Epipaleolithic Levantines were Arabians: "Modern Saudi Arabian and Yemeni samples clustered tightly, overlapping with the three Natufian samples, and were close to the Levant Pre-Pottery Neolithic B and C (PPNB and PPNC) and Levant Bronze Age samples." 'Projecting Ancient Ancestry in Modern-Day Arabians and Iranians: A Key Role of the Past Exposed Arabo-Persian Gulf on Human Migrations' - 2021 👉🏿Figure 1 Overview of the dataset and population structure of the Middle East (The figure above in the paper shows that the Natufian component is highest in Saudis, Emiratis, Yemenis, Qataris, Omanis and Bedouins.) 'The genomic history of the Middle East' - 2021
Super interesting video! It's also worth noting that the Egyptians depicted people from their southern border, the Nubians, as obviously black Africans, and themselves as brown. So it's likely they were not black, but lighter skinned (reddish brown) - which is how many Egyptians today still look. I went there in 2023 and I could see so many similarities between the Ancient art and the modern people living there now. These are basically still the same people (of course with some admixture from conquering peoples over the centuries). Also I think I recall that there were suggestions that the Hyksos had ties to South-Eastern European Indo-Europeans, coming in from Greece and Anatolia, settling in the Levant first and then, or also, migrating into Northern Egypt. But perhaps this has since been debunked.
Many Egyptian women were depicted with yellow skin in paintings. This was to indicate that those women stayed indoors away from the Sun. Many of the men were shown with that reddish-brown color to show tanning from sun exposure since they worked outside. That yellow skin for women may be reflecting the natural untanned skin color for many ancient Egyptians.
Yes, that is an interesting point. The Egyptians portrayed themselves as different from their southern neighbours. It’s also worth noting (as CrowdPleeza has already done here) that Egyptian women were depicted with lighter skin pigmentation than Egyptian men, as women stayed at home and men worked outside, acquiring a tan. I also find the paintings on the sarcophagus of Queen Aashyt very interesting. She was a Nubian wife of the 11th Dynasty pharaoh Mentuhotep II. You can clearly see the difference between Egyptian women, Egyptian men, and Nubians: www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/544536 www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/544535 Sometimes, Egyptian women were depicted with black skin in funerary contexts to symbolize resurrection and the afterlife. But in the case of Queen Aashyt, it seems like she was indeed Nubian because of the fact that two of her servants were not depicted with the traditional pigmentation given to ancient Egyptian females. Travel is indeed the best teacher. :) The genetic origins of the Hyksos needs more research… The Third Intermediate/Late Period mummies from Abusir el-Meleq were found (in the thesis discussing the Nuerat genome) to have been a mixture of ancestry seen in the Old Kingdom Nuerat genome and other Near Eastern groups. It’s likely that the non-Natufian Near Eastern DNA was introduced by the Hyksos (given the historical record), but we will understand more as more ancient genomes get sequenced.
Any DNA on domesticated goats & cows to see if they also came from Levant? As to whether that tomb was from a local or an immigrant-- could they do isotope analysis on teeth/bones to see if he was born elsewhere? Another great video. That DNA analysis is statistical, we will learn more as the database of samples is grown. Exciting times in this revolutionary field!
Not enough ancient DNA studies from goats have been done (the studies mainly focus on samples from the Near East). But we know for sure that the goat was domesticated there and that its presence in Egypt is due to the spread of the goat, so I think ancient DNA studies might tell us about genetic diversity and goats from which part of the Near East were moved to Egypt. As for cattle, more work needs to be done as well. This study on modern Egyptian cattle journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0141170 suggests that Near Eastern cattle were brought to Egypt, but there’s no knowing exactly when from modern samples and it doesn’t rule out an earlier local attempt at domestication. Isotope studies could be attempted for looking at migration. I think it’s highly improbable that he was an immigrant because populations living in the Levant at the time of Egypt’s Old Kingdom - and Near East populations in general at that time - were genetically mixed. During the Epipalaeolithic and at the dawn of the Neolithic, the populations across the Fertile Crescent were genetically differentiated. The extremely strong Natufian DNA in NUE001 suggests that he’s descended of a group (or groups) of Natufians who moved out of the Levant and into Egypt before that genetic admixing between Near Eastern populations took place. Isotope analysis could still be useful though - after all, the more evidence in favour of an argument, the better :) Yes, it’s a very exciting time! New DNA discoveries are being announced all the time :)
Yes, but for that we’d need ancient DNA from many Egyptian samples over a long period of time. Specifically, we’d need nuclear DNA to track these changes; haplogroups on their own won’t give us too much info. When combining the Nuerat genome with the Abusir el-Meleq mummies, there was a great degree of genetic continuity over 2000 years and small input possibly from the Hyksos. But the input may have been more or less in other regions, so we’ll get a better picture as more and more samples from ancient Egypt get sequenced.
@@madamarchaeologist I ask because I've come across people who believe that most modern-day Egyptians aren't related to the original ancient Egyptians. They believe that most modern-day Egyptians are descendant from those foreign invader groups like the Arabs.
@@CrowdPleeza You’re asking a good question. The people who say that the modern Egyptians aren’t the descendants of ancient Egyptians usually also say that that’s because the ancient Egyptians left Egypt and populated sub-Saharan Africa. But that’s impossible because the amount of genetic diversity that we see in Africa could not have arisen in just 1300 or so years. The ancient Egyptians whose nuclear genomes have been tested also don’t cluster on PCA plots with any of the diverse sub-Saharan African groups; they cluster with West Asians. Many Arabs today carry a high Natufian-derived component. We don’t know exactly what their genetic ancestry was at the time of the Arab conquest, but if they carried that Natufian component then, then they were genetically close to the ancient Egyptians anyways. The Copts of Egypt are supposed to be the descendants of the ancient Egyptians because at the time of the Arab conquest, the Egyptians were Christians (the last traditional temple was closed by the Byzantine empire Justinian I in the 6th century, but by that time the Egyptians were predominantly Christian anyways). After the Arab conquest, some remained Christian. I’m sure other modern-day Egyptians have ancient Egyptian ancestry too because not all Egyptians chose to keep their Christian identity. Modern-day Egyptians (like all populations across the globe) are a result of admixture that took place throughout their history.
@CrowdPleeza the old kindgom from this sample is close to Arabs from the gulf it's very natufian like and the people with the highest natufian dna are Arabs from the gulf, The Arabs and Egyptians share lot of paleo neolithic and bronze age ancestry
Waiting on a video to explain the fact that hiéroglyphes animals and végétal are to be found only in Subsaharan Africa. A video to explains the braids and afro comb will be nice. No afro comb out of africa... No braids on leucodermes heads. A video to explain why they say they came from the mont doom and why book of gate give different treat to soul of Bedouins and Caucasian than the treat of kush and kemet.
Look up this topic on Quora: "Are there any current Egyptians who wear their Hair the way the ancient Egyptians wear them"? Sekhmet provides an interesting response with photos of both ancient and modern-day Egyptians.
I've heard more than one origin from those who believe that the Egyptians originally came from "the south". I've heard some people say that the Egyptians originally came from Nubia. Others have said that they originally came from modern-day Uganda. Then others have said that the Egyptians originally came from Punt (modern-day Eritrea). So, which is it?
Great job. Appreciate all the work that goes into your quality videos.
Thank you!
@@moujansarmad1912 great job about origine of cattle.... Really great.
Great video
As always, excellent! Thorough, properly researched and validated, and very well explained. Love your work, thank you.
Thank you, really appreciate it!
Nicely argued with seemingly good data
Epipaleolithic Levantines were Arabians:
"Modern Saudi Arabian and Yemeni samples clustered tightly, overlapping with the three Natufian samples, and were close to the Levant Pre-Pottery Neolithic B and C (PPNB and PPNC) and Levant Bronze Age samples."
'Projecting Ancient Ancestry in Modern-Day Arabians and Iranians: A Key Role of the Past Exposed Arabo-Persian Gulf on Human Migrations' - 2021
👉🏿Figure 1
Overview of the dataset and population structure of the Middle East
(The figure above in the paper shows that the Natufian component is highest in Saudis, Emiratis, Yemenis, Qataris, Omanis and Bedouins.)
'The genomic history of the Middle East' - 2021
Nice video! What people don't understand is that the actual numbering of the nomes were by Egyptologists, not Egyptians themselves.
Super interesting video!
It's also worth noting that the Egyptians depicted people from their southern border, the Nubians, as obviously black Africans, and themselves as brown. So it's likely they were not black, but lighter skinned (reddish brown) - which is how many Egyptians today still look. I went there in 2023 and I could see so many similarities between the Ancient art and the modern people living there now. These are basically still the same people (of course with some admixture from conquering peoples over the centuries).
Also I think I recall that there were suggestions that the Hyksos had ties to South-Eastern European Indo-Europeans, coming in from Greece and Anatolia, settling in the Levant first and then, or also, migrating into Northern Egypt. But perhaps this has since been debunked.
Many Egyptian women were depicted with yellow skin in paintings. This was to indicate that those women stayed indoors away from the Sun. Many of the men were shown with that reddish-brown color to show tanning from sun exposure since they worked outside. That yellow skin for women may be reflecting the natural untanned skin color for many ancient Egyptians.
Yes, that is an interesting point. The Egyptians portrayed themselves as different from their southern neighbours. It’s also worth noting (as CrowdPleeza has already done here) that Egyptian women were depicted with lighter skin pigmentation than Egyptian men, as women stayed at home and men worked outside, acquiring a tan. I also find the paintings on the sarcophagus of Queen Aashyt very interesting. She was a Nubian wife of the 11th Dynasty pharaoh Mentuhotep II. You can clearly see the difference between Egyptian women, Egyptian men, and Nubians:
www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/544536
www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/544535
Sometimes, Egyptian women were depicted with black skin in funerary contexts to symbolize resurrection and the afterlife. But in the case of Queen Aashyt, it seems like she was indeed Nubian because of the fact that two of her servants were not depicted with the traditional pigmentation given to ancient Egyptian females.
Travel is indeed the best teacher. :)
The genetic origins of the Hyksos needs more research… The Third Intermediate/Late Period mummies from Abusir el-Meleq were found (in the thesis discussing the Nuerat genome) to have been a mixture of ancestry seen in the Old Kingdom Nuerat genome and other Near Eastern groups. It’s likely that the non-Natufian Near Eastern DNA was introduced by the Hyksos (given the historical record), but we will understand more as more ancient genomes get sequenced.
Understanding North African genetics, and the population history there, Nuerat is not that surprising: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_backflow
Any DNA on domesticated goats & cows to see if they also came from Levant? As to whether that tomb was from a local or an immigrant-- could they do isotope analysis on teeth/bones to see if he was born elsewhere? Another great video. That DNA analysis is statistical, we will learn more as the database of samples is grown. Exciting times in this revolutionary field!
@@brooksmagruder6662 this vidéo is just about origins of cattle
Not enough ancient DNA studies from goats have been done (the studies mainly focus on samples from the Near East). But we know for sure that the goat was domesticated there and that its presence in Egypt is due to the spread of the goat, so I think ancient DNA studies might tell us about genetic diversity and goats from which part of the Near East were moved to Egypt. As for cattle, more work needs to be done as well. This study on modern Egyptian cattle journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0141170 suggests that Near Eastern cattle were brought to Egypt, but there’s no knowing exactly when from modern samples and it doesn’t rule out an earlier local attempt at domestication.
Isotope studies could be attempted for looking at migration. I think it’s highly improbable that he was an immigrant because populations living in the Levant at the time of Egypt’s Old Kingdom - and Near East populations in general at that time - were genetically mixed. During the Epipalaeolithic and at the dawn of the Neolithic, the populations across the Fertile Crescent were genetically differentiated. The extremely strong Natufian DNA in NUE001 suggests that he’s descended of a group (or groups) of Natufians who moved out of the Levant and into Egypt before that genetic admixing between Near Eastern populations took place. Isotope analysis could still be useful though - after all, the more evidence in favour of an argument, the better :)
Yes, it’s a very exciting time! New DNA discoveries are being announced all the time :)
Is there any way to determine how much the various foreign groups who took over Egypt changed the Egyptian population genetically?
Yes, but for that we’d need ancient DNA from many Egyptian samples over a long period of time. Specifically, we’d need nuclear DNA to track these changes; haplogroups on their own won’t give us too much info. When combining the Nuerat genome with the Abusir el-Meleq mummies, there was a great degree of genetic continuity over 2000 years and small input possibly from the Hyksos. But the input may have been more or less in other regions, so we’ll get a better picture as more and more samples from ancient Egypt get sequenced.
@@madamarchaeologist
I ask because I've come across people who believe that most modern-day Egyptians aren't related to the original ancient Egyptians. They believe that most modern-day Egyptians are descendant from those foreign invader groups like the Arabs.
@@CrowdPleeza You’re asking a good question. The people who say that the modern Egyptians aren’t the descendants of ancient Egyptians usually also say that that’s because the ancient Egyptians left Egypt and populated sub-Saharan Africa. But that’s impossible because the amount of genetic diversity that we see in Africa could not have arisen in just 1300 or so years. The ancient Egyptians whose nuclear genomes have been tested also don’t cluster on PCA plots with any of the diverse sub-Saharan African groups; they cluster with West Asians. Many Arabs today carry a high Natufian-derived component. We don’t know exactly what their genetic ancestry was at the time of the Arab conquest, but if they carried that Natufian component then, then they were genetically close to the ancient Egyptians anyways. The Copts of Egypt are supposed to be the descendants of the ancient Egyptians because at the time of the Arab conquest, the Egyptians were Christians (the last traditional temple was closed by the Byzantine empire Justinian I in the 6th century, but by that time the Egyptians were predominantly Christian anyways). After the Arab conquest, some remained Christian. I’m sure other modern-day Egyptians have ancient Egyptian ancestry too because not all Egyptians chose to keep their Christian identity. Modern-day Egyptians (like all populations across the globe) are a result of admixture that took place throughout their history.
@CrowdPleeza the old kindgom from this sample is close to Arabs from the gulf it's very natufian like and the people with the highest natufian dna are Arabs from the gulf,
The Arabs and Egyptians share lot of paleo neolithic and bronze age ancestry
Waiting on a video to explain the fact that hiéroglyphes animals and végétal are to be found only in Subsaharan Africa.
A video to explains the braids and afro comb will be nice. No afro comb out of africa... No braids on leucodermes heads.
A video to explain why they say they came from the mont doom and why book of gate give different treat to soul of Bedouins and Caucasian than the treat of kush and kemet.
Look up this topic on Quora:
"Are there any current Egyptians who wear their Hair the way the ancient Egyptians wear them"?
Sekhmet provides an interesting response with photos of both ancient and modern-day Egyptians.
I've heard more than one origin from those who believe that the Egyptians originally came from "the south".
I've heard some people say that the Egyptians originally came from Nubia. Others have said that they originally came from modern-day Uganda. Then others have said that the Egyptians originally came from Punt (modern-day Eritrea). So, which is it?
@CrowdPleeza provide the link please
They come from every corner of Africa . Black as tore@@CrowdPleeza
@@user-pr1di2zt4t
Outside links won't work on UA-cam. You'll have to do a google search on the title I left involving Sekhmet.