So, space isn't a 4D Pringle... Maybe a donut?
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- Опубліковано 28 тра 2024
- Space might be infinite, it might wrap around, and it might even spit you out as your own mirror image. Now that we know the curvature of the Universe, let's try to figure out it's topology.
This video is Part Two of my shape of the universe duology. Watch Part One here: • We (could) live on a 4...
Become a Patreon member: / physicsforthebirds
0:00 Human Topology
2:13 Cosmological Principle
4:50 2D Surfaces
7:15 Flatness and Topology
10:01 Circles in the Sky
Liddle, An Introduction to Modern Cosmology
Kostyuk, Flat Life: pi.math.cornell.edu/~mec/Winte...
Weeks, The Shape of Space
Planck 2018 parameters: www.aanda.org/articles/aa/ful...
Dini's Surface: www.geogebra.org/m/e2HYR9DF
Flat Torus: hevea-project.fr/ENIndexTore.html, www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/...
Cosmic Topology Overview: www.scholarpedia.org/article/C...
Planck 2015 topology: www.aanda.org/articles/aa/ful...
Image Credit: NASA / WMAP Science Team.
I recently discovered your channel and am a big fan of your explanation style. The structured, succinct paths from one point to the next manage to be simultaneously engaging and easily digestible. The sources you put in the description also definitely don't go unappreciated. Thanks for the videos!
I'm glad you're getting some use out of the sources! Always better to hear it from the original than from me 😄
100% this. The ease at which idea are expressed blows me away. Keep it up.
Agreed! Reminds me of my former cryptography prof ☺️
Didn't vsauce say that we are actually an object with 7 topological holes?
Thanks for bringing that to my attention! I just watched the video, and YES! I forgot about the tear ducts!
@@physicsforthebirds and the ears. Everything drains into your stomach. :0
@@victorqwilleran3331 aren't ears closed by eardrum? There's just a hole inside
@@tlocto so I was under the impression that the Eustachian tube was fully connected to the ear hole but you are correct, ear drums break the connection in a topological sense.
@@physicsforthebirds cool
Thanks for watching! The topology of the universe is an active topic of research, and still there are unanswered questions that cosmologists are looking into. Recent studies have even suggested that a 3-torus or a slab universe might explain some anomalies in CMB data. I was considering including the results, but they didn't seem necessary for the video. In addition to the sources in the description, take a look at these if you want to learn more:
arxiv.org/abs/2106.13205
arxiv.org/abs/1809.05924
Also, @Mephisto brought up this video by Vsauce: ua-cam.com/video/egEraZP9yXQ/v-deo.html It turns out I was wrong! Because the lacrimal puncta are connected to the nasal cavity through the tear ducts, we are actually homeomorphic to a surface with 7 holes!
The radius of the observable universe is way longer than 14 billion years due to the expansion of the universe.
@@Nulono That's absolutely right, I should have said proper distance
L opinion
Oh man, I tried to check out those research papers and it's like they aren't even speaking English. Like why do they say things like "as a signature for a multiply
connected nature of the Universe"... what does that even mean? That two things are connect by some form of multiplication?
Later: "Universe models with spatially multiply connected topology contain typically a discrete
spectrum of the Laplacian with a specific wave-length..." Laplacian what? Obviously this stuff requires arbitrary knowledge to be understood like what these terms mean, because they obviously aren't using the standard definitions of words.
I get that i'm not the target audience but geeze, it seems so arbitrary. Like if you're going going to change words and grammar around to accommodate these terms then why not just create a new term for it? Seems like it would be way less confusing. I'm likely wrong, but to me, it seems more accurate to say something like "as a signature for a multiplicatively
connected nature of the Universe" or at least it's better english.
@Corey Rachar I am by no means a reliable source on this. I have no background in this field. however, i do not think "multiply" here is referring to multiplication. I think it means "multiple" but with -ly as the suffix. so in other words "connected in multiple locations" or something
How do you keep taking your viewer on journeys through so many bizarrely disjunct ideas, and leave us with a sense of not just knowledge but comforting wisdom? Your teaching style is incredible. Thank you for making these videos!!!
Yet another beautifully made video. This channel is a hidden gem on youtube.
I had never heard of the idea that if tge universe has a border, then there's some places in space that are more special than others. Really cool idea! 🧡
Yeah, it's amazing how much of our understanding of cosmology is based on that one idea!
@@physicsforthebirds Is there actually a reason for the cosmological principle, or is it more like, "If it isn't the case, then we can't ever know shit about the universe, and that would suck."?
@@lonestarr1490 It’s more that we just don’t have a good reason to assume some places are more special than others, the burden of proof there is pretty heavy. So, we just assume the opposite.
My first thought when you brought up the universe repeating was that "alternate dimension" thing in super mario 64 where if mario's coordinates exceed the size of the world the game subtracts the max coord value however many times necessary to treat it like he's still inside the boundaries. The exploits they use to get obscene amounts of speed are like too powerful or smthn like that so its easier to aim for a spot a few dimensions over rather than in the same dimension. I think there's some other weird behavior that makes them useful but i don't recall
This is actually how some multiverse theories work
"The exploits they use to get obscene amounts of speed are like too powerful or smthn like that so its easier to aim for a spot a few dimensions over rather than in the same dimension. I think there's some other weird behavior that makes them useful but i don't recall"
"to answer that we need to talk about parallel universes"
here is a great video by bismuth explaining the concept it is super interesting to hear the math behind the code: ua-cam.com/video/wjge1bVobN0/v-deo.html
as for the usefulness in speed runs it allows TAS makers utilize the massive speeds possible with backwards long jumps, because without them you would clip into out of bounds too often and that would limit the places you could go with such massive speed. in particular the ABC crew is trying to remove all the a presses in the game and parallel universe movements allow them to remove quite a few of them
if only we could jump up the stairs repeatedly to go around the universe and cut the work commute by 99%
holy shit im in love with this channel. the style, with a mix of animation and real life, the fluidity between points, the topics themselves, how you explain them... it's so amazing. I've literally told my friends about this channel. You're going to grow heavily over the next few months, that's for sure.
so real
Today I found your channel and I'm really enjoying it. This semester I got a small introduction in topology in Analysis 2 class, it's interesting to see a more "practical" approach to the topic.
I'm leaving this comment for the algorithm, to boost your channel and appreciate your work ^^
Watching this chanel feels like a watching a star being born
Like how you connect math topology and kind of geometry to the physical behavior of the universe. It shows that math is so much more than numbers. It is the fundamentel language of our universe.
This truly is a hidden gem, I just love it.
When you stare at the universe with boundaries at 4:21 and it switches to the one without boundaries you'll see a blue circle for the next few seconds whereever you look
The UA-cam gods have granted you the recognition your content clearly deserves. I wouldn’t be surprised to see a 10-15x in subs over the next few months
After watching your last four videos, I was genuinely excited when I saw the release of this one. Great content! keep it coming please
This material is so thoughtful and engaging! The connections between topics invite curiosity while not smothering interest with complexity or equations. Good work!
Love the videos! The style is great and you link everything together so smoothly
Really great video! Found your channel a tiny bit ago, and MAN, you have to be one of the most underrated channels on the platform! Your content is genuinely one of a kind, since your way of showing these concepts allows for people who don't have knowledge on the topic to easily find a base understanding and learn more about it, and those who do have knowledge and understanding to enjoy and gain new perspectives, i love it! Really a hidden gem, keep up the great work!
Thank you! That's exactly what I'm going for, so it really means a lot!
1:17 Nice human, bro!
This was seriously such beautifully clear and concise explanation, I love your videos so far and hope that they reach more viewers- you deserve it!
I'm so glad youtube recommended me your videos, I subscribed yesterday and already know I'm gonna be a big fan of your content. Thank you!
Just found your channel and am loving your approach to teaching these topics, I find them so understandable. Thank you for making such great content.
You’re an incredible and engaging teacher about very nebulous nuanced interconnected topics. I can’t wait for your next video :)
I've never been more disappointed to discover a channel and realize that it only has a few videos so far. Love your content and I'm excited for more!
This is the first video i watched and its awesome! Nice style and structure. And i love how you built the videos to actually catch attention and be interesting on another level than the facts. Im happy to only see compliments and people appreciateing the work in the comments. Well deserved!
I just started watching some of your content yesterday and knew I had to sub, keep up the good work and thanks for reintroducing me to how interesting some of the topic surrounding astrophysics can be
Really glad I found your channel, unique content. There’s this feeling these videos evoke, it’s hard to describe but it’s almost…cute? gentle? idk but keep it up, this is the genuine spirit of truth seeking.
Found your channel yesterday, after watching the pringle video I watched the rest of your videos. I'm really happy to see that you made a sort of sequel to that video.
excited to see this channel gain the millions of subscribers it deserves!
The quality of the comments varies inversely with the number of subscribers. We are in a happy spot now, enjoy it while yo can.
😈😇
@@deltalima6703 Before the comment bots come...
"Signs of looping universe?" had been bugging me for a long time.
There was the weird rare annular galaxy behind an annular galaxy, but I never thought of using the CMB.
Thank you.
Amazing channel, I hope you get the exposure you deserve man!
Omg I just found this channel and I love it so much!!! Can’t wait to see what kind of videos you put out next!
just binged your chanel and loved it. keep the great work up!!!
This channel is going to explode real soon. Your vids are amazing, keep up the good work! Very well balanced between conveying a shit ton of information yet still being comprehendable if you have a bit of background knowledge!
Your channel is amazing and so are you. I'm so glad to have stumbled across your content. Btw I love how your playlist is infinite
This video is definitely interesting to think about. Thank you, I'm happy to have met you in this way.
as long as you continue uploading quality content like this, i have no doubts your gonna be a really successful youtuber
I don't like infinity, so I'm rooting for contained universe in a beautiful nicely wrapped shape
Subbed by the end of the 1st minute. Respect!
Inspiring stuff all around.
Your video about jazz got recommended, and when i went into your channel I was chocked by the quality of the videos compared how many you have made, i was expecting tons of videos, so for my and everyone else's sake make more please
Loved this video. I love being able to see a piece of math and know what you are referring to before you finish it. Kinda sad you didn’t give John Nash a shout out for the Nash Embeddings on a torus. He is so much more than just the Nash Equilibrium. In the movie A Beautiful Mind when he is being told he is being considered for the Nobel prize, he mentions his embedding theorems which he always cared more about than the Nash Equilibrium.
Second thought, is referencing if the universe is larger than the observable universe. This theoretically could be determined by looking at the rate of expansion of the universe. Because while we can’t see past 13.7 Billion light years, gravity will still affect things that far away. As our universe expands, it gets closer to itself on the opposite of the initial expansion. Objects moving away from the big bang would at first slow down, but once they got close enough to the “other side” they would speed up again because they are being attracted the other way. By testing different mass/size combinations, you could maybe find a curve that matches what we are observing.
Just going on some basic envelope math, I think that means we can have an upper bound of the universe size at roughly 4 times the age of the earth times the speed of light because halfway to the edge of the unvierse we would start speeding up again(in a simplistiic model). So the size of the universe is < 55.2 Billion light years wide.
the world needs more people like you. thanks for these amazing videos
Best content ever, so good to watch
you made this video and topic so simple that this is the first time viewing and my mind is absolutely blown.
your videos are SO COOL, i just love this stuff. like. science, but at a scale so uncomprehensibly big it might as well be philosophy. also you have an incredible talent at explaining complex subjects!
I love your videos. You have a really disarming presentation style.
1:11 this image and idea is absolutely hilarious to me.
These videos are amazing, and I hope to see you grow big in the near future! And also, please remember me when you've grown BIG!
Thanks! It's hard to forget early viewers
Love this, love thinking about space!
this channel is like so good for explaining space and like other concepts and how do you only have 10k subs???
I'm a bit late but I just wanted to say that as someone that does cosmology research, these videos are really pretty incredible. You do such a great job of boiling these topics down to something someone with little to no physics knowledge can understand. We need more people willing to engage with the public and get them excited about physics and astronomy so thank you for doing that so well.
Also, just a small note: the observable universe has a radius of ~45 billion lyr thanks to the universe expanding.
Great video man. Keep it up!
Have you looked into the recent developments surrounding the cosmological principle? What some call the crisis in cosmology. It is quite interesting to see how the further we can look, the more large scale structure we find, which challenges our idea of on what scale the universe begins to look homogeneous, and does it actually hold. Really ties into the ending of your video, and how the 'objective truth' such as it is may be forever hidden by the limits of what is even physically possible to perceive. I'm interested in seeing what JWST can provide. So far, it has only reinforced the difference in measurement of Hubble's constant. Perhaps the universe too had a dent which became a hole at some point :)
Just gotta say your videos are great! A new sub for sure!
Man I really like ur content, the way you explain + the cute drawings. I love it, keep it uppp
such a wonderfully amazing channel
Amazing thought provoking and whimsical
I just discovered you a few days ago and now I get a new video. Hell yah :)
this is the first time I've felt satisfied after seeing someone talk about the universe and say that we might never know
you are a fantastic scientific communicator
I really love these videos 😍
this video was awe inspiring
The title reminded me of the movie "Everywhere Everything all at once" where there are millions of parallel dimensions or possibilities which are all connected to this void bagel
Hidden gem of a channel, all hail the mighty algorithm for bringing this channel upon me.
I've been sharing this theory with everyone for years I'm so glad someone made a video about it :)
I liked the video just because your logo, and I'm commenting just because of the channel name! Hope the video keep the stream of creativity
Please oh please do a video series on physics. Everyone else is so confusing but you managed to flawlessly explain why our universe is both a Pringle and not a Pringle in a way I understood
knowing that the first recognizably human attributes that forms when your born is the butt makes me unreasonably happy for some reason
thank you for making physics videos for birds, me and my pet seagull really appreciate it!
I am glad to found your channel so early on, I love the way you explain difficult to grasp subjects and make it exiting and giving me the Aha, Hmmm, Interesting kind of feeling :) not many are able to do that for me at least. I feel I better understand these topics now that I watched your video about it. please keep up the good work I am sure more birds will flock around your channel!
"In this video we are going to develop an intuition for topology, then we are going to use it to find out what happens at the edge of the universe."
Did you give yourself a high five after your wrote that line? Because you should have. Seriously. All time banger. You're really good at this.
oh wow this video...
i just realized the visuals reminds me of Things To Make And Do In The Fourth Dimension
but the style of explanation itself...
reminds me of vsauce. the way you go from one thing to another thing but to actually talk about one overarching thing. and the ending with the musicc. whoa. like you tie a bow on the vid. very satisfying.
as a someone who wants to make more vids, its rly inspiring
Please do a video on hyperspherical universes!
ua-cam.com/video/gCqbljaFZ9k/v-deo.html
I am equally impressed as all the commenters. You clearly are an amazing teacher and are quite brilliant. My one tidbit of feedback is that I found the opening music a bit too jarring. Perhaps it was the volume, or maybe it was the composition or instrumentation. In short, it was just a bit distracting. That being said, the rest of the video was a real pleasure to watch. Thank you for taking us on these amazing journeys!
Your content is amazing and beautiful
I don't know if you've ever read Daniel Pinkwater, but this reminds me of Uncle Borgels explanation of space and time; Space is like a bagel with *EVERYTHING* on it, and time is like a map of New Jersey
The quality on this channel is just crazy
I love this for reasons unknown
First time watcher. I've watched a ton of educational science youtube, and I really like the content and animations. Good level of detail without getting in the weeds. If you're looking for feedback, I think you need some sort of audio bed, the vocals sound solid but the silence between sentences is a bit jarring. Keep it up, and keep iterating on the format,. You've got a new sub. :)
This is a great video and you explain things very well. I'm a mathematician who works as a programmer in astronomy and this was still fascinating to me. I, too, prefer to just say, "We don't know," than to slap a silly answer on a question because uncertainty makes some people uncomfortable.
crazily good for people that want to tip their toes into the waters of topology and cosmology!
*Stephen Hawking voice*: Your theory of a donut-shaped universe is intriguing, Homer. I may have to steal it.
Birds and physics. Couldn’t ask for more~ I hope you never get a new mic, haha. Love your work ❤
Bravo!!!!
My mind is still unspooling😊
SO UNDERRATED
I loved this video
I'm SO happy to have stumbled on a video that actually explains the shape of the universe, instead of just repeating that it's flat over and over. My friends like to act very smart by knowing scientific facts, but rarely can they answer questions like this nor do they have the imagination to think together, they just start saying that "reality is an illusion" and we're all living in Flatland lmao
I'm just glad it's always in a shape of some food product
Great video :)
I love this guy
12:15 The oldest light we can see is about 13.8 billion years ago in time or a little less, but it's something like 46.5 billion light years away in distance. This is because the universe has been expanding in that time.
The seeing yourself if you have a big enough telescope broke my mind. but obviously depending on topology.
Importnt note: cosmological priciple is a big assumption itself.
Amazing channel. New sub.
bold and i'm here for it thanks yo
loved it
Before watching, the title reminds me of the Simpson's episode where Steven hawking tells homer his idea of a donut shaped universe is interesting... Will see if there's a connection in this vid!
"I got bored. So, I put everything on a bagel."
One thing I don't understand is why we assume the cosmological principle to be true. It makes some intuitive sense, but it seems quite brave to just go "yup, that's probably true" and base other science on that.
I need to reask myself that all the time. In some ways you might say it's based on our history with cosmology: we started off thinking that our city-states were the center of the world, then that the world was the center of the universe, then the sun, then that each star is a sun... We just keep on learning that we're less special than we thought, so the natural extension is that everywhere is not special.
But there's observational evidence. For one, there's a maximum size of things that we've seen. Nothing is so big that it breaks it (but recently there have been close calls: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules%E2%80%93Corona_Borealis_Great_Wall). The most direct evidence is the CMB, which is remarkably similar everywhere even over very large scales.
@@physicsforthebirds I'm no cosmologist, but it still seems possible to me that the universe is bounded, but the edges are so far away from us that we can't possibly notice their effect. Still, if the principle is true, then it has an interesting implication: true, we could say that the universe has no center, but we can just as well say that every point in space is the center of the universe. No idea if that means anything profound either in terms of science or philosophy, but it's cool to think about.
Awesome video! What's soundtrack you use?