Natural Killer Cells: a Fascinating Evolutionary Arms Race
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- Опубліковано 1 лип 2024
- The first 500 people to use this link will get 2 free months of Skillshare Premium Membership: skl.sh/stevemould9
NK cells are part of the immune system and they perform a clever countermeasure to a viruses clever counter measure to our immune system's clever countermeasure to a virus's clever countermeasure to our immune system's clever countermeasure! The story also covers Killer T cells or Cytotoxic T cells.
Animation by William Marler (www.wmad.co.uk/)
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I've got another video coming about how Killer T Cells are made. It's crazy.
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I think it's helper t cell idk correct me if I'm wrong
@@iloveengineering2242 helper T's and Cytotoxic (killer) T's are different cell types and have very different functions. Helper T cells are there to make sure your immune system doesn't attack your own cells.
I just want to say I learned this from the Cells at Work anime first.
Ok
As a medical biotechnology student, I absolutely love these kind of topics! I really like your videos and your ability to communicate to the public, without going into many complicate details.
Also, earlier this year, a group of researchers in Cardiff University discovered a particular subpopulation of killer T cells that could have the potential to recognise many types of cancer via a mechanism similar to MHC1. That would be a huuuge step forward for scientific research.
Looking forward to the next video on T cells!
Who's a good Killer-T? Who's a good Killer-T cell? YOU, you a good Killer-T cell. So good.
My therapist: Steve Mould in a bag isn't real, he can't hurt you.
As a high school biology teacher I always watch your videos with a shred of terror that I have been teaching things the wrong way for 15 years. Marking myself safe on this one, well done.
Also a few other extensions I think are pretty cool: 1) NK cells play a large role in the prevention of cancer presumably due to the fact that cancerous cells produce very few non-growth based protein products. 2) Stress seems to lower overall NK counts in the body, again, presumably to allow the body to recover from physical injuries.
X factor drug being called by out of control cells help get good circularity to the cell for proper drug perfusion.
Do you also cover yourself in fabric in a ball on the floor while waving around pipe cleaners?
So our bodies are nothing but giant fascist police states?
Dude, there is a dog in your circulatory system. I dont think you should be so worried about a virus right now
The animations are excellent but I kinda love the lofi live action representations, like the vision molecule video 😂
I feel the same. I am feeling the "both and" energy.
He should have had the dog demonstrate the release of cytotoxins,
Shouldn't have read lofi as loli fkkkk
@@hueyiroquois3839 timestamp
Someone please clip 3:18-3:27 and upload it with no context.
Don't forget 5:16 - 5:21 !
What about 6:01-6:05?
So I clipped all of them and made a playlist for it. Here's the link:
ua-cam.com/play/PLjZhB1wzjtSChhksucxU4gv0q5NzfNyBv.html
I hope you have a good day.
@@chasemakes Beautiful.
No context Mould is the oddest
When is Killer T Cell dropping his next album?
This made my day, thanks!😂
Cell Steve is the best thing to happen to this channel
"I am not going mad"
"This process is happening all the time inside a healthy cell"
*a padded cell
Can you do a similar video on allergic reactions? I've had food allergies for years and I've had several scary close calls (or at least that's how I perceived them) only to be looked at funny for showing up at urgent care. The information you've presented like this at such a simple-to-understand but also really in-depth level would (A) raise awareness for people with allergies and their experiences and (B) help people with allergies FIFO (find out before they freak out) which can save money (not having to visit a hospital for small reactions) or save energy spent worrying. Thanks for your amazing
videos!
I second that request! A cousin of mine has a dangerous allergy to peanuts, hospitalised three times. Others speak of "nut allergies". But a peanut is not a nut, it's a pea, a legume like a pea or lentil. She's fine with true nuts and all legumes except the so called peanut. Eh? Good territory for Steve.
Dog, "Oh no. The human that provides food has gone mad. I'm totally screwed."
8:45 How does the natural killer cell detect that the number of MHC molecules is small?
NK cells do not only bind to MHC, but also a few different things that are expressed on both normal and abnormal cells. Some of them trigger NK activation, some inhibit it. MHC is one of the things that inhibit the response. So if it happens to bind to a cell with low MHC expression, the balance will swing towards activation and the cell will be killed.
Bartosz Makowski thanks! Not sure I’ll ever need to know that, but I do!
@@Kermal111 What does "low MHC expression" mean and, more importantly, how is it detected?
@@Kermal111 I see, only cells with normal number MCH expression are preserved
That Scar “express” means “to show on the surface” more or less. So if a living thing “expresses a trait”, it has that trait in its DNA and exhibits it. Expression of a trait can be disabled or inhibited when something blocks the creation of the proteins or whatever is necessary to show that trait.
There's an anime on Netflix about it.
"Cells at work".
The immune system and the brain - the two most complicated systems of the human body, three years into a degree in biomedical sciences and I’m still completely baffled by the both of them
I've spent 15 years studying both and I'm still there with you. That feeling won't stopped. 😋
Man have you looked into the biochemistry involved in the liver??? The body is just mad complicated in general 😅
I love how you cut it so the video at 00:00 is instantly you talking about the video. You cannot get any further away from the Wadsworth Constant.
It's quite useless constant anyway. I don't think I have subscribed to any channel where it applies.
Thank you for sharing this, I had no idea this even existed. I looked it up, tried it out in some messages I've sent to friends (and ones they've sent me)... And this "constant" is eerily close to working flawlessly. I can take basically any transcript, cut off the first 30% or so and the meaning remains in tact.
E.G: your initial post, trimmed as close to 30% without cutting into a word or being grammatically wrong:
"00:00 is instantly you talking about the video. You cannot get any further away from the Wadsworth Constant."
That was a 25% cut. Fascinating!
@@Xenro66 ua-cam.com/video/T6A0v3xYl7k/v-deo.html
It also applies to the end of videos too.
@@Xenro66 It "works" only because you know the cutted content. Let someone else cut beginning of something you have not read and it definitely does not work.
Small correction for 1:32 - Ribosomes do not read DNA but mRNA which is based on your DNA but slightly different
While correct, it doesn't apply to the topic at hand.
he obv knows, but it indirectly reads dna, he's not wrong
That’s right. He mentions it on a different video p( I think it was the one about magnets and virus).
6:22 i don't know why i expected you to say "it can no longer respawn"
@6:01 You should have used a dog treat for this one.
What about the poor old dendritic cell? That CD8+ T cell needs priming. Loved the video, as always. A great job at simply communicating complex information.
6:06 Isn't that just amazing? In order to protect itself the body developed a self destruction mechanism. You just need to need to release some cytotoxins and the cell dies. At a first glance that sounds like a pretty big vulnerability. Harmful organism could use the same mechanism! But they don't because it is not in their interest. They need the cell. So insteed this becomes extra save. Despite exposing itself so much (i.e. making it easy to kill the cell) it doesn't have to fear being exploited because no one benefits from just killing everyting.
That was a lot of anthropomorphizing, but i was just to excited to keep this for myself.
It's fascinating. You can't repair a car engine without replacing parts, and an animal's body needs to keep replacing cells. The outer layer of our skin is exposed to UV, may become cancerous, so we routinely kill skin cells and shed them. That may account for most of the dust in your house.
The altruism is staggering. If I could, I'd give a military-style funeral to every one of my cells who made such a sacrifice for the greater good. They do it without asking questions, which makes me wonder how much more efficient humans would be if we didn't have emotions or consciousness... imagine if everybody was in this together for the advancement and protection of our "body" (the Earth and our species).
I’m always impressed by both the quality of your videos and your proud lunacy!
wow :O I am always amazed how such a complicated mechanisms evolved just by natural selection
Steve Mould, I listen to your videos while working and it is nice experience. Thank you for your work.
Brilliant. Informative, entertaining. At just the right level. Fabulous stuff
I'm glad you put in animations. But at the same time, I'm glad you filmed the live action adaptations as well.
Excellent video. Keep up the good work Steve!
I just read all about these in a textbook for four hours this morning! I think you must be tracking my studying habits just to release videos at the best time, because this sort of thing happens regularly.
Oh god it's the vsauce effect. Steve is slowly starting to lose his mind too
Dat live-action! WoW! Made my day :)
just a small tiny thing that bugged me: the "green tick"/"red cross" seems like a poor choice for the mechanism, as the red cross may also suggest that the proteins don't fit.
Better would be "don't care" vs "ooooh, a match!" followed by a big red exclaimation mark.
This was phenomenal. I often find this subject matter ineffable and you ingeniously illustrated it. Bravo!
The video quality is fantastic!
Now Im sitting here utterly amazed like the way I use to feel in school Biology.
I had always been fascinated to learn about how mother nature does things.
It has been a long time since someone re-ignited that same feeling in me.
I enjoy watching informative videos such as this on many different topics, but for some reason, this video made me feel like a child again. I was so disappointed when the video ended. I wanted the explanation to go into how the sickness then araises in the body, like the HIV or Corona example.
Thanks. I'm looking forward to the next one Steve.
Long comment=bigger brain so good for u
Great video thanks Steve, looking forward to the next one and more like these.
Fantastic video as always
Studying Immunology & Disease with college right now. Probably the first Steve Mould video I was able to keep up with!
This morning I was reading the exact same topic so extremely coincidental but really happy there was a further explanation of other cells, thanks a lot.
This is SO AWESOME!!
Love your videos Mr. Mould!!
fantastic video very interesting - love this sort of teaching / learning
Brilliant and humerous.
3:30 Im not going mad ..... i think ya all ready halfway there ;)
keep up the good videos.
Well explained, thank you.
Beautifully explained.
Great Video, Kudos
excellent video. animations are awesome too :-)
3:19 I feel dirty after watching that.
Awesome video, very interesting
The killer T cells are like the bodyguards for the bodyguards if that makes sense
Steve love biology more than other topics I see.
As do I.
Love both his topics and his explanations.
Another great video 👍
you did a nice job, much simplified , but for more detail here the best documentary to explain it well
New graphics looks amazing
8:38 - "Papers please. Your papers look fine... but you do not have _enough_ papers. Please execute yourself, for the glory of Apoptotzka."
This was super cool! MORE BIOLOGY
You look like one of my Chemistry teachers back in school who accidentally started a fire but was loved by all. Great video
Stumbled upon your video about entropy and now im invested
"I am _not_ going mad," he says to an empty room. This feeling I know. This feeling I live.
Good explanation keep up the good investigations...
Khaaa haaa ha! That was Brilliant! LOVE your humour! Another great video Steve.
This was very educational.
You definitely deserve more views than these.
Commenting for the algorithm!
If I wasn't unemployed, and struggling for $, I would be a patreon. Best I can do is share this content with friends... Great stuff Mr. Mould! Am a fan!
It’s crazy how similar viruses in computers and in microbiology behave. Killer T cells are like antivirus programs, going through your system and comparing literal “bits” of data to a database that is known to be dangerous. As a mechanism to prevent this, the viruses oftentimes try to selectively disable the ability of the antivirus to scan where it resides
Molecular biologist here; everything you said was correct :) Simplified, of course, but correct. That's good to see!
It baffles me that the natural killer cell can 'count' the MHC molecules... how does that work?
It doesn't really count anything. Having normal MHC-I molecule on the surface gives the message to NK cells that everything is normal. It acts as a negative signal, preventing the activation of NK cells. If there isn't enough MHC-I there's less chance that the NK cell will come in contact with one. Also, if the cell is infected by a virus or it is a cancer cell it will also have on the surface other molecules that are giving the NK cell positive signal (meaning a signal to activate the NK cell). Therefore, the absence of negative signal and the presence of positive signal activates the NK cell which kill the cell infected with a virus or the cancer cell. It's a bit more complicated then that, but that's the main idea.
@@lecuyermarcandre thanks for the explanation, it really cleared my doubt!
@@lecuyermarcandre You say "Also, if the cell is infected by a virus or it is a cancer cell it will also have on the surface other molecules that are giving the NK cell positive signal (meaning a signal to activate the NK cell)" But doesn't Steve say HIV initiates endocytosis on such molecules (pulls them back in), at least enough to avoid detection by NK cells?
@@chrisg3030 some cancer and some virus have evolve ways of hiding from the immune cells. That's one of the way, but not all of them do. They can also force the cell to produce molecules that give a "don't kill me signal" to immune cells. Some molecules express by cancer cells can even promote death of immune cells or render them ineffective.
@@lecuyermarcandre Are there situations where "don't kill me signals" are disobeyed by the NK cells, for example if there's also an MHC1 molecule on the surface presenting a viral fragment? Anyway, one thing we can be sure of seems to be that there's no "final step" in this deception and counter-deception story, despite what Steve says at 8:28.
Hah "I'm not going mad! ". Keep trying to convince yourself mate. XD Awesome video, as always!
great video as usual. I laughed out loud with the real life representation :)
Thank you!
😳 WOW !!! You kept me interested in the Skill Share part (after clicking away a million times in other youtube videos I am now fully trained to click away at the exact moment *JUST BEFORE* the host is about to wrap up with sponsors... lets pretend this conditioning is now “part of my ADN“ [see I am using inverted quotes ' “ ' instead of normal ones ' ” ']) If one day for a reason or an other I decide to subscribe I will make sure to go trough your affiliate link !!! (Probably no one will ever see how much effort I put into my comment unless people are liking up my comment with the blue thumb up)!
Definitely one of my favorite videos you’ve done! “I’m not going mad!” Hahaha
Nice review for my MCAT test!!!
In this video:
The Hopes and Dreams of Viruses.
Next up:
The thoughts and prayers of paramecia, The will to power of tardigrades.
All joking aside, this was a brilliant explanation -- blue body suit and all.
It is fun! Thanks bro!
« So.... how do you make a living? »
Steve: 3:19
great content
Great video, thanks again Steve. Language use can mistakenly imply intent to an unconscious thing or non-living entity be that mRNA, MHC or any enzyme and it's substrate. Can you do a video explaining affinity to demonstrate how an enzyme has greater affinity for substrates over any other potential candidate for catalysis? Animations of cellular micro-machines accidentally suggest that the right thing wanders in to the active site or pore, which is more straight-forward for illustration purposes but it probably isn't that neat and tidy in reality. Cheers!
Ooo, loving the use of skulduggery.
Thanks!
So I clipped all of the moments where he used himself inside a blob and made a playlist for it. (3:18)
Here's the link:
ua-cam.com/play/PLjZhB1wzjtSChhksucxU4gv0q5NzfNyBv.html
I hope you have a good day.
These are collegiate level topics but if you presented this to children with the life-action demonstrations, kindergarteners would be yelling, "Tag, Apoptosis" as they play in the courtyards
Honestly this seems like its beyond me, but Steve's explanations make things seem so normal and logical.
if ony they would have thought like this at my highschool ... Great Videos!!!
Proteasome sounds like a word to describe something involved with tea
STEVE GONE MAD!!! I guess 2020 has affected everyone negatively
Reeeaally expected you to hold out a sausage for the dog at 6:02 ;D
Love it
I love the humour in this one.
Take it easy Steve.
Love your videos. An idea for you to investigate: I like to drop a couple of ice cubes into my Keurig-brewed coffee because it is initially too hot to drink. Since the ice cubes from my fridge are all the same size, I tend to think of them as all having equal amounts of cooling power or "coolth" (a term I've made up which is the opposite of warmth.) Usually I drop the cubes in right after brewing is done, but I've also dropped them in near the beginning of brewing. What I've wondered is if the Keurig introduces the same amount of warmth to my mug each time and the ice cubes deliver the same amount of coolth each time, then how does introducing the ice earlier in the brewing cycle affect the final temperature of the coffee, say two minutes after brewing is done, assuming the ice has completely melted by that time in both cases? There are lots of variables here. Does the longer cooling time when introducing the ice early result in colder coffee or does the greater temperature difference between the coffee and the room allow for more heat transfer, and thus colder coffee when introducing the ice later?
I like "coolth" hahaha
I have pretty much zero deep knowledge of thermodynamics but I'd say if there is a difference it's gonna be really small because the area of exhange between the hot coffee and the colder air is quite small compared to the volume of liquid in the mug. For my surface level understanding, putting the ice right after the brewing would result in a slightly warmer coffee in the end because of the temperature difference being lowered faster as you stated
Sorry to obtrude-- does the Keurig have a hotplate like a regular coffee machine? That might be a good variable to mention here.
Does the coffee spread all over the ice when put during the brewing? Cause I guess that a liquid flowing on/spread over a surface have more efficient thermal exchange with the air rather than when flowing in a standard tubular shape directly into the mug.
Only trying to guess here, must not be that, curious of the answer BTW!
Note that it could be easily tested for by putting the ice after brewing but having a similar shape made out of something not as cold as an ice and then compare with the "ice after" case.
(thus eliminating the "coldth factor and only keeping the pouring shape factor")
This question reminds me of a Matt Parker video from a while back. I think it's relevant -- do you find it to be applicable? ua-cam.com/video/CCuaWqhVvIc/v-deo.html
I totally love "coolth" 😁
Have you heard of Cells at Work / Hataraku Saibou? It's an anime with anthromorphic cells such as Killer T cells, red blood cells, macrophage etc. Seems similar to this topic!
The remarkable protein complex that translocates the proteasome peptide products is - IIANM -
the Peptide Loading Complex :
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_loading_complex
... of which the Transporter Associated with Antigen Processing is just one part :
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporter_associated_with_antigen_processing
(Edited : added PLC as the main point of this)
oh god no don't remind me of studying MHC loading 😅 horrifying flashbacks
Great video. You could tie this in with the revolutionary new cancer treatments: chimeric antigen receptor therapies whereby the immune system is trained to attack cancerous cells.
And this, among many other similar tales, is why I decided to study biology (especially immunobiology) at the university. :)
So this is why I’m so screwed without nk cells. Can you please do more immune videos. NK cells aren’t the only thing I’m deficient in so I’m sure you will cover others I don’t have if you do enough of them lol.
Great video!! 👍😎
Is your dog's name Snowy by chance?
Hi Steve!
Cool! Where did you learn this stuff about the immune system?
How such complex chemistry evolved (read trial and error with random mutations) is kinda mind boggling.
That hair, those eyes - yet he *_sounds_* calm ... and sane ...