" STAINLESS STEEL ... THE MIRACLE METAL " 1960s REPUBLIC STEEL PROMO FILM HISTORY OF STEEL 95994
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- Опубліковано 3 бер 2022
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Made by Republic Steel, this color film is one of a series called "Stainless Steel...The Miracle Metal". This particular film features Dr. Carl Zapffe presenting a lecture on the history and development of stainless. It dates to 1960. Stainless steel is a group of ferrous alloys that contain a minimum of approximately 11% chromium, a composition that prevents the iron from rusting and also provides heat-resistant properties.
Opening: Republic Steel presents Stainless Steel, the Miracle Metal. Part 1: Historical Development (:06-:42). Dr. Carl Zapffe, a metallurgist (and also an internationally known physicist, engineer and chemist), looks through a microscope. He then starts to explain the film's focus. He holds a piece of stainless steel. he holds rusted iron. He picks up a piece of iron ore. He shows a picture of the piece inside a dead bison and a viking boat along with tin being used on an old table. A restored Viking boat at a museum in Oslo has original nails in it going back many thousands of years. Steel and carbon inside the nail is shown in detail (:43-6:27). A Damascus blade, the Damascus steel make-up is explained. Dr. Zapffe explains how we'll go back in time to discuss metal. He holds a meteorite in his hand which was found in Normandy. Going back to the pictures, the sectioned meteorite is shown. The 18-8 is explained. The numbers 18/8 refer to the percentages of chromium and nickel in the stainless steel alloy. The "18" refers to the chromium content, which gives flatware its rust-resistance properties, and the "8" refers to the nickel content, which gives it its silver-like shine and some rust-resistance (6:28-11:28). In 1797, a chemist in Paris is working on a new mineral, in 1798, the man shows off chromium. The father of chromium is Louis-Nicholas Vauquelin. He hammers chromium with a hammer and is splits (11:29-15:00). The doctor talks about how stainless steel needs certain minerals and explains what is required (15:01-16:50). A stainless steel piece under a microscope without the proper makeup. Another piece from under a microscope is shown and again the makeup isn't correct. Berthier's experiments are shown on a chart, it is explained how carbon kept causing him a problem (16:51-19:35). Dr. Zapffe stands in front of sulfuric acid, water, nitric acid, citric acid, acetic acid, hydro-chloric acid. Steel is placed in each one of these solutions, the Dr. pulls the piece out of each and explains (19:36-20:50). He moves back to a chart and explains how the percentages were off with trying to attain stainless steel. Goldschmidt's crucible experiments are explained in a diagram (20:51-23:16). Dr. Zapffe shows a map and explains where chemists who had pure chromium experimented, England, Germany, and the USA. He goes into great detail while standing in front of the map (23:17-26:25). Back at another board, the Dr. points out Carbon, Chromium, Iron, and Nickel. He explains other facts about these metals (26:26-28:49). Dr. Zapffe continues to summarize what the important chemists discovered (28:50-29:23). End credits (29:24-29:33).
Republic Steel was founded as the Republic Iron and Steel Company in Youngstown, Ohio in 1899, and rose to become the nation's third largest producer. The company still exists as a subsidiary of Grupo Simec and produces Special Bar Quality (SBQ) steel bars.
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What a character. I did a bit f googling and found out this guy was born in 1912 and died 1994. As well as a metallurgist, he was prominent in the scout movement in Maryland for many years. Keep unearthing these gems, Periscope!
That's becuz he never had to work in one of these plants or he'd been dead long before
@@richardsanjose3692 he had a PhD, he made his contribution to metallurgy working in a lab, he'd be under utilized working on the floor of a steel mill.
I googled him and saw the same thing. He definitely has his own unique style of presenting in this vid. He's an interesting man for sure. I bet he'd be impressed on how far material science has come from just 1994, let alone whenever he retired.
Wow! He's awesome, a natural teacher and narrator.
@@ctdieselnut A lot has been done with all that unwanted carbon. He would probably be working on the cutting edge of nano particles and atom wrangling. How do you see material science progressing? There's a lot of fabrics that are pretty amazing.
I'll add more to this: He was born, raised, visited a lot in retirement, and was buried in Brainerd, MN. As a teen he was one of four eagle scouts that went from coast to coast on the Lincoln Highway in 1928. His dad was a geologist/land buyer for the NP railroad and was involved in the purchase of much land with iron ore reserves on the South Cuyuna Iron Range in central MN. His dad wrote a book for Brainerd's 75th anniversary. If I remember right (Carl Jr. as he was named after his dad) Carl Jr. also published information about hydrogen contamination causing embrittlement of steel. He also published historical books about his hometown.
These are the movies we would watch Friday afternoons in grade school in the late 60's.
There is no such informative videos like this now
This guy's delivery is great. "Let me give you a Sneak. Preview." "Goodness gracious, it was loaded with carbon!"
There's just something about this era - slow, methodical authority, dry humor, guiding you to what needs to be understood in a simple and intelligible manner
@@NLynchOEcake 100%
@Danger Bear upset if you don't get what he's saying. he says it's so slow, I can understand him being pissed off if he has to repeat himself LOL
if he isnt related to shep smith from news then ill be a...
2 bilion years, give or take one... :))))
He was born, raised, visited a lot in retirement, and was buried in Brainerd, MN. As a teen he was one of four eagle scouts that went from coast to coast on the Lincoln Highway in 1928. He was a scout leader in Baltimore MD until his passing in the 90's. His dad was a geologist/land buyer for the NP railroad and was involved in the purchase of much land with iron ore reserves on the South Cuyuna Iron Range in central MN. His dad wrote a book for Brainerd's 75th anniversary. If I remember right (Carl Jr. as he was named after his dad) Carl Jr. also published information about hydrogen contamination causing embrittlement of steel. He also published historical books about his hometown.
I'm almost 70 years old and I found watching this guy absolutely fascinating. He's talkin' about metal, for goodness sake, and I'm as entranced as if he was telling me about the discovery of aliens in a tomb in Egypt. LOL And he's just using flip charts, artist's sketches and photographs to do it.
Testament to the fact that old films -- are good films. They just don't make 'em like they used to, right?!
I love these old videos..takes me back to my school days when we would have films like this in class..
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DOCTOR ZAPFFE KNOWS HOW TO PRESENT. THE EMPHASIS IS ON EVERY SYLLABLE.
(I'm teasing, but I enjoyed how much he LOVED HIS SUBJECT.)
He was perhaps the most important physicist of his time in the field of molecular metallurgy. His work challenging the application of Einsteinian Relativity to atomic and subatomic interactions did much to clean up problems associated with the blank spot modern physics has had concerning how the laws of relativity and quantum physics intersect in the detectable behaviors of subatomic particles.
@@archenema6792 Good info, cheers!
That was way more entertaining than it should have been.
Fantastic! Really love this style and the era. I studied metallurgy and worked in the heat treating field for a while. Very interesting.
Notice the white circle that looks like the Pittsburg Steelers football team logo in the video at 0:20 to 0:25.
@@mosesrios900 that’s it’s origin
Unless you're a "knife knut," as we knife enthusiasts are often called, you're probably not aware that in the last 30 years or so, there has been something of a revolution in stainless steel. At least, a revolution in stainless knife blade steel. The three attributes one is always looking for with blade steel are resistance to corrision/rust, edge retention, and what is called "toughness," which is the ability of a blade to resist stress without chipping or fracturing. The difficulty is that there's always a trade off between those attributes, that is, making a steel more rust resistant tends to make it less tough or decrease edge retention; increasing edge retention will reduce toughness and/or stainlessness; improved resistance to rust comes at the cost of toughness or edge retention. With that in mind, knife makers have generally sought blade steels with either the best two out of three of those attributes, or ideally, steels that have a balance between all three. And for almost 50 years, the steel that had the best balance between edge retention, stainlessness, and toughness was 440C, and it was considered the best all-around steel for knife blades. However, beginning in the 1990s with improved ability of foundries to precisely control the amount of elements added to a steel alloy, and the ability to very precisely control the temperature of the heat treatment, or tempering, of steel, metullugists began producing steels that greatly outperformed 440C in all three of the categories. And just the last 10-15 years, a new industrial process for removing impurities by rapidity cooling the steel with liquid nitrogen has produced even better products. The upshot is that today, the best knife blade steels have edge retention and toughness around 200 to 300% better than 440C (which is still used as a standard for comparison), and are about twice as resist to rust and corrosion. Even "mid-range" quality blade steels have around 150% the edge retention and toughness of 440C, with equal or slightly better stainlessness. Jst to put the cherry on top, because of their uniform micrograin structure, the latest generation of these "super steels" aren't even that hard to sharpen, and you can put a hair-popping, razor's edge of them with only little more effort than it takes to sharpen up the old 420 steel of a Swiss Army knife. So if you're someone who appreciates a good knife but haven't bought one for bought one for a decade or two (like I was until a few years ago), I strongly recommend checking out what's on the market these days. For around $100, you can get a knife with one of those mid-range steels that will still be a better blade than anything on the market before 1995; $200-250 will get you a top of the line blade steel.
so which steel would you want for your knife, edc or a meat knife
I respect your Knife Steel Knowledge. I always thought the first was 440C (maybe D2 was the first) stainless in the 1980's (unless it's made by slave labor in China, they use 440A or 440B, who knows what type they truly are.) Next was D2 tool steel, I believe, then Aus 8, Now it's all about the powdered steels, like M390, S30V, and S35V, I recommend D2 for everyday use, and Bohler M390 steel for an explosion proof blade that will survive the apocalypse.Thank you for the useful information. cheers.
What would a consumer be on the lookout for when shopping for a knife made of this new, magic steel? What’s it called?
@@justinwaters8679 Thank you. Sounds like you know your knife steels as well. I'm definitely not an expert, but I know a little of the history, and although chemists first produced the formulations around the 1920s, both 440C and D2 were perfected and went into large scale production right around WWII, which is why both of them (esp D2) are so ubiquitous today, despite still being pretty good blade steels: no company holds patents on them anymore. D2, as you said, didn't really begin appearing in knives until the 70s or 80s, when some custom makers optimized the heat treatment for it. Before that, it was pretty much a choice between 440A, B, or C if you wanted to get fancy; or 420, 410, or 414 for budget knives. In the late 80s/early 90s, a few companies, notably Spyderco, started using some Japanese steels like AUS-6 and 8, GIN-1, 3, and 5, and that eventually lead to them using even better Japanese steels like ATS-55 and ATS-34. ATS-34 is the Hitachi version 154CM, which is made by Crucible Steel, and once they realized the demand for it they began producing a lot more of it; consequently, you don't see many American knives with ATS-34 steel these days, but you sure do see a lot of 154CM (and CPM 154) blades out there. The Japanese VG-10 is still pretty popular in the US, though. I agree with your steel recommendations with a couple of addenda: the Swedish firm Bohler-Uddeholm makes M390, and it's damn amazing blade steel, but there are two other steels with pretty much exactly the same alloy formula: CPM 20CV from Crucible, and CTS-204P from Carpenter Steel. All three are basically identical, and perform identically if properly tempered. Secondly, if you're willing to give up stainlessness, my two favorite blade steels are CPM M4 and CPM Rex 45. They're similar, but M4 is a little tougher and much easier to find--I think some Spyderco sprint runs are the only knives with Rex 45 blades right now. In any case, both are amazing steels that hold an edge forever without sacrificing toughness, but they'll develop a patina and have to be protected from moisture. I live in the desert though, so too much moisture is rarely a problem for me. And lastly, the new king of knife steel is apparently CPM Magnacut. I have yet to get my hands on any of it, but, well...you can check out a summary by its inevntor over at the knifesteelnerds.com website.
@@pitdog75 It always depends upon exactly what you plan to do with a knife, and how much you're willing to spend. The best steel for a small knife you're going to use mostly to open letters would be different from a big blade that you're going to put to hard use outdoors. And both edge geometry and a steel's heat treatment will effect its performance as much as what type of steel it actually is. All that being said and everything else being equal, my favorite steel for an edc knife has three names depending upon the company that makes it: CPM 20CV, M390, and CTS-204P, made by Crucible Industries, Bohler-Uddeholm--a Swedish firm--and Carpenter Steel, respectively. Again, those are three brand names for what is effectively an identical product, and it's arguably the best, most balanced knife steel available today. It's also the most expensive, so for a bit less money, CPM S30V, CPM S35VN, or CPM S45VN are almost as good. The next step down in price and performance would be probably 154CM, CPM 154, and Nitro V steel, but even two steps removed from the very best, those three are outstanding blade steels. As for a "meat knife," if you mean like a hunting/outdoor skinner-type knife, I think the very steel best is probably CPM 3V, followed by 52100. Although these days a lot of larger knives of that type are made from D2 steel, which is still a very good performer and is much less expensive than either 3V or 52100. If, on the other hand, by "meat knife" you mean something for the kitchen, I have to claim ignorance there--I don't know what most chefs would prefer. I can say, however, that I own a couple of kitchen knives made from a popular Japanese steel called shirogami or "white paper" steel, and they are excellent.
I love this guys teaching style, aggressive delivery but it's all great information that I need to hear and pay attention son! lol
"lol"???
I once had a SAAB 2 stroke engined car. The 3 cylinder engine was a really tough block of NICKEL STEEL that wore extremely slowly.
Excellent! He presented it as an easy diy. I've always had an interest in metallurgy. Now that I know the percentages and method, when I get a chance, I'll make my own Stainless Steel.
I hope this man was well-paid. He earned Every. Single. Penny. Quite the presenter.
All two. thousanD of them.
The nails are fine in a 1100-year-old buried Viking ship and yet the ones I got from Home Depot 2 years ago....
Home Depot? Oh, you mean True Warp Lumber Company DBA Home Depot.
This is how I speak in day to day conversation about the weather.
Notice the white circle that looks like the Pittsburg Steelers football team logo in the video at 0:20 to 0:25.
@@mosesrios900 Yeah, they're both derivatives of the steelmark logo.
Love the presenter. Great professional voice! He made this subject interesting. Classy.
Just Rahhhhk and bownze
This is the most metal video I have ever seen.
These older videos are much more understandable than contemporary ones IMHO. I think we lost something along the way ...
My heart races at the sight of a stainless steel restaurant sink
This also explains why the steel body panels on some cars rust through in a few years when exposed to the air and road salt and others seem to have a natural corrosion resistance. One used cheap steel and the other used an alloy, not necessarily a stainless steel, one containing some nickel which increased common corrosion resistance.
Obviously not Chevys, Plymouths and fords
Love the way he presents the question, then answers it , that’s a real educator
Science and the genius people that pursue it are amazing!
Learned more from this half-hour film than from an entire quarter of metallurgy at Penn State.
Dr. Carl Zapffe is the best!
There's a little bit of Hugh Beaumont in his delivery.
@@brianarbenz1329
Damn, you're right about that!
Was just wondering if he might have influenced the acting of Don Adams in the 60s TV show "get smart "...very intense.
I recently started collecting knives and this helps give a better understand the myriad steels used for blades. There are various combinations of the ability to be sharpened, hardness, brittle or resilient, and corrosion resistance. No steel is perfect. There are steels that are designated as 8Cr13MoV which is 0.8% carbon and 13% chromium. More corrosion resistant but softer than tool steel. Easier to sharpen, but the edge may not last as long in use.
But the Roman’s got here first hahaha This guy is the best.
Awesome! If he would teach on an high school, students would learn to love chemistry!!
boy , he just hits you over the head with that lesson ... old school style ... I like how the nickel alloy concept came from a meteorite from space , 8:38 cock-sure there was !
I'd like to hear more about the specialty alloys and their uses.
bro, this is infinite. lolz
Are you being sarcastic?
If it can become more comprehensive than this !
Mr. Haynes ...,
an American inventor
Stainless steel
His products are orbiting the Earth....
Elwood Haynes, of Kokomo, Indiana. Inventor of Stellite alloys. And also the Haynes-Apperson car, that didn't quite make it.
He does a brilliant job of explaining!
i love this era's accent. makes it easier to listen to
GREAT AND VERY FACTUAL and INFORMATIC presentation .. better than almost anything seen today! Thank you for the upload.
Watching from the original Steel City of Sheffield
Great video Periscope! Thanks!
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And if you add a little Niobium You get great ductile Properties. How wonderful it is to live in a world where we have all these materials available to us
God provided I guess.
Is that something like unobtanium?
Well, he had a funny way of talking, but this is a very informative video. In fact, it's the best explanation of stainless steel I've seen. Thanks for posting.
This guy is a trip! But the information was very interesting and direct.
An engaging and interesting production.
I’ve been reading some of my Dad’s engineering books from the 1940’s, 50’s and 60’s and strangely, stainless steel isn’t specifically mentioned by name but they do reference a load of different steel mixes which include that make stainless steel. They referred to it as Martensite or Austentic Steel as in the video.
The presenter's style makes me think of Carl Sagan's totally wild accent and unusual cadence (hear him in your head saying 'unusual cadence'). Less pronounced here, but still present.
Brilliant video, well presented, thanks for uploading.
Do you have part 2??
Very well presented and very informative! Best of luck!
I think this film's color scheme must have inspired the Dallas Cowboys' uniforms.
I wish I had that guy for school.
This guy's pronunciation of interesting is quite interesting.
Come on Part 2!
Sounds like Elwood Blues
great video. it was interesting to hear him muse upon the possibility of the Vikings discovering America centuries before Columbus. a few years after this video the vinland settlement would be found, and the Viking possibility would become a certainty.
Like he's speaking to a class without a microphone.
I like it..
Dude that's so Metal!!!🤘🤘🙏🇺🇲👍⭐️💙🪶
6:05 "It does not react readily with the etchant." Yep, _etchant_ goes through spellcheck. Give Dr. Z credit on that one.
My device wants to rewrite to _enchant_
Very interesting, thank you.
Do you have Part 2 of this series as well?
This guy was a real showman.
The Steelers logo in the thumbnail brought me here.
LET’S GO (STAINLESS) STEEL(MAK)ERS! 🎉
Really interesting sort of film. Has Pert 2 been posted or planned for?
Thanks so much for all of these fantastic films.
24:15 slickest bit of marketing i’ve ever heard
Stainless Steel is my favorite metal!
That was brilliant, or was it "shiny?"
Imagine being the slave who had to "prove" or quench those swords! 😳
That's what I was thinking. "Hey boss, I have a better idea! How about water?"
That was quite possibly just a legend. But if a anyone did test a sword on a slave, it was probably the slave that was either the least behaved or least popular.
Fascinating
Is there a part two in the future?
Part two, please.
Very, very eneresting
How he whips out that sword……
That looks like the Pittsburg Steelers football team logo.
Between 0:20 and 0:25 of the video. Except, it says "Stainless Steel" in the logo on the video, not "Steelers".
That is because in 1962, Republic Steel suggested that the Steelers use the "Steel Mark" Logo on their helmets. That is what that logo is. U.S. Steel originally designed the logo, but turned the rights over to the American Iron and Steel Institute to be used to represent the entire American steel industry.
We do actually know how to recreate the metal in those sabers, and the part about the slave isn't true. It you ran a red hot blade through something as chunky as a body, the metal would still be brittle as it went in, and then you would hit all kinds of different densities of tissue, most likely bone, which would destroy the crystaline structure of the metal that you just worked so hard to get. The metal needs to cool somewhat slowly and evenly to be tempered correctly, with no stressors being placed on it, such as the bending and twisting being thrust through a body would put it under. I took four years of metal studies in college, and this very topic actually came up in class once. My professor was a master metalsmith who enjoyed discussing oddities like this using science and practicality. I'm not saying this video isn't educational, but after hearing the narrator blithely toss those silly old myths around, I'm taking everything else with a grain of salt.
I think that might be a little showmanship to keep the kids from falling asleep. People are mostly water and water quenching rarely works on blades. Also this was from years ago too. We knew a bit less.
Is this the guy's voice from the sublime song 2 joints? When he said furthermore it got my attention
wish he was my science teacher....
Yes folks, the Pittsburgh Steelers did ask for permission to use the steel logo as the team’s logo, if it looks familiar to you.
Pittsburgh Steelers team insignia (logo?) at the beginning!
those pictures on the wall show some pretty rough grain structure
26:29 makes some wonder if difference between "brittle" and "gentile" is localised, smelted or submerged in Irony
That was crazy man…
Stainless Steel was discovered in Sheffield UK.
Here's a recent video about the history of Sheffield steel from a great content creator:
ua-cam.com/video/fFaPenHxKgo/v-deo.html
By complete and utter accident in the great British tradition, bit like the British discovery of anti biotics!
@@andrewallen9993 I was under the impression that Antibiotic were discovered by a Spanish person call Dr Flaming and the is a statue erected in Madrid in honor of his discovery.
Don’t underestimate the British for they inventions the list is endless for example Radar and Sonar.
@@jackcro8825 Actually Dr. Fleming was a Scotsman but still British and the statue in Spain was erected in this Scotsman's honour.
@@andrewallen9993 I believe that the statue was erected in the red light district.
The moral of this story: chrome wasn't built in a day..."groan"!!?!
As a Pittsburgher, I'm glad to see the hypocycloids in the thumbnail and intro.
But even though a great deal of civic pride emanates from that symbol, I must admit that it isn't "stainless". As great as the 70s football dynasty was, it was definitely fueled by the first widespread and systematic use of anabolic steroids in sports outside of the Iron Curtain Olympic programs.
They were still pretty great, though, even if they were kinda cheaters. It wasn't technically against any rules.🤔😇🤣
(edit: I used the wrong word for hypocycloids)
The term "stainless" replaced "rustless" as part of a PR drive to give steel a lighter, and more household feel in a time when people associated the product with the god-awful images of the steel cities choking in the mills' fallout. Also part of that image change was the creation of the tri-colored Steel logo (later adapted for the Steelers helmets).
@@brianarbenz1329 You don't understand humor, you don't understand steel. and you don't understand Pittsburgh, the greenest city in the Western Hemisphere, with the greatest tree density of any urban area in the world. Be thankful that you are allowed to be a student, and do not attempt a teaching role that exceeds your meager competence.
What the hell are talking about
@@Biggestfoot10209 The symbol for high-carbon engineered lattice-structure steel is the same as the Logo for Pittsburgh's professional football team.
@@archenema6792 ok so what doe’s stainless steel have to do football or drugs
hehehe...what a beast! loved it!
24:36
240ksi stainless, sounds dubious especially back then. We have some modern steels that can reach 300ksi but as far as I'm aware they are carbon-steels.
Precipitation-hardening martensitic stanless steels get up there. 440C
Very good sleep aid- two thumbs-up 👍 👍
But which ones are magnetic and which ones aren't?
Martensitic is the class of stainless that is magnetic.
Where is Part 2?
the nickle mining around sudbury ontario to make all this stainless steel turned the place into a wasteland, it looked like the moon from all the acid rain, killed all the lakes etc etc. at least people didn't have rusty stuff tho
I've been to Sudbury a few times. Looked good to me. That area of Ontario is pretty lush and green.
...add a little garlic and you have yourself a pizza!
Who's remember only few stainless steel were used in objects until mid 80's early 90.
Well Budd Co made railroad passenger cars, almost all stainless stell since the 40' , far stronger and lighter than usual carbon or cor ten steel. They assembled using spot weld technique invented by Budd. Many of these cars are still in daily service and only metal fatigue will bring them to scrap.
fantastic.. but where is part 2 ?
Stainless steel is similar use like platinum...I choice Stainless steel forever...is a miracles material...👍🇦🇷🌎✅
Rust never sleeps. Even for stainless.
Where's the rest of this series?
Austinitic and Martinsitic He didn't go into that enough for me. The strange thing is when you handle parts of cast stainless that is slightly magnetic. I have machined some types of 304, 305 and 316 stainless in bar and sheet stock, but still don't really understand them well enough. I wanted him to keep going.
316 stainless steel is not magnetic in any way.
@@daveooooo all stainless steel is slightly magnetic due to the presence of iron in the steel alloy. Monel and incolnel are not steel alloys, but are mainly nickel and chromium.
I'm thinking he would go into the austenitic, ferritic, and martensitic details in part 2, but it's not appearing in my feed.
17:36 Exactly when he steps on a duck
Who is the narrator his voice is very familiar.
Watch rhe video. The credits are at the very beginning.
@@johncoops6897 Interesting that you'd take the time to type that when it would have taken the same amount of time to freeze the video and provide the answer.
@@archenema6792 - I wrote the comment AFTER I finished watching it. So who would be best to go back and check?
@@johncoops6897 I'm not commenting on the logic of your mechanics, but the depth of your morality, and the degree to which compassion and empathy play a part in it. I could've supplied the information myself, but I thought it would be wiser first to give you the opportunity to consider the meaning of your reply and actions. I'll give you another chance to do the right thing before I come back to correct your transgression myself. Good luck on your reconsideration. Nothing much depends on it. Except the future of your ability to develop constructive relationships with good people.
@@johncoops6897 Well, you failed the test of your basic morality, as expected. I can't imagine what sort of person would want to spend any time around you. Enjoy the rest of your life as the male equivalent of the Lonely Old Cat Lady.🤣🤣
I'd buy ice from this guy in Alaska.
America was once an industrial country. Now, America only manufactures fast food, and comic book movies.
An OG UA-camR
This "steeled" my resolve to look for stainless steel cookware
Notice the white circle that looks like the Pittsburg Steelers football team logo in the video at 0:20 to 0:25.
It "keeled" my resolve to use iron in boat nails
wait till he finds about about Chrome-Moly
My god! Note to self in the mid evil times... dont get captured as a slave especially in the Middle East....
..which is still true today!
Most slaves captured in Europe and the Mediterranean were sold in Alexandria or Constantinople. Massive numbers came from Kievan Rus lands, sold by vikings to the Emperor, which is how we got the word slave, from slav.