift + Esc = Opens task manager with one hand Ctrl + Alt + Del = Opens an option to open task man. or sign out, switch users or lock I think the Del option can be another opportunity for windows explorer to freeze or stutter
That “Safety Theater” Is very very concerning to me, especially compared to the very safety conscious workplace where I work. *SAFETY FIRST. ALWAYS. WITHOUT HESITATION*
There was a County facility I used to walk past all the time that had a Safety sign on the gate that said: “Safety First - Everyone comes home today.”…. I always thought that was a good way to remind people how safety is everyone looking out for everyone.
Regarding water pressure... we also like to think water as non compressible but actually, at those regimes of pressure it does compress slightly... like extremely hard spring... you get much more acceleration when it slams in to cavity at implosion.
Apollo launched far fewer times than Soyuz, and both killed the same number of people iirc. The Shuttle was a death trap. Historically NASA isn't a good example of safety.
They basically treated their submersible like Bethesda treats their fallout and elder scroll games. Just patch it and ignore people when they say it’s still broken
That "safety factor" thing applies to fork lifts, cranes and such things. They NEED to have a "buffer" of 20% of their written capacity. So if it says 2 tonns (2000 kg) it actually is capable of handling 2.4 tons (2400 kg), just to give you that "room" on the safety factor. For that sub, they should have done multiple test dives without actually having someone in it to test and eliminate anything that COULD ever be an issue.
I love your brain. I'm in awe every time you speak about math and physics. I've tried with all my might to understand math. I failed pre algebra 3 times, and that's with a tutor. I desperately want to understand it. I'm not a genius, but I consider myself quite intelligent. I have an AA, a BA, and an MA, all in anthropology, as well as various certifications in field archaeology. Yet throughout all of this, I'm still unable to do basic math. I can't even do fractions, which is extremely embarrassing to admit. I'm determined to sort this out. Do you have any advice or tips? Thank you for your videos.
43:44 - I agree and while the Titanic was a combination of human error, a collision with a natural mass of ice, and the disaster being beyond what she was designed to handle! Still had she not hit the iceberg, she may have survived her maiden journey! The Titanic disaster was a series of errors & mistakes that lead her to collide with an iceberg, while the Titan was due to poor design and failure to listen to those in the the submersible industry!
You're giving too much attention to what Rojas said, forgetting she's neither an employee of OceanGate, nor scientist or engineer. She's just a paying customer turned volounteer. She may have had some limited insight into day to day operations during the outing, but that's about it.
Lifelong space nerd here. I have pretty thick skin for a millennial. I do not take offense to things easily or lightly. But when she compared this sub to the Apollo program, I took that fvcking personally.
At that pressure and the shockwave of the quite incompressible wall of water coming in the fill the vaccuum (well, pressurized to 1 atm, but relative to the envidonment) the whole ordeal lasted on the order of miliseconds. There is no "cooking", "squeezing", or any process that takes any measurable amount of time for a human brain to process in real-time. There is no difference for the victim to being in the ground zero of a nuke. Also, to clear the uncertainty at the beginning: sea water is slightly denser than distilled; for that reason, it's easier to simply float in the ocean than in a lake.
scott manley made a video about it as well and has a pretty convincing theorie: The failure happened at the titanium ring that connected the carbon fiber tube and the front dome. That means that the water pressure shot the front dome away from the sub while all the rest was pushed to the back
The fish rots from the head. The rash, “knows enough to be dangerous” CEO and his fatal lack of concern for science was the ultimate cause for this disaster. People naive enough to follow him share in the responsibility but it surely pales in comparison to his responsibility.
My dad spent some of his time in his younger years flying gliders. They shared an airfield with a skydiving company. Every summer they always had a few that bounced. Consistantly. I wouldn't personally call sky diving 'safe,' but it has definitely had more success and time to figure out what works and what doesn't... most of the time.
A safety factor of 5 is for like civil engineering like bridges. In aerospace an submersibles a safety factor of 2 is more common. For non critical 1.5 would be normal.
I saw a clip somewhere of the build process of these submersibles. There are no real seals. The rings are glued and pressed onto the carbon fiber tube, then the caps bolted on. There's no structural reinforcement to speak of. You should see if you can find that video. Adds some perspective to what happened and their safety levels.
I personally laid up carbon fibre components for 8 years in the British aerospace industry. I became a specialist in clean room tier 1 flying parts (aircraft / ballistic leading edges). I then became the engineering trainer. The thought of them doing the carbon mandrel winding without even a canopy made me shiver and my blood run cold. Raw carbon fibre motion generates a weak charge when backing sheets are removed or fibres are fed through a nozzle. Resin is like flypaper and any pieces of airborne foreign objects and debris are attracted to the fibre and embed themselves in the resin. I’ve also seen non-airborne, visible pieces of FOD jump from the bench on to the part. 75% of my time was spent picking FOD off uncured parts with tweezers. FOD causes intralaminar and extralaminar imperfections. This affects the resin bonds adversely and can lead to delamination of the carbon layers. I made space parts for NASA, ESA and wing components for military aircraft with no recorded component failures attributable to me. Okay, virtue signalling over. Occasionally, I filled in with submarine components and the engineering specifications drop disturbingly . This is a failure across the marine industry. I could never understand why the specs for submarine components were so much lower than in aerospace. Space and the deep ocean are both extreme environments, one with a lack of pressure and one with excessive pressure - equally as lethal if the pressure catastrophically changes inside the pressure vessel. Winding is relatively new and still in its experimental phase. Metallurgy has a significant data lead on carbon and other composite fibres. When I read they were building a non-spherical CF sub, I remember thinking they going to implode at the time. Carbon has a much shorter life span than metal and extreme stresses will cause it to fail earlier. I left a cured test piece on a windowsill to see what the sun’s UV would do to it. After two summers, it turned into a crumbly wheat biscuit. I did destructive testing too and CF fails are really dramatic. Whereas metal tends to flex first, CF doesn’t and it fails suddenly and dramatically. I saw a CF failure almost wreck a steel drum peel machine once. This was utterly predictable. There’s innovation but this was just reckless.
The thing that blew my mind was the Rush interview where he essentially said that there's too much safety regulations and it's not necessary because there are so little submarine-related deaths. And at NO point does it occur to him that maybe there are so little submarine incidents BECAUSE of those regulations!
A point lost on most who fetishise deregulation in favour of economy that most regulations are about making work safe, predictable and overseen
The recent inquiry into the Grenfell Tower fire has sadly demonstrated we live in an era of irresponsible buck-passing.
@@richardhealy regulations are often written in blood, at least safety regulations. Safety and environmental regulations have been written to prevent harm to people in the environment sometimes from unfortunate lessons learned.
Just thinking of the invention of submarines I watchrd and how horribly some of the people died with their experimenting. Ahh
What really blows my mind is that most deregulation evangelists know better. They know exactly how dangerous the disassembly of safety and redundancy in the name of expediency and money actually is, especially in industries where safety margins and redundancy are so critical. They are smart and/or sociopathic enough to know better than to actually risk their lives in the machines/devices being deregulated. This guy was a fundamentalist true believer in a way you rarely see.
"You stop being biology and start being physics" is really still the best succinct way of showcasing just what happened to those people.
It's a really iconic way of showcasing what happened to them.
A transition very few make
Scott Manley ftw
Kinda misleading because they still became biological matter
@@Krillionone Organic matter.
Biology would imply capable of continued organized ongoing chemistry.
Professor Farnsworth: "Dear Lord, that's over 150 atmospheres of pressure."
Fry: "How many atmospheres can this ship withstand?"
Prof: "Well it's a spaceship, so I'd say anywhere between zero and one."
A fairly accurate joke since the carbon fiber used to make Titan was originally used in the construction of airplanes.
Seriously - there was a phenomenal amount of actual science in Futurama - full marks to all involved!
Heard their voices
@@daveroche6522 iirc the writing team had highly degreed scientists on it
This must be directed at the person who asked how many atmospheres the ISS could withstand. The answer is much less than a bicycle tire.
The dieseling effect happens when air ignites under rapid compression. You don't need diesel fuel for it to happen. That's what the guy in chat was talking about. When a submarine implodes, the immense pressure of the surrounding water can compress the air within the vessel at an incredibly rapid rate. This rapid compression can generate enough heat to ignite the air. This phenomenon is similar to what happens when a diesel engine compresses air to ignite fuel. However, in the case of a submarine implosion, the compression is even more extreme due to the massive pressure differential
With a collapse rate of the speed of sound in water, there isn't much time for any dieseling to occur, before the water smashes everything to loose molecules and minerals.
Similar to a cavitation bubble but on a larger scale.
Cntrl alt delete! Brilliant ! That used too fix everything for me a long long time ago ....😂
Adiabatic compression, is the proper thermodynamic term. Google it.
Diesel is an amazing power source
At least the "Flat Earther" who died trying to launch himself into space didn't take 4 paying volunteer "mission specialists" onboard.
I thought I heard that guy wasn't even really a flat earther; he was just a rocket enthusiast who used the flat earther thing for attention to get donations.
@@isaacbruner65that's actually true. He went to where he could find the funding for his crazy hobby. I listened to an interview with one of his closest friends.
The guy was pretty interesting.
It's a shame that he died, but he understood just how dangerous his passion was
Hense the "" around flat earther. 😉
He committed suicide
@@CostlyFiddlehow about the semi flat earther D:
The CEO was an impatient prick, and it was going to cost him sooner or later. Had he not been in the submersible, he would probably be in jail right now, or facing serious lawsuits.
Just stay in bed if you don't see rushes vision 😅
Lying gate, spy gate, diesel gate, ocean gate fully foreshadowed themselves
@@NickyBlue99 If you only see "staying in bed" and staying...where Rush is now staying, then yeah. Stay the fvck in bed
You could always do things the right way. And get your device properly tested, proven and licensed, and you know, not kill people with false promises and total arrogance.
But that doesnt seem to be an option for you.
And no. I don't care if you're being sarcastic. Whoosh me if that gets you off. Whatever.
What transpired here is not a laughing matter.
Either you tarded or trolling @@NickyBlue99
Worse still, he saw it as a matter of honour, as though ignoring safety regulations made him a noble maverick.
When “maybe the glue failed” is part of the incident debrief for an ultra deep submersible
Lol😂😂😂😂 right
That's my bet since learning about this, their epoxy glue work looks so sketchy, I wouldn't even trust it on a domestic water tank repair, no way that would hold a sub.
When I saw that video of the applying that "glue", I knew it was the reason why.
too be fair, the US navy did also use epoxy-glue when they were developing carbon-fiber / titanium submersibles. See Scott Manleys video if you're curious
@@worawatli8952 yet it did hold a sub, For a relatively long time.
Is it fair to say you’re surprised at how well it did?
This is the insidious part of these organisations. Engineers who warn, are immediately useless when the problem doesn’t happen - at that point they’re less help than someone who said nothing at all.
A year after the incident and the people involved with OceanGate still defend it. The human capacity to delude themselves never fails to disappoint.
Just as long as they never delude anyone else ever again.
You nailed it. Ms Rojas testimony reveals everything we need to know about the culture at OceanGate. Has any employee of OceanGate ever said anything approaching responsibility or apologizing for their actions?
How to even exacting responsibility from culture thats against having ones in the first place
Biologically speaking, all of human life is a delusion. We're all just pieces of meat in a cage of bone, relying on sensors and organs that we have no way of knowing are accurate, to live in a world we have no way of perceiving other than those sensors and organs.
Your brain is perfectly capable of ignoring the entirety of your nose being in your field of vision at all times just because it's inconvenient, and will literally make up fake information to fill in all the time you spend with your eyes closed when you blink. Being able to believe whatever version of reality you want is hardly surprising all things considered.
Billionaires in general seem to operate under a delusion that they are smarter than everyone else and that safety is an unnecessary hindrance.
kyle, you're much better at math and science then me, but there is an error in your talk about what happens to the human body. what you described is the forces of the ocean minus the decompression, to actually model out what happened you have to take into account the compression of water. that's what's causing the true damage here. see water doesn't really compress, you know this. but at this depth there is SOME compression to the water, it's very small, about 1 cubic inch per cubic yard of water (as i said, not much, roughly 29/30 of the water volume at the surface). that of course is held in that density by your 380 atm of pressure, so the pressure calculations of course are correct. the problem is this.
what would water do if it suddenly found a 1 atm void? it would rapidly expand back to it's surface volume at roughly 5 times the speed of sound. THAT is explosive decompression of the water, and the forces it enact is instantiations. and all the water around it will expand as well which is why a shockwave is formed which travels through all the surfaces and splitters your carbon fiber hull into tiny pieces, those pieces are propelled in at 5 times the speed of sound, riding with the water rapidly decompressing into the void (air) of the vestle, shredding the occupants at the speed of 5 times the speed of sound into small meaty paste shattering bones and basically grinding the bodies into paste at the point of equilibrium which in this case formed right around the ring at the back of the sub. which is why the dome didn't blow off, and parts of the sub are still attached to the ring back there. it got the least of the water decompression.
a femur might survive intact, depending on where it went and what hit it in the collapse, parts of the skull might have survived (or not, there is AIR in the skull), either way very little solid would have been left over of the 5 people thanks to the depressurization of the water for a moment, the shockwave of decompression would radiate away from the sub causing localized waves of decompression and recompression as water struggles to expand back to it's desired density, before gravity did it's thing and repressurized everything in the area at a rate of 9.81m/s2 and ending the local disturbance.
btw: there is no way any one person was ejected, too big and the failure was too fast, and while the gas would have turned into plasma the time required to actually cook or vaporize them wouldn't have been long enough and no where near enough heat for instant vaporization, not enough air for enough plasma to do that instantaneously. i will trust your math on how much air would be needed to flash them into plasma before the ocean put it out.
This needs to be top comment
drinking game: every time he says 5 times the speed of sound
@@PikaPetey well hello there, i havent seen this youtuber in some time
Learning that water does compress under the crushing depth of itself puts a new fear in me. I need to read more about this.
There was a video around the time of the accident that pretty much explained this. I found it interesting at the time.
The water actually doesn't move much at all. You can think of it like a tiny VERY rigid spring that doesn't have much travel distance. When the spring decompresses it would only move outwards a tiny bit. The problem is you have an entire ocean of compressed springs behind it. As soon as the first bit of water decompresses the water behind it will decompress and shove that decompressed water forward into the air void.
So yes you are correct. The pressure doesn't actually do the destruction, it forces a wall of decompressed water to slam into things at extreme speeds. Or another way of looking at it would be like moving at multiple times the speed of sound and crashing into a surface of water.
"Stockton Rush we miss you," no, no we should not. He fostered this culture of incompetence. He murdered everyone on that submersible.
Not murder, just gross neglience.
Not murder neither negligence.
Natural Selection.
Glad at least one of them was kind enough to get his offspring there too
@@LukeSumIpsePatremTe this is the same as the guy who drives 100 mph on the highway because "I am a very good driver, and modern cars are extremely safe even in accidents". No this is manslaughter at least, if not straight murder for him, all his senior officers, and every person who willingly ignored the fact the marine insurers would not touch it, the international association of submariners had said it was a death trap, or had ignored that they had fired the ONLY submarine rated person on staff to put this thing together... or when the first hull failed in testing, the second was built with nearly no record of it, and passed off as the first to prevent "unneccesary worry".
This should not be a "neutral hearing". This should be criminal charges.
@@LukeSumIpsePatremTe if lots of people say: "that will kill people." And you do it anyway, because you will not listen to reason, then that is murder. Like throwing bricks onto a sidewalk. You know someone could die, and it doesnt matter to you. In Germany that would count as murder, if someone dies.
That he himself died is for me no evident, he did not care, he cared for no human life, simply said.
@@LukeSumIpsePatremTe It's the same thing. He was the owner of the sub, he knew it was untested and uncertified. He still put people in that deathtrap and took unnecessary risks. He murdered those people through his fantastic hubris and contempt for proper safety just as maliciously as if he had premeditated it. Stockton Rush IS responsible for all of his poor life choices.
*Thanks for watching!* Hopefully we can all learn something from this
At least i’ve learned that you have not met Albert Einstein
Yeah i learned to stay on dry land!
the example with a soda lid top bending and breaking isn't great... strain isnt about the material eventually breaking when you bend it back and forth, that's known as fatigue failure. Stress and strain is more like a bolt you are tightening and describing the elastic and plastic deformation as it gets tighter. a max torque value for a bolt is often at the point where you reach the max stress, and it's in the region of plastic deformation. it's why many bolts that are torqued to max spec must be replaced after being removed. as long as you stay in the elastic region, fatigue failure is not really a concern provided regular inspection is done, like in the case of bridges.
Strain is a dimensionless quantity representing the ratio of change in a material's dimension to its original dimension
it's a side point but it was an error i noticed in the presentation. does nothing to diminish the point he was making.
Scott Manley mentioned something interesting in his newest video on Titan and I looked it up:
It is obvious that Ocean Gate didn't take all necessary precautions. But everyone say that carbon fibre is a bad idea. The U.S. Navy didn't think so. Naval Ocean System Center made an unmaned submersible called "Advanced Unmanned Search System" (AUSS). It had a similar design as Titan* and is capable of 6000 meters depth (it was pressure tested to 10k psi). This is far deeper than the depth of Titanic (3800 meters).
They started using it in 1983 and did 114 dives before being transferred to Navy's Supervisor of Salvage and Diving, in 1994. No idea if it have ever been used since.
*According to the technical report:
"The pressure vessel is made up of a cylindrical pressure hull and two hemispheres
(endbells). The pressure hull is a graphite-fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) composite with a wall thickness of 2.5 inches. The composite structure is filament wound using a process in which bundles of epoxy-wetted graphite filaments are wrapped around a mandrel with alternating hoop and axial winds. Hoop filaments are normal to the cylinder axis (90*) and axial filaments are parallel to the cylinder axis (0°). The hoop-toaxial filament ratio from the cylinder inside diameter through the first 1.0 inch of wall thickness is 2.5 to 1. A 2-to-1 ratio is used for the remainder of the wall thickness, except for the final layer, which is a hoop layer. These filament ratios are used because hoop stress is twice the axial stress in a cylindrical pressure vessel. A titanium coupling ring is bonded to each end of the GFRP cylinder using epoxy resin. These two coupling rings each have a single o-ring groove for face sealing to the endbells. Each endbell is a one-piece titanium machining. Vacuum along with the external water pressure is the primary mechanism for holding the endbells to the pressure hull. Clamp bands act as fairings and also hold the vehicle together if vacuum is lost. In order to electrically connect the vehicle's center section to the forward and aft sections, each endbell is equipped with eight bulkhead connectors. These connectors are 14-pin D.G. O'Brien number 1380018-101 with titanium housings. The pressure vessel has been subjected to hydrostatic pressure testing to 10,000 psi."
Obviously there are some differences, like one being used remotely and the other one had people inside. The dimensions are different to (Titan's pressure vessel had a bigger diameter). But the techniques and materials seems comparable.
Unfortunately I have not been able to find a report that talks about, if they found any damage to the hull of AUSS.
Yeah: when you ultimately commit do doing destructive testing, don't be inside the test chamber. Because that testing will happen one way or the other.
I wonder if the CEO had ever been SCUBA diving? I've been down to roughly 150ft and you begin to understand the how at mercy you are to pressure. From painfully clearing your sinus cavities every ten feet to the nitrogen toxicity in your blood, but it is the compression you feel on your body that brings it home. Wear a dry suit and it's really real.
That fool would have had a lot more respect for pressure if he was;t an arrogant neofyte to the water. I cannot believe anyone looked at the sub made of two different material, each responding to pressure differently, and thought that it was safe.
Wound Carbon fibre is strong in tension and makes great pressure containment vessels (and possibly deep pressures as a bathysphere….(preferably ball shaped for even pressure distribution…
Wound Carbon fibre in a tube, glued to a dissimilar metal? NOT ideal to withstand compressive forces…clearly….
Heck, trying to go down 10 FEET in swim goggles teaches you and your eye sockets about pressure effectively.
The actual concept of those materials is sound enough, as CF is more than capable of taking that load if its built right, and dissimilar materials can be dealt with as well. Actually not the first submarine built with those methods, been at least one navy test vehicle in past and maybe more...
The muppets that where building and running this sub clearly didn't care about doing it right and validating properly though. I also personally don't see any good reason to go with a relatively complex composite pressure hull in this case - the one thing that the composites are really really good at is strength to the weight, the other is being very very stiff, the first one has no real benefit unless your submarine is supposed to be deployed from a helicopter or something and the second could be useful but isn't required in the human pressure vessel. The only other thing composites can be great for is being very selectively strong around complex dimensional structures - when you need something a crazy shape that is very very stiff and strong in only specific places and light or even more flexible everywhere else (don't have to use the same infill or fibre materials for composites).
There are several submersibles that are made from Titanium and Carbon fiber. The problem is not the fusion of dissimilar materials, but rather the execution of this combination.
@@PickledSharkafaik there was only one that was extensively tested, it was from US Navy. I don't get the thing with the CF in submarines though, the weight is nowhere near of a limit when we compare to aerospace, it does not justify the hassle to work with CF (not even talking about problems with humidity and delamination)
I was a submariner in the Navy. And we always joked that our boat was made by the lowest bidder. Sort of dark humor to face that idea head on to keep it from haunting you. Lol
Still had to comply with the Technical Specifications from the navy (and it's still quite dangerous). These guys were just improvising
@@lordzuzu6437 totally. We had many strict safety standards. Especially after the Scorpion. They implemented the SUBSAFE program which improved safety by a lot. So much so that the US has not lost another sub since.
These guys could have taken a note or two.
Fucked up way to think about it and be reassured. They may not care about you guys, but they definitely care about the expensive equipment & weapons on board. And they don’t want the embarrassment of losing a sub. That’s added incentive to get it right. Doing “the right thing” for self serving reasons.
Lol. I’m on the other side of the spectrum speaking as someone from General Dynamics Electric Boat.
Dont worry, its in our best interest that General Dynamics keeps the US military as a major customer.
@@robster7787 I appreciate how well you built them. Thanks. ;)
“Where they crushed or liquified”
“Yes”
"And combusted."
I remember learning about a diving bell accident and the rapid depressurization caused the guys sleeping in the pressure chamber to have their blood instantly boil and solidify. I would say they were cooked and splattered.
People are placing far more emphasis on the “combusted/cooked” part, though.
They were pulverized so quickly that there wasn’t enough time to be cooked very much.
@@FirstnameLastname-bn4gv Perhaps a light sear on the pate?
@@Yaivenov
Medium rare, at most
Cameron said it best "you'd be turned into a meat cloud in a nanosecond" And Cameron dove to Challenger Deep, which is over *1000 atm*
I saw an interview with James Cameron where he talked about his dives in the Mariana Trench. He said that the sub that he used was retired after about 4 or 5 deep sea dives. He talked about the metallurgy changing each time in the metal of the sub that we can’t see with the naked eye. Every dive takes a toll and even the strongest design can eventually fail. These guys were constantly using the same subs. This was bound to happen.
Oh, isn't he the guy that made his own sub?
So far my favorites have been, "Stockton Mush" and "Captain Crunch"
Rojas having Stockton Syndrome made me lol
Stockton Crush
@@DeadGirl-oz3vlthe very worst flavor of Crush soda
OceanFate
Stuck Ton Crush
When this happened, my 17yo son who mods cars immediately said it was the carbon fiber. He uses a lot of carbon fiber on his race car and said even with normal road vibrations, you can get cracking in your CF around where the plexiglass is bolted in.
Sluy
It's basic knowledge, anyone with room temperature IQ knows it
It's pretty bad when you're a billionaire and you're charging $250,000 per person to dive to the Titanic on your submersible and you skimp out on safety precautions and making it safer.
Edit: since everyone has been saying he wasn't a billionaire, just pretend I said rich. The same still applies. He was too greedy to spend on making a safer submersible and he died for it.
I doubt he had as much money as he said he did.
Apparently he was having money troubles that incentivised him to complete dives with paying passengers ("specialists"). He keeps being called a billionaire but I wonder if that was ever true, let alone when he died.
They signed a waiver
You don't get a billion by always doing the right thing
He was not a billionaire he was barely afloat he needed the money that's why he skipped and rushed everything
Football field per kilometer is the most American thing I've heard you say.
That's nothing.
Henry Chan from 9 Hole Reviews uses M-16 lengths to measure in meters, since the standard M-16A2 is almost exactly 1 meter long.
Best one i ever heard:
Football fields per moon landing.
@@yam83 Hello there fellow 9 Hole enjoyer!
Technically a meter is 1.1 yards. 100 yards for a Football field 10 football fields for just about a kilometer.
Football pitch* soccer field
Byford Dolphin incident, had nothing to do with dolphins, but was an off shore oil rig diving accident, in 1983. It involved a team of saturation divers, who were in a compression chamber, pressurized at the depth they had been diving at. The chamber was at the surface. Due to a procedural error, a crew member accidentally released all that pressure in the chamber. The pressure dropped from 9 atmospheres to 1 atmosphere, in a very short time, killing the whole team, in a gruesome, but mercifully fast manner.
Yeah, they were basically extruded explosively
To add some gruesome detail for those curious:
a couple guys basically got boiled alive from the inside as the nitrogen in their blood did some funny stuff
one diver, diver 4, very unfortunate guy, was near the slightly opened hatch and had his complete abdominal cavity catapulted out, including a part of his spinal cord, which they found 30 feet away on top of the tower. The recovery team could not find all his parts, but tried to reassemble what they could, including the mask of his face. So like, the fleshy part.
@mekabare no better word than gruesome here. Knew about it, didn't know all THAT
The crab getting sucked into the pipe is essentially what happened to one of the crew. Got forced out of a chamber thru the partially opened hatch; partially opened meaning, a crescent about 2 feet wide at it's widest. There are pix of what they found of him on the deck. At some distance from the chamber. They are not nice. Also, some years back, a report came out that the dive tender they blamed it on was just a convenient scapegoat and the real cause was faulty equipment. Families sued the Norwegian government behind that report and won their case, if you can call getting some $$ almost 3 decades later a "win". Also, one of the dive tenders outside the chamber survived.
@@discrippleYeah Delta-P is a bitch, it’s horrific
For those of you still confused, carbon fiber is basically the opposite of concrete. A cinder block performs very well under the stress of a compressive force but will consistently fail miserably under the stress of a stretching force. Carbon fiber is great at containing pressure (an outwardly stretching force) but does poorly under the compressive forces of the deep ocean, which is why everyone else uses much more compressive-resilient materials when designing submersibles.
Gotcha, I’ll make my next submarine out of concrete instead 👍🏼
Literally what smugglers do. @@nicholassteffenhagen5074
@@nicholassteffenhagen5074A brilliant strategy good sir 👍
I mean, that would technically work if you figured out how to make the thing float. Probably.
fun fact: There is no reliable glue, known to mankind, that glues together carbon fiber and titanium
They really are both relatively hard enough materials to use right on their own, and yeah even more of a problem together. Each of the can be great in the right use case but those ideal uses are a surprisingly narrow range. Much of the time they are objectively worse than easier alternatives. So many individual things were done in exactly the worst possible way out of some combination of wild levels of negligence and arrogance.
Define reliable
@@michaelbee8263 adjective
consistently good in quality or performance; able to be trusted.
the glue failed over time since it was holding together two materials with different pressure tolerances. when the water finally seeped in, over in milliseconds.
And in the video of them putting the glue on the metal, the metal looks completely smooth. Meaning they didn't even rough up the surface of the metal to give the glue something more to grab onto. Not that I think that would have prevented it but it's just something you usually do when attaching two materials like that.
''you jump out of a plane because you know its safe'' yes, and if something goes wrong and a jump was unsafe, we have all sorts of rules in place to figure out and punish who was responsible for negligence, because as a society we have agreed things should be safe!
Usually, yes. Especially if there is clear evidence of fowel play. If it's just a faulty parachute, then all they can do is give the organization a slap on the wrist. Unless it's faulty because it's ancient, then that's negligence.
Boeing wants to know your location
The Apollo Project didn't just start with the Apollo 1. The data gathered from prior projects, including Mercury, Gemini, and the X-15, in addition to smaller less conspicuous experiments, and a lot of engineering, all contributed to the moon shot.
And even then there were two real bad incidents, Apollo 1 burned with crew onboard during testing and of course we've all seen Apollo 11. And that's with the incredible safety margin NASA demands
@@platedlizard nit: apollo 13, apollo 11 was the successful one.
As horrifying as this is, I find comfort in them not suffering any pain. Not that that means anything. It should have never happened in the first place.
The mental suffering was strong though. They probably knew they about to be annihilated.
@@laniakeas92There is no reason to think they knew. The only “evidence” of such is from a single unsubstantiated and unsourced new report that is apparently based on a misunderstanding of how the ballast weights are used.
“Any crack you hear didn’t kill you.”
Unless some radically new information comes out in the testimony, they had no idea, no reason to be more afraid before the end. They were approaching the bottom and then it failed. They were dead before their nerves could carry signals to their brain that something was wrong.
@@laniakeas92 I think thats just dread in general of being that deep in the titan sub that has its hull creaks and technical/equipment issues on every dive.
@@laniakeas92I don't think they knew anything in advance.
@@laniakeas92 nope. "dropped two weights" was the last message seconds before they lost contact. that was normal since they were reaching the seafloor, plus there was no concerned messages before. the original chat is fake.
The fact that someone at ocean gate is still defending that death trap is unbelievable.
The human ego will blind you to anything and everything.
About the diesel ignition, the human bodies were the diesel that got ignited during the adiabatic compression.
ideal gas flaw
What's the Cetane Number of the human body 💀
250 fucking thousand dollars per ticket and they could not even be bothered to but in all the bolts...
Bolts are a want not a need trole. TWU
But in? What does that mean
But in? Wtf is that?
@tomr6955 could be, but based on my experience with autocorrect, I'd assume they meant to type "put in" all the bolts, whether the bolts were left off completely or just weren't properly torqued.
Tbh, fewer bolts is probably safer in the case of trying to get them out.
It's not like the bolts carry any real weight.
If I may I would also like to point out carbon fiber as it gets colder becomes more brittle. And let's face it as far down as they were it's not very warm. I think it's critical that this factor is taken into consideration. The colder carbon fiber gets the more brittle it becomes. And no one is pointing out this.
I had a very visceral conversation with my coworkers on the day the Titan Sub failed. "The hull was carbon fiber." I immediately turned to my fellow mech. engineer, and said, "The hull was...? What the actual... !?" And then I took a moment. No. That has to be a mis-phrasing from the news, right? A couple of in-tension supports were made of carbon fiber, right? No SANE, educated engineer would have made the entire hull of carbon fiber, a composite that does not preform well in compression (such as the semi-uniform pressures of the deep ocean.... right?).
His slow nod of "Yep, the actual hull" made me sunk into my chair and despair. And he HAD BUILT SUBMARINES FOR A HOBBY. He was in so much pain seeing the realization on my face.
I'm not even an engineer and even I know that a carbon fiber hull for this type of an application is a very bad idea.
Anyone with room temperature IQ knows carbon fibre isn't gonna work.
Understand when they say recovering human remains at this point they're talking more of a... residual trace rather than anything you can bury.
It was a goo
sufficient to identify each of the 5 submersible occupants interestingly
@@marilynjarvis8228 teeth work well for that
@@ricktbdgc Tasty jam*
It would be tiny bone fragments lodged into the wreckage or shoe leather at best
"Culture of Unsafety" - perfect name for the book.....
Consider the fact that in the Byford Dolfin accident the pressure was only about ~132 PSI. We are talking about ~6,000 PSI with the Titan sub implosion (~45 times more pressure). That's comparable to the pressure you find in firearm barrels like shotguns. I firmly believe the occupants of the Titan sub were more or less liquefied and extruded out the opening in the stern of the sub.
They simply became physics.
Yea like stepping on a tube of toothpaste
Extruded where? Into the pressurized water? How the hell would that work.
@@heinzriemann3213 Look up “mythbusters dive suit”. In this example some of the pig in the suit is forced out of tiny cracks in the helmet but it didn’t all come out because the helmet didn’t totally fail.
The saying goes “you don’t engineer for everything going right, you engineer for everything going wrong”
I think one of the most important reasons that carbon fiber being brittle is a bad idea for this is that if you don’t perfectly match the flex of the titanium with the flex of the carbon fiber, you’re adding a huge localized stress on that unforgiving carbon fiber
It's wild to be that Rojas, a technical diver, doesn't seem to see how unsafe all of this was. Technical diving requires a huge amount of forethought and well-tested safety practices. She understands what it takes to dive deep safely. I get that diving in a submersible is different, but given what an intense safety mindset you have to have to not die while diving, I would have thought she'd be a bit more cautious. These people have more money than sense.
She wanted to find titanic but someone else did ; so this was her playing explorer they made her feel like she was part of the team . One day she might realize how close she came to death from their poor safety
Knows so much she is overconfident, doesn't know enough to be aware of the dumb overconfidence
You can tell she's a banker by her total disregard for ethics or regulation
@@nataliescott2261 I don't think she's anywhere near old enough to ever have had a chance of finding Titanic: Titanic was found by Robert Ballard in 1985 using ROVs. He also did the first manned dive on the wreck in 1986.
You can know a procedural manual front to back without understanding the science behind it.
Stockton was a real piece of work, it is said speaking ill of the dead is wrong but taking 4 other people with you out of ego and pride is just wack, a year and 3 months later just about and it only gets worse with each passing day with each new piece of evidence. Here's to hoping the nations of the world do something and force an international regulatory body and fix those loopholes about passengers vs crew.
I think there is a real conversation to be had about whether it is even possible for a non-expert to meaningfully consent to a risk involving forces that are so far beyond the comprehension of most people. If it was just Stockton Rush putting his own hide on the line, this incident would be bad, but arguably not tragic. Involving the other passengers is what puts it unforgivably over the line for me. There is no way that those people had a real understanding of what they were actually getting into.
If I don't like someone when they are alive that won't change simply because they died .
Why are we expected to change our minds about someone after they are dead ?
For the curious the biford dolphin was an incident where a saturation diver got what the crab in this video experienced but in reverse. His body was blown through a gap a couple inches wide at ungodly speed and force. His ribs and vertebrae were all over the deck. Four other divers had their blood boiled and lungs burst but they weren't mutilated in the same fashion.
I'm pretty sure they found a chunk of that guy on a roof of some other compartment over 100 feet away. Shite was insane.
Yeah, basically, that incident is partially where the blood that wrote the regulations for deep dives of any kind came from.
@@Echo_the_half_glitch probably more where rigs had there saturation procedures written in blood, it didn't have anything to do with the dive they were supposedly safe on deck
Kyle not knowing about the Byford dolphin incident is kind of mind blowing
Waterline Stories in the house
A bit.
It must be a Mandela Effect thing, but I swear I've seen a video with Kyle covering that very accident. I guess not!
So was the Byford Dolphin incident, although in a more literal, speed of sound kind of mind blowing. I saw the autopsy photos. Don't do too much research unless you can handle seeing human mulch.
@@kdawson020279holy cr@p! If 9 atmospheres to 1 atmosphere can do that to a human body, I can't imagine what 380 to 1 would do. It had to be a human purée.
How many atmospheres of pressure can the ISS hold? "Well it's a spaceship so anywhere between 0 and 1."
As someone scrubbing through randomly after the stream, thank you for making your disclaimer before the crab footage longer than necessary because it meant I still got the warning.
He COULD have been on to something if he had been trying to launch a less expensive, more operator friendly, shallow water submersible for research and recreation. I could see day long dives down to shallow ship wrecks and ancient underwater cities. Every research university may have eventually had one in their toolbox. BUT he resented the “experts” in general and actively set out to be antagonistic to anyone who may have called him on mistakes. Sadly.
All his knowledge, skill, and intelligence aside, the fact that Kyle says he wakes up looking like Thor is the most impressive thing.
The carbon fiber he used was discarded aviation material that was not fit for aviation
The Byford Dolphin accident is the best/saddest example of delta-p (9 atm), since it immediately gives an explanation of what it does to the human body.
As additional info re: Factor of Safety. In theatre/entertainment, we work on both 8:1 AND 10:1. If someone is underneath it an any point, it's 8:1, if YOU are the thing above the ground (think Peter Pan)...it's 10:1. And not JUST 8 or 10:1...but redundant in many cases. IE, at least 2 or 3 failure points, so a single point of failure 'can', even with dynamic forces, be made 'safe' by other points.
The white semi-planar thing you see attached to the rear hemisphere is the technical stuff under the floor with the batteries and oxygen tanks. The hull and the inner sleeve is totally obliterated.
the lesson is and always was, don't ignore safety because you think you know better.
The only person on that sub to feel bad for is the kid. He told his mom before hand that he didn't want to go and was scared but his dad made him go anyway.
I want his rubix cube
The only evidence we have on that was the statement by one aunt. His mom never confirmed the story, so I have to assume it, like that "leaked transcript" last year, was not confirmed.
@@leechowning2712probably feels guilt for allowing it
If I was the kid in that situation, I'd be kicking and screaming not to get in from my claustrophobia alone
The family mostly said he was excited 🤷@@leechowning2712
I wish this same generic comment wasn't posted on every single oceangate vid. This is the real proof of how false news spreads fast and you see it everywhere.
It has been zero days since I figured out he was saying chat, instead of Chad. I could never figure out who Chad was.
Chad is chats name?
Everyone in chat is a chad
The big problem wasn't that it was untested, but that it had failed the tests performed, and was neither on the good side of theory.
It so annoys me when people say that going through an experience where you REALLY think you are going to literally die ( UNlike skydiving etc) is adrenaline-rush style "exhilerating" .
IT IS NOT.
It is traumatizing.
When we skydive etc, its cos we want the adreniline rush of something that looks dangerous,
but still have the inner knowledge we really WILL be ok.
Allowing us to focus on the feeling of falling, flying , the air etc, and not the trauma & fear distraction of fearing that you are going to actually die.
The funny part is, space is easier when it comes to pressure vessels than the deep sea; in the void you just have to hold the pressure of a single atmosphere against the vacuum of space. Under the sea, you have to structurally counteract the pressure of the whole ocean above and around, which gets only more and more crushing as you go deeper. Paradoxically, getting to space is hard, literally rocket science. But going to the bottom of the ocean, is as easy as dropping a rock into water.
Kyle! Will you ever do a Half-Life History on Hisashi Ouchi? I always appreciate the way you present victims of radiation incidents as people deserving of sympathy and care, and not just as characters for the audience's amusement. There are also some myths surrounding his subsequent care that I think your platform would be good at addressing.
Stockton Crush sounds like he thought he was a genius, but he was very, very, far in the opposite direction instead. Super egotistical too from the sound of it, and he also seemed to have had a problem with any authority unless it was him who was the one with all the authority. If he'd just listened to his engineers then that disaster never would have happened. What a horrible employer. It must have been awful to work for him.
There is more rigorous scrutiny on the work instructions I write at the manufacturing company I work at than this ENTIRE SUB HAD
I’ve been working with more than 5.000 atm. Aka. like more than 10 times the pressure here. 30 years ago……
I’m also a STCW marine engineer.
The construction and management of this vessel is to be criticized in any way possible. Any who had any kind of responsibility in construction or management of this vessel must be held accountable !
I’m horrified that is was allowed to go to sea at all.
No you aren't
@@aarons6935 yes i am.
I don’t understand all the hate for Mr. Rush….
He totally crushed it.
The lack of seatbelts or even seats - imagine being dropped down so hard the cap comes off, but you and your can-mates are loose in that can. Imagine you get tangled in some titanic wreckage and you fall over from your seated position and loose the controller, or break it, when it leaves your hands
I used to work at a composite winding company. We were developing concrete pumping pipes. Guess where they always failed... at the transition between the composite and metallic connections.
The video of the aft titanium dome with basically the remains of the crew compartment squished into it like an empty toothpaste tube made me physically ill.
@@NickyBlue99 intrusive thoughts
@@NickyBlue99You're very desperately fishing in these comments today, it's been a while since I saw a trawler like you. Bad haul?
@@Tardisntimbits I'm just messing about, sheesh!
@@Tardisntimbits r u slow? Sure seems like it... 😂😂😂
@@kill-network No. I just have the dignity and sense to not talk so disrespectfully about five people's mortal remains, people that are still being actively mourned.
i literally just missed the stream, but hey i'm first to watch the vod!
Ditto 🥲
same
i kind of feel bad for how ignorant that woman testifying is.
i would be absolutely mortified to have this placed into the public/internet.
The thing that scares me is that it happened so quickly they wouldn't even have been aware it happened. Just instantly not existing.
That comforts me.
It's quite a thought. Especially if there is an afterlife.
Right. They don't even know they're dead. That's crazy to try and understand.
I did the math shortly after the event occurred. I did the math on how hot the compression bubble got being compressed from 1 to ~375 atm. Prior to the bubble collapsing (instantaneous) the temperature would have been as hot as the surface of the sun. If you were there, this would have looked like a wall of water coming at you from all sides at the speed of sound. Any remains would have been recovered would have been bone fragments. The marine creatures at these depths would have long since consumed these "remains" as the ocean AGRESSIVELY "pre-chewed" these people. The only "good" thing is that no one could have experienced any pain from this event given how quickly it occured.
"How many atmospheres can the ship withstand?"
"Well, it's a space ship, so I'd say anywhere between zero and one."
Just a pin prick hole at those depths would produce a jet of water that even if it looked as thin as a spiderweb would cut you clean in half. Imagine that power but a full body wall of water.
Love that YT didn't notify me 😢
This just means that you're not watching his vide on-release often enough. YT won't notify you as soon as a video comes out (or stream or wtv) if you don't click immediately on the notification whenever it shows up. It might only notify you when it thinks you'll want to see it (based on your watching habit, e.g. watching news in the morning, gaming during the day, and ASMR at night).
First live stream I've missed in a looooong time. It means I wasn't able to do the THQOTW
Do you ever get notifications? I ONLY get notifications on the big channels and never on independent ones even though I have an notifications checked.
Stream starts @2:24
🫡Hero...
this needs pinned.
I’m just sitting here as a mechanical engineer specializing in hydrostatic systems and structures just nodding along.
The lesson in material science and strength of materials was a weird nostalgia trip… and kinda reassuring that all the engineering schools are teaching the same stuff.
Sure you are bud.
Life (Saving?) Pro Tip: Ctrl + Shift + Esc = Opens task manager with one hand
Ctrl + Alt + Del = Opens an option to open task man. or sign out, switch users or lock
I think the Del option can be another opportunity for windows explorer to freeze or stutter
This is a blast from the past. Made me chuckle because the amount of times I had to use those commands back in the day! Thank you for the chuckle. ❤
That “Safety Theater” Is very very concerning to me, especially compared to the very safety conscious workplace where I work.
*SAFETY FIRST. ALWAYS. WITHOUT HESITATION*
There was a County facility I used to walk past all the time that had a Safety sign on the gate that said: “Safety First - Everyone comes home today.”…. I always thought that was a good way to remind people how safety is everyone looking out for everyone.
Regarding water pressure... we also like to think water as non compressible but actually, at those regimes of pressure it does compress slightly... like extremely hard spring... you get much more acceleration when it slams in to cavity at implosion.
I'm a bit of a mission specialist myself
It was closer to Soyuz/Vostok than Apollo. Ironically, even the Soviets made a manned submersible that actually made it to the Titanic: the Mir.
The MIR submersible were excellent. The Russians have the forges for it.
Apollo launched far fewer times than Soyuz, and both killed the same number of people iirc. The Shuttle was a death trap. Historically NASA isn't a good example of safety.
They basically treated their submersible like Bethesda treats their fallout and elder scroll games. Just patch it and ignore people when they say it’s still broken
That "safety factor" thing applies to fork lifts, cranes and such things. They NEED to have a "buffer" of 20% of their written capacity. So if it says 2 tonns (2000 kg) it actually is capable of handling 2.4 tons (2400 kg), just to give you that "room" on the safety factor.
For that sub, they should have done multiple test dives without actually having someone in it to test and eliminate anything that COULD ever be an issue.
I love your brain. I'm in awe every time you speak about math and physics. I've tried with all my might to understand math. I failed pre algebra 3 times, and that's with a tutor. I desperately want to understand it. I'm not a genius, but I consider myself quite intelligent. I have an AA, a BA, and an MA, all in anthropology, as well as various certifications in field archaeology. Yet throughout all of this, I'm still unable to do basic math. I can't even do fractions, which is extremely embarrassing to admit. I'm determined to sort this out. Do you have any advice or tips?
Thank you for your videos.
Q: were they crushed or liquefied?
A: yes
Or, plasma notwithstanding, they traversed all states of matter in less than a second.
It's wild to me that you could see the sub come apart on the ship and come back for another ride
43:44 - I agree and while the Titanic was a combination of human error, a collision with a natural mass of ice, and the disaster being beyond what she was designed to handle! Still had she not hit the iceberg, she may have survived her maiden journey! The Titanic disaster was a series of errors & mistakes that lead her to collide with an iceberg, while the Titan was due to poor design and failure to listen to those in the the submersible industry!
You're giving too much attention to what Rojas said, forgetting she's neither an employee of OceanGate, nor scientist or engineer. She's just a paying customer turned volounteer. She may have had some limited insight into day to day operations during the outing, but that's about it.
Exactly this
For anyone wondering, NASA's usual factor of safety is between 1.4 and 2, getting higher for untested equipment
Lifelong space nerd here. I have pretty thick skin for a millennial. I do not take offense to things easily or lightly.
But when she compared this sub to the Apollo program, I took that fvcking personally.
She's a fool
As unpleasant a thought as it is, that deathtrap basically became a human juice press.
When you said you look like Aquaman (Jason Momoa) I can't unsee it now
At that pressure and the shockwave of the quite incompressible wall of water coming in the fill the vaccuum (well, pressurized to 1 atm, but relative to the envidonment) the whole ordeal lasted on the order of miliseconds. There is no "cooking", "squeezing", or any process that takes any measurable amount of time for a human brain to process in real-time. There is no difference for the victim to being in the ground zero of a nuke. Also, to clear the uncertainty at the beginning: sea water is slightly denser than distilled; for that reason, it's easier to simply float in the ocean than in a lake.
As I watch this all unfold I keep thinking about the Dunning-Kruger effect.
honestly when those videos released, I clicked on them pretty quickly. But once I started watching, I really felt like I shouldn't have.
OSHA didn't move fast enough, but the Ocean certainly did.
scott manley made a video about it as well and has a pretty convincing theorie: The failure happened at the titanium ring that connected the carbon fiber tube and the front dome. That means that the water pressure shot the front dome away from the sub while all the rest was pushed to the back
The fish rots from the head. The rash, “knows enough to be dangerous” CEO and his fatal lack of concern for science was the ultimate cause for this disaster. People naive enough to follow him share in the responsibility but it surely pales in comparison to his responsibility.
My dad spent some of his time in his younger years flying gliders. They shared an airfield with a skydiving company. Every summer they always had a few that bounced. Consistantly. I wouldn't personally call sky diving 'safe,' but it has definitely had more success and time to figure out what works and what doesn't... most of the time.
A safety factor of 5 is for like civil engineering like bridges. In aerospace an submersibles a safety factor of 2 is more common. For non critical 1.5 would be normal.
"So were they crushed or liquefied"?
Yes
No notification boo. rewatch crew none the less!!
I saw a clip somewhere of the build process of these submersibles. There are no real seals. The rings are glued and pressed onto the carbon fiber tube, then the caps bolted on. There's no structural reinforcement to speak of. You should see if you can find that video. Adds some perspective to what happened and their safety levels.
I personally laid up carbon fibre components for 8 years in the British aerospace industry. I became a specialist in clean room tier 1 flying parts (aircraft / ballistic leading edges). I then became the engineering trainer. The thought of them doing the carbon mandrel winding without even a canopy made me shiver and my blood run cold. Raw carbon fibre motion generates a weak charge when backing sheets are removed or fibres are fed through a nozzle. Resin is like flypaper and any pieces of airborne foreign objects and debris are attracted to the fibre and embed themselves in the resin. I’ve also seen non-airborne, visible pieces of FOD jump from the bench on to the part. 75% of my time was spent picking FOD off uncured parts with tweezers. FOD causes intralaminar and extralaminar imperfections. This affects the resin bonds adversely and can lead to delamination of the carbon layers. I made space parts for NASA, ESA and wing components for military aircraft with no recorded component failures attributable to me. Okay, virtue signalling over. Occasionally, I filled in with submarine components and the engineering specifications drop disturbingly . This is a failure across the marine industry. I could never understand why the specs for submarine components were so much lower than in aerospace. Space and the deep ocean are both extreme environments, one with a lack of pressure and one with excessive pressure - equally as lethal if the pressure catastrophically changes inside the pressure vessel. Winding is relatively new and still in its experimental phase. Metallurgy has a significant data lead on carbon and other composite fibres. When I read they were building a non-spherical CF sub, I remember thinking they going to implode at the time. Carbon has a much shorter life span than metal and extreme stresses will cause it to fail earlier. I left a cured test piece on a windowsill to see what the sun’s UV would do to it. After two summers, it turned into a crumbly wheat biscuit. I did destructive testing too and CF fails are really dramatic. Whereas metal tends to flex first, CF doesn’t and it fails suddenly and dramatically. I saw a CF failure almost wreck a steel drum peel machine once. This was utterly predictable. There’s innovation but this was just reckless.
Sure bud.
Stockton Rush did exactly that, he refused to take stock and rushed everything