When the Supreme Court Justified Japanese Internment Camps | Korematsu v. United States
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- Опубліковано 26 лип 2018
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In episode 36 of Supreme Court Briefs, after the United States government forces Japanese American citizens into relocation centers during World War II, one man refuses and gets himself into some big trouble.
Produced by Matt Beat. All images and video used under fair use, original content, or found in the public domain. Music by Sans Amp.
Check out cool primary sources here:
www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/...
Other sources used:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koremat...
www.wnycstudios.org/story/rad...
bellocollective.com/radiolabs...
Reading Through History: The Great Supreme Court Cases, by Jake Henderson and Robert Marshall
amhistory.si.edu/perfectunion...
www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news...
www.smithsonianmag.com/histor...
time.com/5324434/supreme-court...
Photo credits:
Nick Youngson
Lorie Shaull
Fibonacci Blue
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
December 7, 1941
Japan drops bombs on an American naval base, killing more than 2400 Americans, and injuring 1000 more. In response, the United States declares war on Japan, officially entering World War II. Increasingly, Americans viewed anyone of Japanese heritage suspiciously. Japanese Americans had already faced racism and discrimination in the country for nearly 100 years. After the Pearl Harbor attack, that racism and discrimination went to the next freaking level, as many thought Japanese Americans might be more loyal to Japan than the United States, sharing military secrets with them and stuff or trying to sabotage the war effort. Despite there being no evidence whatsoever that this was happening, Japanese American persecution increased. People bought Jap-hunting licenses. Life Magazine published an article illustrating how to tell the difference between a Japanese person and Chinese person by the shape their nose and height.
In California, the racism and paranoia seemed to be worse. A barber shop there advertised “free shaves for Japs” with a disclaimer that read “not responsible for accidents.” A funeral parlor advertised “I’d rather do business with a Jap than an American.” Several people called for removing all Japanese Americans from western states and forcing them to live in concentration camps somewhere else. President Franklin Roosevelt, who had a record of being racist against the Japanese, agreed with this idea. He signed Executive Order 9066. It ordered the roundup of 120,000 Americans of Japanese descent to 1 of 10 concentration camps, called officially “relocation centers.” It also said Japanese Americans weren’t allowed to be in California at all, as well as much of Oregon, Washington, and Arizona, unless they were in one of the camps, of course.
Fred Korematsu was one of the Japanese Americans who said the heck with Executive Order 9066. He stayed in California. He had a girlfriend who was not Japanese American there he didn’t want to leave, and just thought Roosevelt’s order was wrong. So after his entire family left for one of the camps, he stayed behind, became a welder, and tried not to stand out too much. He changed his name and got a fake ID. Later, he even tried to have plastic surgery on his eyes to look less Japanese. The plastic surgeon who worked on him didn’t do the procedure but took his money anyway. Shortly after this, someone reported him and he was arrested. After his arrest, he never saw his girlfriend again, by the way. Eventually, Korematsu found himself in federal prison. The American Civil Liberties Union, or ACLU, reached out to him there and offered to represent him in court.
Korematsu said heck yeah. Together, they argued that Executive Order 9066 went against the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. In court, Korematsu’s loyalty to the United States was never in question. Still, in federal court in San Francisco, he was convicted, given five years of probation, and sent to a concentration camp in Utah.
He appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals, who agreed with the lower court. He then appealed again, and the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case, hearing arguments in October 1944, with the war still raging on. During arguments, the Court considered a similar case from the previous year called Hirabayashi v. United States. That one upheld Executive Order 9066.
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Colorado’s state governor at the time, Ralph Carr was the only state governor to publicly express his disapproval of Japanese American internment on constitutional and moral grounds. It cost him his second term. Our state justice center now bares his name.
Interesting
Very interesting as a fellow Coloradan
Gosh the more I hear the more I want to go to colorado
He won a 2nd term?
@@jamweslay5298 I think he’s saying that he would’ve gotten re-elected because he was popular but then saying that made people not like him enough to not re-elect him
During the 1940s my Great Grandfather lived in a neighborhood that had a lot of Japanese people. Unfortunately, many were relocated after Pearl Harbor was attacked but since my Great Grandfather lived on a very large property he was able to move some of the Japanese peoples fishing boats into his yard and claimed it was his so nobody could take them away. After the Japanese neighbors were released my Great Grandfather gave them their boats. Anyway, this is another sad supreme court case that makes little to no sense. I hope the next supreme court case is not considered to be one of the worst in history.
What a swell guy your great grandfather was. Thanks for sharing that, Lindsay.
You're welcome, I really wish I meet him but he passed away before I was born.
Japan attacks US military target killing 2400.
US attacks Japanese cities (civilian targets) killing over 200,000
Winners make the rules, I guess. Also explains why nukes are cool, but chemical and biological weapons are no bueno.
@@user-nf9xc7ww7m Industrial cities are valid military targets.
@@the4tierbridge
Will you feel that way when your city is nuked and your family is destroyed? No complaints? Your family was a legitimate target because they happened to be in a city? Schools and hospitals are legitimate targets because they happen to be in a city? Does this make sense? I'm sorry, this sounds like talking points from a brutal dictator, not the rule of law. And the UN would disagree with you too.
Your civil liberties can be set aside in time of war. Sounds like something from the book 1984.
Sounds exactly like martial law which can be applied even today and is perfectly legal
Sounds like something from total war.
Civil Liberties and Civil Rights are fucking lies... Only weaklings care or find meaning in "Rights", and "Liberties". All true, legitimate rule, comes from people deciding they want to be ruled from Financial Democracy or the barrel of a gun.
So, do you want seditious people around?
Sounds even more like (total) war.
It is sad that the actions of the few can lead to the punishment of many.
And that happens so much.
That's racism for you. When someone of your race does wrong it's their individual's fault, when someone from another race does wrong it's their race's fault
@@Vitorruy1
Yep, sums it up well
Internment Camps are one of FDR's greatest mistakes.....
Undeniably his biggest mistake. Same with Earl Warren.
100%
And he has a lot 😂
A massive stain on his otherwise great record
@@samaustin8690 you think fdr has a good record 😂😂😂
The opinion upholding the case is ridiculous "It is not because of race but because we're at war with Japan". What a bunch of guff!
Dang straight.
Why wasn’t there German concentration camps or Italian concentration camps?
mrcreepercraft48 because they are white and racism. I.e. post 911
Arandomtopic I know that’s what I meant that it wasn’t because National security because if it was there would be German and Italian ones
mrcreepercraft48: Because at the time people were more riled up and paranoid against Japanese because of the Pearl Harbor attack. Not to say there wasn't racism involved (no doubt there was). But there is a distinction between how Germany and Japan became at war with the U.S. Also they didn't intern Japanese citizens outside of the western states. Again paranoia fueled by the Pearl Harbor attacks. People felt more vulnerable to an attack by Japan on the west coast.
Sad content, but as always your videos are so well made and engaging! Thanks for the history lesson, Mr. Beat! And, Go Frank!!!!!
Thanks so much! :D Yeah Frank was awesome.
A few years ago I went to a meetup run by a Japanese woman and her friend and daughter, which was intended for fans of Japanese culture to be able to meet and communicate. We went to Morikami Museum down in Florida, one of my favorite places to go. At the time, the rotating exhibit in the main room was about the Japanese internment camps, featuring almost sea-creature like hanging displays of all the handwritten name tags of all those imprisoned there.
I was one of two Americans present at the meetup -- besides the woman who ran the meetup, her friend, and her daughter, we also had a Latin American woman and her daughter. None of them were aware of the history of the Japanese internment camps in the US, leaving the two of us to explain about the history of World War II and anti-Japanese racism in the US at the time. It was unbelievable to me that there were people unaware of the horrors committed in the US. I hope that more people around the world learn about it.
I love Supreme Court Briefs
Fun fact: my town of Galloup, New Mexico, actually refused to have their Japanese Americans interned.
Why? Is it because your town was anti-internment camp or because they didn't want a concentration of Japanese people close by?
This is a common myth, executive oder 9066 did not apply to NM and gallop followed all federal directives and orders during the war.
Initiated order 66.
I think George Lucas knew what he was doing when he called it that.
Mr. Beat most likely, I heard he drew great inspiration from WW2 in Star Wars.
Really? I never knew that Donny.
It will be done m’lord
That is more likely to be a reference to the night of the long knives.
Solid video, once again! Thank you very much.
Between the 1920s till late 1940s, I guess that we had a lot of terrible rulings
Well at least three I can think of off the top of my head.
thank you for this video!!
One thing to mention about this case is the strong (by today's standard even inappropriate) relationship FDR had to Justices like Frankfurter and Douglas. They were not only frequent guests at the White House, but also devoted supporters of his. I think the deep trust they had in Roosevelt may have played a role in this disastrous decision.
Another well done Supreme Court Briefs. Also TBT to when you had 2000 subs congrats on the growth!
I am surprised that you did not mention the Niihau incident as it was used as part of the case to justify order 9066.
And it was a crappy justification. But yeah, I didn't want to complicate the case too much. I'm glad you know about the Niihau incident, though.
@@iammrbeat You completely ignored the evidence and simply said Justice Hugo is "0 for two" and is "false". The Niihau incident is literal evidence of the "disloyalty on the part of some Japanese Americans," as stated by Justice Hugo in the court's majority opinion that you struck down as false without citing ANY examples. The incident saw 2 deaths, hostages taken by the Japanese, and terrorism against Hawaiian natives. The fact that you deem this tragedy as "crappy justification" for the internment camps, WITHOUT PROVIDING ANY EVIDENCE ON WHY IT IS CRAPPY, shows clear bias and jeopardizes the factuality of your videos.
Mr. Beat yeah better just to vilify Roosevelt and Americans of that era by making it seem they did this for absolutely no reason rather than include the one thing that had shaped their thinking on this issue.
@@iammrbeat I really feel like you took a biased approach by not bringing it up it was part of what shape the thinking and I feel manipulated as a member of your audience due to that fact please do not engage in propaganda just as other people do.
Dixon Huang It was one incident involving a few people. That hardly establishes a enough of a pattern to imprison an entire group of people without due process.
Love your videos!!!
You should make top 10 worst/best Supreme Court decisions.
Would absolutely watch this
Well said ! great facts, and excellent Summary.
Thank you so much for this!!!!
Ever since I found out about this, I've felt kinda guilty about it, probably because my family has German and Italian heritage, but my grandparents certainly weren't locked up anywhere-why should we do that to the Japanese?
Because maericans had german and Italian ancestry, and they could just *forcefully* assimilate them
The Niihau Incident
Because earlier in the war Japan actually posed a direct risk to the US mainland, Hawaii was under martial law the entire war. There were extreme wartime measures that didn't only affect the Japanese.
Must’ve forgotten who they perceived as white
Because the government to this day tries to equate "American" and "White"
Wow, you explained it so well, thanks !
Thanks for watching! Which landmark Supreme Court case should I cover next?
It's already been mentioned, but how about Bush v. Gore?
Yeah, I can tell you that one is definitely coming this fall...finally lol
United States v. Causby?
Still waiting on Conn. vs. Teal.
Mr. Beat Everson vs Board of Education.
The Roosevelt administration did several amazing things… This was NOT one of them🤦♂️
Ayyyy gotta get my fix of Surpeme Court Breifs!
Woot!
Well, it looks like we have another contender for worst Supreme Court ruling in history along with Dred Scott, Plessy v. Ferguson, and Buck v. Bell.
Yes we do.
Wait, are those really the worst we have? Wow, America really is the land of the Free!
@@AjarTadpole7202 those cases basically prove instances where you arent free lmao
if only you knew anything about them
Really helped for my Supreme Court case study!
Another well made video.
This is a nice look at stare decisis and the redoubling of errors consequent to the imposing of such extraconstitutional doctines to our understanding of law and order. I believe that this piece is suggestive of another look at the apparatus built since Burlingame piece by piece with associated rationale upon rationale in relation to the Article 1 delegations, particularly given that it is difficult to read Burlingame as other than a concession (following the Opium Wars and quest for an open door) under the color of treaty.
The primary source materials referenced to of hunting licenses and free shaves are much appreciated. Please note also that Hawaii was not a state at that time, and therefore that Japanese state action was directed at a base in the Pacific in the age of Fillmore's discovery of Japan. Whether we are still living in that age and whether we succeed that age or nonage if yes are questions for Americans and Japanese alike to decide. Given Order 9066's and 9102's specifically articulated "prescription" for "exclusion" (9066) as a supposed object of national security (9102) in the months following Einstein's letter dated August 2, a taking in addtion to that any of real and personal property served by hostage-taking aimed at rebuffing rebuffs to the expansion of bases in the Pacific ultimately to Koza was the exclusion of individuals (even without the availability of §14 of 1 stat. 73 for those holding passes and those not holding passes alike it would be irrelevant to note that these were largely citizens of the United States, given that bases for such treatment of anyone anywhere irrespective of nationality is wanting) from participation and inclusion along the then frontiers of fissile research. Accordingly, I believe that in honoring and giving full effect to the President Reagan's signature for reparations our understanding of the takings effected must include those of lost educational opportunity, and therefore that all survivors of removal and their descendants already recognized must be granted access to devote their energies to the school or schools of their choosing without cost. That prophylaxis against hysteria of 96:01 with its endemic advancement of learning is a public good, and to any unease as to revenue one might gently convey that polities or other entities deploying such invitations would gain from study that arises (and for this reason if no other, Germany would gain from doing the same with respect to the cessation of military- and other-subsidies for settlement of the eastern Mediterranean--which Arendt notes was coterminous with the object of the preceding Nuremberg statutes of expulsion before concentration and killing were recruited to accomplish what attempts at explusion, what she reminds us was the "first solution", did not--in favor of grants for school and the like to those removed to death camps and the descendants of those removed to death camps at German institutions that do not already provide for such admission), love, لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله
This video showed the Supreme Court case but the whole Nisei internment situation was initiated out of sheer racism. Before issuing Executive Order 9066, FDR actually sent a naval officer to the west coast to make an assessment as to whether there was a security or espionage problem from Japanese-Americans. That officer reported back to FDR that he found American loyalty among them, outrage over Pearl Harbor, and the desire to help the American war effort. FDR disregarded the report and interned those people anyway. It should also be noted that there was no serious effort to intern German-Americans or Italian-Americans during the war. In fact, the Federal government actually worked with Italian organized crime to undermine the Mussolini government and obtain intelligence prior to the invasion of Sicily.
As for the Japanese-Americans who were interned, many proved their loyalty during the war. The 442nd Regimental Combat Team was a unit in the army made up of Japanese-Americans. The 442nd was a highly decorated unit that fought with distinction in Europe.
cool fact about E.O. 9066:
Have you ever watched Star Wars? Well in Star Wars, 'order 66' is when the clones start to attack the jedi.
That is based of this executive order!
I love Mr. Beat's briefs...Supreme court briefs that is
Glad you clarified that. lol
Right down there with Plessy v Fergusun
The supreme court would overturn the constitution itself if they thought of a way to legally justify it.
I love this so much, thank you
I think Executive Order 9066 was disgusting. I live in California and I have a friend who is half Japanese.
this Beat brief was quite the treat
Siamiam's brief comments are ALWAYS a treat
A very nice case that is very relevant to today.
I think I should also tell you that I didn't get this in my inbox, even though I'm subscribed to you and have the bell icon turned on.
*Sigh*...
What the heck UA-cam? Well glad you watched anyway :D
Thank you Mr. Beat You inspired me to go into law, so I can work for either the ACLU or CAIR. Trump v. Hawaii and this case are very important to me as a Muslim American
I been in a binge session on these supreme court briefs
You should compare Seattle Washington and anchorage Alaska
Very good video. I didn’t know that there was a Supreme Court case based off of Japanese interment
And the racism continues in 2021. This court case is horrible. I remember reading a letter from a Japanese teenager from my city to the governor of New Mexico at the time. The letter breaks my heart every time
I read it. He was very polite and pleaded with the governor to let his American family go home.
Do you mean the discrimination against non-vaxxed people? Yes indeed
2:34 That’s a German ID, probably wouldn’t help him too much at the time
LMAO
It’s so weird to see how much views have changed since then.
I live about a mile away from the Santa Anita Race Track, or the former Santa Anita Assembly Center.
Coming here after the rise of AAPI-hate crimes due to COVID. RIP to the six Asian women killed in Atlanta.
FDR: .. Excecute order 66.
*Queue internments*
Im sorry, It seemed to fit too well..
I always knew about this subject but it wasn't until actor, cultural icon George Takei, spoke about being interred with his family in his biography that I really got to understand the human (and inhuman) side of the matter. It became much more real. After watching it I then watched Ken Burns WWII docuseries and it just made me feel very sad. This wasn't something that happened 100 years ago. It happened a relatively short time ago and by a President that I like.
Frank Murphy over here be lookin like Count Olaf
During WWI there were questions about weather the sons & grandsons of German immigrants would fight against the Kaiser! (Before WWI, Kaiser Bill, was very popular among German-Americans.) I am from Pennsylvania and there were real questions weather Pennsylvania farm boys would fight for America or the Kaiser!
My Father claimed that during WWII, he and about a half dozen guys with German last names were pulled out of his training battalion and re-directed from the War in Europe to the War in the Pacific.
I can’t even imagine being told by the highest court in the land that my rights is null even though I had the right to exercise civil liberties.
democracy does not mean that people dont make bad decisions, democracy means there is a built in correction mechanism to eliminate old mistakes and this is what needs to be celebrated
HI! @Mr.Beat ,I am a college student in Taiwan.Your channel is very helpful,very appreciate.I need to report on the topic "counter majoritarian"to my classmates in next month. Could you give me five sample of the worst decisions of the Supreme Court? I will be grateful.
So there! The Supreme Court will, eventually "Do the right thing!" But maybe not within your lifetime! Maybe only when your children are old and retired!
My great grandfather was caught up in internment. People tell me all the time "we would never do that again."
To which I reply. Well the supreme court said "not only can we do this, we absolutely will do it again if necessary"
Definitely going to put this on a list of worst supreme court decisions
Just FYI your icon for Camp Minidoka in Idaho is in the wrong place as the camp was actually located in Jerome county and not Minidoka county as the name would suggest. The reason for this was to cause confusion as to the camps location which it continues to do to this day when people go to Minidoka county trying to see the old camp only to be told that the camp was in Jerome county. So easy mistake for you to make.
That was so sad... These people were US citizens yet were treated worse than wild animals...
President During this time: Franklin D. Roosevelt
Chief Justice: Harlan F. Stone
Argued October 11-12, 1944
Decided December 18, 1944
Case Duration: 68 Days
Decision: 6-3 in favor of US (Stone, Rutledge, Black, Reed, Douglas, Frankfurter. Murphy, Roberts, Jackson for Korematsu.)
Murphy's dissent made me feel super patriotic and I'm not even American. His dissent embodies everything that the US should be, yet sadly is far from.
Why is the case called Korematsu vs. United States? Shouldn’t it be called Korematsu vs. Executive Order 9066?
This is a very rare kind of issue in which I only consider the opinions of people who were actually alive at the time it went down. This was a wartime thing and I don't think we can look at it correctly through peacetime lenses.
Additionally, there WAS a justification for 9066 (the Niihau incident), but that was not deemed worthy of mention by Mr. Beat. I'm not holding it against him; I don't believe Mr. Beat has experienced paranoia in a time of war.
It was evil in the 1940s, it is evil now. It was even based on fraudulent documents. The dissenters were right. It was and is a shameful decision.
we can still look correctly through wartime lenses.
Let's see what constitutional provisions this violated:
Free travel between states
1st amendment
4th amendment
5th amendment
6th amendment
8th amendment
9th amendment
13th amendment
14 amendment (more than any others)
If anyone knows anymore let me know, also let me know if there are any constitutional provisions that allowed this.
Was the precedent set in Korematsu v. United States ever get used after WW2? Like was there a similar use for Vietnamese Americans during the Vietnam war or something similar?
That's a really good question. Not to my knowledge, thank goodness.
Vietnam War is a different case though, US was backing South Vietnam against North Vietnam, so US technically didn't wage war against the entire Vietnam as a whole. The conflict is more along the line of capitalism vs communism than between nationality and/or race.
It was used to justify the racial classification of citizens in several cases. Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena
You should do new york times v sullivan
It's important to realize that most Americans at the time had no problem with this ruling, and neither would have you nor I were we living through what they were living through. The Japanese were an unassimilated minority whose homeland had perpetrated a cowardly and infamous attack on Pearl Harbor. The United States was in a deadly struggle for its survival, and we weren't taking any chances of being attacked by a fifth column right in our midst.
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niihau_incident
Also what happened above just after Pearl Harbor played a role. Japanese Americans turning traitor for the American public to see solidified that they were a fifth column.
and that justifies taking everything from inocent people?
calling it cowardly is bs
Earl Warren was actually a big fan of this policy as AG and governor of California. Too bad there weren't any righteous progressives on the Court back then, like, say, Earl Warren.
He later said he was wrong.
@@iammrbeat I mean, he knew back then he was wrong, it was just a convenient stance to take.
He did walk the walk, though. He also ended segregation in California, so I think he had some change of heart.
Here's the thing, I get the concerns regarding Japanese Americans back then however, those types of camps were wrong then and now. Especially if they lack proof that they would eventually betrayed America. Yes if anyone of them did betray the US put them in jail or send them back to Japan but otherwise no, they should had left them alone.
Also they didn't treat German- or Italian-Americans this way (immigrants yes, but not citizens). So glad it's finally off the books.
Worst rulling ever
Fred Korematsu rocked. ❤️
proud that robert h. jackson is from my hometown
makes you think about how we treat people today
Very helpful and informative but I can't help but mention, you can't say "...it's currently ran by..." it should be "it's currently run by..." because it's currently running. Sorry, I couldn't let it slide.
Hey Mr. Beast, Did you scrap the s because you never miss a beat?
But what was the issue of this case and the reasoning of it? I'm confused
Good video but I would appreciate some more explanation about the little throwaway line at 1:44 that FDR had a history of racism against the Japanese. That implies other actions going back before the internment camps. Can you please offer some examples or something?
Canada did this too. What a horrible and shameful decision on both our counties parts.
I'm not sure 'sad' is a strong enough adjective to cover what that was.
I’m sorry to say that some Americans don’t consider the incarceration and illegal detentions of Japanese Americans as wrong. I was sitting in a US Gov classroom, in 2018, listening as a group of students, notable all of the same political outlook (namely that of the Trump like), argues that the Japanese Americans who were sent to concentrations camps and real threats to the United States and that doing to same thing to Muslims would be okay.
Sad but true. The Constitution was ignored when the Japanese were put into these camps, and some people would want that for people today, including Muslims. Sad but true.
Great videos, although I found the animated type in the SC opinions to be a little distracting.
I appreciate that feedback. I will try a new way of doing that.
Wow imagine law makers trampling our rights because of "safety" nowadays, amirite!?!
no concentration camps
Watching this vid for a final and just realized you're that one guy that kid called mr breast lol
One of the best cases against judicial review
This whole thing makes my blood boil.
3:20 Is Concentration and Internment interchangeable in the setting?
Were the conditions just as Harsh as the "Internment Camps" in Poland that were running at the same time?
Nope. And to say so is intellectually dishonest. Sure, the camps were horrible, but it wasn't Auschwitz.
yes. Internment camps were different than concentration camps.
depends what way you look at it.. in the Dissent it was even referred to as a 'concentration camp' by the justices.
it's literally a camp where the japanese were concentrated.
agreed no purge or anything but they surely should have seen that comparison a mile off
@Phi6er
Internment is a word used so we Americans feel less guilty. During the time no one knew the difference, the actual reason Nazi Concentration camps weren’t prioritized during the war was because we believed they were doing the same we were.
Norman M. Stewart Concentration camps have been used throughout history. The Spanish used them for Cubans just before the Spanish American War and the English used them during the Boer wars. A Concentration camp was basically a designated area to imprison large groups of non-combatants without due process. Places like Heart Mountain and Manzanar fit that description. Japanese internment camps weren’t Nazi death Camps, but they were concentration camps.
It would have been better if in the beginning, instead of Mr. Beat mentioning pearl harbour’s date, he replaced the audio with that of FDR’s instead of showing that afterwords.
Did he have a second case?
this is so sad i hate to hear it ,its crazy man
good one messed up tho but i liked franks dissenting opinion an that eventually we did something good about it also i'm an old fart so i'm not going to do all that other multi media crap still you keep up the good work an i will keep watching
Wait! What does that mean the Supreme Court Finally overruled Korematsu division in 2018? You mean all these years discrimination against Japanese was legal? That doesn’t make sense.
So how many amendment was violated. I counted at 10?
0:56 Niihau incident
Seriously? How was the Nihau incident proof that Japanese Americans were committing sabotage and spying on behalf of the Japanese? Enlighten me.
the nasty history of the fact that at any time someone can say you are not American
damn frank murphy that was good
Jeez i wonder what would to american in imperial japan?
My Teacher put this video for the Class on Zoom