This is the most ultimate presentation of radio spectrum that I ever watched on UA-cam. It is a great detail explanation and well simplified. Thank you very much for your excellent work here and sharing.
Agreed, there is good detail here to answer different questions, like how big is a radio wave, the size of a pinky or a whale? 5G still provides coverage in rural areas using lower frequencies similar to 2G and 3G that were better at giving areas to places far away from signals than 4G by having a larger range of frequencies used, and the reason for higher frequency waves is to pack more information in each phase for faster connection. Great job.
Thank you, I'm studying the 5G architecture and this fundamental knowledge is not covered in the lecture, it really helps making sense out of the different terminology :)
@@vincenttapia2105 lol! Sadly I don't have any medical background to confirm the myths. I understand is a big enabler for remote surgery, drone-driven deliveries and self-driven cars. In that sense could have a positive impact in the environment. I think it might have an impact in our brain, because of the massive increment in electromagnetic frequency in the signals, but I don't know for sure. Maybe there is already serious research on that topic :) In the lecture the focus was in the technical perspective and not in the ethical. I hope the implementers considered it before coming up with this new technology! Greetings
@@roshcoben8820 in certain places they have this technology all the birds are falling dead, and media and blaming global warming for this but this is not the case because as we know birds migrate to different locations.
Good presentation! I’ve not worked in communications during my career but I find the topic interesting and the presentation at about the right level for me.
awesome tutorial. You simplied everything. I did not wait a second before subscribing to your channels . Looking forward to see more great video from you.
Hello, there are already a lot of resources to address the 5G health hazard concerns. Unfortunately people have stopped believing in science and experts. Here is a fantastic video by Apis Training for instance - ua-cam.com/video/5INncTirp94/v-deo.html
This is exactly what i was looking for. You sir are an excellent teacher. Ihave a question though i hope you can help me with. In your presentation you mentioned that the bigger the bandwidth the greater the capacity that can be transmitted, but when I see FCC spectrum auctions the auction 600mhz or 3ghz or 28ghz. Those are not bands just points in the spectrum. Wouldn't they auction instead bands or frecuencies like 600mhz-900mhz or 3ghz-8ghz or 28hgz-38ghz? I hope my question makes sense.
Thank you for the kind words and don't worry your question definitely makes sense. The standards people refer to certain bands as just numbers because it's been used for long time but it is actually in fact a range of numbers. For example when we refer to 2.4 GHz WiFi, it actually starts from 2401 MHz to 2473 MHz (assuming only 11 channels). The same logic applies in cellular spectrum. niviuk.free.fr/lte_band.php - this is an excellent site that will help. Band 3, the most popular 4G band is referred to as 1800 MHz band. Here the downlink goes from 1805 to 1880 MHz while the uplink is 1710 to 1785 MHz. you can say that 1800 is the middle of downlink and uplink channels. On the other hand if you look at Band 1, the most popular 3G band, its referred to as 2100 MHz band. Here the downlink is from 2110 to 2170 but the uplink is 1920 to 1980 MHz, so the previous logic does not apply. You can say that this is more of a shorthand way to refer to frequencies as everyone would not understand what Band 7 or Band 28 means but will immediately understand if we says 2.6 GHz or 700 MHz band.
@@3G4G5G I had no idea. Thanks for your extensive explanation. It all makes sense now but at the same time opens up new doors that I need to explore. I will be checking more of your videos and let me know if there is anyway i can contribute with your channel. I'm learning a lot here and i think you should be compensated for that.
Glad it was useful. You can always help by liking the videos and spreading this channel to your friends and colleagues, this would really help. Thank you.
Thanks for such a easy comprehensive presentation. Really thought clearing. God bless you. Could you please explain or make a video how the LOS microwave communication covers a long distance with the higher frequency band? Is it because of power? or beamwidth?
It is actually a complex topic and yes because it's line of sight, you can increase power up to an extent. It then also depends on the antennas and you can form beams, etc. We suggest you check out this ebook from commscope - www.commscope.com/globalassets/digizuite/2912-microwave-communication-basics-ebook-co-109477-en.pdf?r=1
What does it mean to auction "a prticular amount" of a particular frequency? For example the government auctions 300mhz of 1800mhz frequency. Please answer sir
3GPP specifies bands that can be used for communications. You can see a complete list for 4G/LTE here: niviuk.free.fr/lte_band.php - as you can see, Band 3 is referred to as 1800 MHz band. There is a total of 2 x 75 MHz (FDD) available for use. Different countries will use different amounts. The regulator will generally auction the bands in chunks of 2 x 5MHz. If you look at the example of Switzerland here: operatorwatch.3g4g.co.uk/2019/02/switzerland-5g-auctions-results.html - you will see that Sunrise has 2x20 MHz of this band, Swisscom 2x30 and Salt 2 x 25 MHz. 300 MHz as you mentioned in your comment is a huge amount for the 1800 MHz band. You have that much available in mmWave for 5G. Hope this helps.
Hello, it is a very helpful video. I'm currently studying signal trasmission, can i ask u a question? Why is the Radio Frequency is considered a limited resource? Thank you in advance!
"Why is the Radio Frequency is considered a limited resource?" - Let us explain with a simple but silly example. Think of a building with 10 apartments. While the apartments are available for anyone, once somebody occupies it, nobody else can use it. So you can say that in a way it's limited resource. But, you can add new apartments in the building which can go on top of the existing apartments. Let's say you cannot extend the lift/elevator though. So you have new apartments that are available but difficult to use. This is like new mmWave spectrum. There are ways to do Apartment/Spectrum sharing as long as users agree and stick to the agreement. This is the way CBRS band works and new schemes are coming for unlicensed spectrum mobile access. Does this help clarify?
Is there an error on slide that explains "What is Frequency of Spectrum 'Band' " or is it just me ? From ultraviolet on ... 10^15 and not 10^-15 and so on. Exponents should be positive, not negative.
5:21 Yes, those numbers are incorrect - they should be to the positive power. Good spotting. Also, the units should have a lower case 'z'. I'm a stickler for that kind of thing.
Thank you very much for your effort, I still have a question about 5G NR, how is sub-6 ghz spectrum going to be better than LTE, because LTE uses sub-6 ghz also.
Better in 2 main ways. 1. It's slightly more spectrally efficient than LTE so you get an advantage there 2. You can use larger bandwidths (up to 100MHz as opposed to 20 MHz LTE) so you get an efficiency there.
Think of it the other way. You require smaller antennas for higher frequencies but you can also receive these frequencies with larger antennas. On the other hand, you cannot transmit/receive low frequencies with small antennas.
@@dcero5206 That's not the right way to think. The advantage of going to higher frequencies is that you can shrink the antenna size and have more antennas in place of where you would have had 1 or 2. This allows advanced stuff like beamforming which is not easy to do at lower frequencies.
Hey, one more question in this... on average for a voice call, how 'wide' is it? So lets say I have a cell phone belonging to Cell Provider A. They have coverage and license in my area at 700-725MHZ for uplink and 800-825MHZ for downlink. So that's 25MHz total allotted space for up and 25Mhz for down. How much bandwidth is used then for a single FDD call? How many calls can "fit" into this 25Mhz range? I know each band is then subdivided into channels, but how wide then is each channel and how many calls (average) can fit into a channel?
This is a very dangerous question so we wont even attempt to answer. First remember that in 3G, the bandwidth is 5MHz. In 4G, it can be a max of 20MHz. Again the calculations are quite different. A safe assumption is to think of 100 calls in 5MHz but then they depend on lots of other things. This is a good link for 4G VoLTE call calculation: lteuniversity.com/get_trained/expert_opinion1/b/donhanley/archive/2013/09/11/how-big-is-a-voice-call.aspx
Ahh thanks! I think I was wrongly assuming that the radio in the phone was the one that dictated how much bandwidth it needs...but rather it seems that the Access side technolgy is what says what bandwidth is allotted..
You mentioned about antenna size being half wavelength or one tenth thus on higher frequencies they will be smaller and enable good reception. However what about their transmitting capability - shorter antenna size will lead to poor transmitting capability ?
No, it will be fine. The only thing to remember is that higher frequency gets absorbed very easily so the transmitter just have to make sure it wont be blocked. For example the way you hold a phone may block higher frequencies, so the design will have to take care of where the antennas are placed.
@@3G4G5G does this mean that when you're in a building reception will be easily blocked by the walls. Will this make it difficult to get 5G inside buildings?
Thank you for your explanation. I still have some doubts. Do signals from different frequencies mix? how are receiver devices able to distinguish signals?
For simplicity assume they don't mix. All the frequencies are transmitted on air, the filters in the receiver can extract the required signal only and discard the others. Its like the analog tuning radios where you tune the receiver to receive only certain frequencies.
You should learn the basics as part of physics. Telecom specific details you would learn in one of the introductory courses, probably in the mobile communications part.
3G4G, So the FCC carves up the entire Radio Spectrum into different services like Maritime radio..amateur radio, cellular, radio astronomy etc... Now after they give the Cellular service different band ranges, how is it divided up then into technologies like GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, GPRS, LTE etc.. Do organizations like 3GPP 'buy' the spectrum from the FCC, then divide it up into different specific technologies like the specific GSM ranges or the LTE ranges etc? If this is true, then what competition do these organizations have? Surely the 3GPP is the biggest buyer, so who else would be even competing to buy the spectrum from the FCC? It seems like 3GPP is the only 'game in town' right now.. Last question! IF what I said above is true... then the 3GPP will take their purchased spectrum, divide it up into the specific technologies? The carriers like AT&T, Verizon, Sprint etc, have no ownership over any spectrum?
Each country has its own regulator. FCC for USA, Ofcom for UK, etc. ITU suggests which bands should be used for any technology but the operators & regulators have to decide the frequencies based on what else is available. You can see an example here: niviuk.free.fr/lte_band.php - different bands and the regions they are used in. For example most popular LTE band is Band 3. When the standards were being defined, it was thought that Band 7 (2600) would be most popular but because of poor indoor penetration characteristic, Band 3 was most popular. Having said that Verizon does not use either of the bands. Similarly, Sprint has a big chunk of band 41 which is not as popular other bands. For 5G, ITU did not recommend 28GHz band to be studied because satellite services are used in many other countries. US, Japan, South Korea, etc. decided to use this band for 5G because they have this band available and not used for satellite. In the end, 3GPP & ITU can just recommend but operators and regulators can do whatever they want. The reason for recommendation is to achieve economy of scale but due to advancements in technology, you can easily cater for smaller number of devices too.
Thank you! I hate to keep pressing you with questions, but I have one more...in the link that you provided, it gives a list on the left two coloums. The band number and name. In terms of the names some of them are named like 2100, because it is the name of the 2110-2140 range... but others have names like AWS-1, or WCS, or SMR etc... what are these? Are these just names given to the bands or do these describe different technologies? If they are different technologies are they still considered LTE? Does, for example AWS differ from WCS just because of the different frequency range? Why do some bands have these names and others just have generic numbers?
Each combination of DL and UL frequency is a band. Some of these bands were defined before LTE hence they have a name. I will let you Google the meanings as its fun to 😉. Frequencies doesnt affect the technology, its just that different devices support different bands. See for example iPhone 8 - www.apple.com/uk/iphone-8/specs/ - different models support different band combinations.
Thanks so much! I don't know why but I never really thought about the fact that the spectrum ranges obviously existed before they are put to use for their current usage. So before LTE standards were applied to the bandrange..it was probably being used for another purpose etc... So is the uplink/downlink frequencies only used for telecom? Does wifi, or other radio applications, use the uplink/downlink? Doesn't this basically mean that cellular use is 'double' that of wifi use? because Wifi, let's say Bluetooth or wifi 802.11, may use the 2.4 Ghz but LTE uses like GSM or CDMA for example will use two different ranges...1 for up and 1 for down?
Thats the difference between TDD and FDD. FDD has paired spectrum while TDD hasnt. WiFi, etc. are TDD. See the LTE bands link for TDD LTE bands (33 to 52)
Hey, another question (I'm full of 'em...) Can two or more different carriers, own the same band range of spectrum (let's say LTE Band 1 for example) in the same area? So basically could T-Mobile, and AT&T have licneses to operate at 1920Mhz in New York? If they can both do this, why is there such a fight over spectrum? But if they both can not operate on the same area with the same bands, does that mean they can own license for the same frequencies... but must never overlap? So if AT&T owns Band 1 license for New York City...literally no other carrier can operate in New York City with that Band 1?
Depending on the country and available spectrum, its divided into chunks. For example in UK for Band 1, 2 x 60MHz (FDD) was available in total. This is now allocated as 2 x 20MHz with EE, 2 x 15MHz each with Vodafone and Three and 2 x 10MHz with O2. Remember that this was auctioned in the days of 3G where the bandwidth requirement was 5MHz per carrier. Now with 4G, its allocated with higher bandwidths in mind. This wil increase again with 5G. American system is a bit complex due to multiple markets within the same country but I am sure you will figure it out.
Thanks! makes a lot of sense.. I also get the feeling then, that starting up a Carrier as a business would be extremely hard to do since the current big carriers have a ton more money to buy spectrum ranges plus, there's already not a ton to go around... Atleast in the US. Maybe in other countries it would be easier to start a smaller bandwidth provider company.
Yes, its much more difficult than most people expect. In old days equipment cost, reliability, etc. was a big issue but thats no longer the case. Spectrum costs and availability, regulation, site fees, power and backhaul availability, etc. are still big issues though. Someday we will make a presentation on this aspect of the carrier.
This is the most ultimate presentation of radio spectrum that I ever watched on UA-cam. It is a great detail explanation and well simplified. Thank you very much for your excellent work here and sharing.
Thank you for your kind words. It really made our day 😊
Indian scAm 2.o
Agreed, there is good detail here to answer different questions, like how big is a radio wave, the size of a pinky or a whale? 5G still provides coverage in rural areas using lower frequencies similar to 2G and 3G that were better at giving areas to places far away from signals than 4G by having a larger range of frequencies used, and the reason for higher frequency waves is to pack more information in each phase for faster connection. Great job.
Wish my signals teacher could have taught me like that. I slept through most of his lectures. Thank you. Respects from Pakistan
The best Presentation ever on RF fundamentals and further into wireless technologies.
The best video I have watched about spectrum so far. The best for beginners.
the most complete video I have ever seen... Absolute beauty
Simply awesome, covered a huge topic in such short time.
I am a tower technician and this is very accurate and useful thank you for this
Thank you. I appreciate the beginner training. I am working on a foundation; this helped.
Very helpful broad overview for a beginner! - Thank you! excellent presentation!
It is very well done in terms of both charts and explanation. The speaker is excellent.
Thank you, I'm studying the 5G architecture and this fundamental knowledge is not covered in the lecture, it really helps making sense out of the different terminology :)
Roxana Tapia is 5g as bad as they say lol figured I’d ask since we have the same last name lol
@@vincenttapia2105 lol! Sadly I don't have any medical background to confirm the myths. I understand is a big enabler for remote surgery, drone-driven deliveries and self-driven cars. In that sense could have a positive impact in the environment. I think it might have an impact in our brain, because of the massive increment in electromagnetic frequency in the signals, but I don't know for sure. Maybe there is already serious research on that topic :) In the lecture the focus was in the technical perspective and not in the ethical. I hope the implementers considered it before coming up with this new technology! Greetings
@@roshcoben8820 in certain places they have this technology all the birds are falling dead, and media and blaming global warming for this but this is not the case because as we know birds migrate to different locations.
Good presentation! I’ve not worked in communications during my career but I find the topic interesting and the presentation at about the right level for me.
It was a grest pleasure to be present at your presentalion.
Nice presentation !
Well done !!!
Very detailed explanation regarding spectrum. You have made it very simple to understand. Tks for sharing.
Great video, and great channel. Good for a non-tech guy like myself. Thank you!
Very good and easy to understand presentation...keep it up the good work here 👏
awesome tutorial. You simplied everything. I did not wait a second before subscribing to your channels . Looking forward to see more great video from you.
The explanations are well worded and accompanying visuals are also good ...covering a lot of basics ...
Thanks for your feedback.
My knowledge on radio frequency went from 0 to 100, thank you
well explained thanks
Absolutely amazing video, thanks for sharing this information, gave a thumbs up.
The most informative video I've seen on any topic on youtube. Well done sir.
Very nice...although I didn't understand it 100%. Thanks for the effort.
very basic level presentation for someone novice to waves, spectrum etc. Thanks for sharing knowledge.
Thanks Raman, glad you liked it. We want to make basic knowledge of telecoms industry available to everyone. Help us spread the word.
Very useful presentation.Appreciate his efforts . KUDOS
Very well explained 👌🏻
Thank you so much for sharing this information! Would love to see more videos on this information.
Good video brother ...quite informative for Telco guys. Keep it Up👍
sir you have done a fantastic job
Amazing video!
I think this a great explanation to a novice like my self. This is a very understandable video. Thank You.
It was very nice and informative video. Thank you
Very well explained. Thank you
excellent way of explaining a complex topic. thumbs up !!!
Very useful presentation, thanks for putting this out it really helped simplify things.
Thanks for the presentation. Great!
Many thanks. So grateful
Quality content👏
Very Good explanation
Very brief explanation. Applause
This is a perfect overview! Thank you!
Good video man.
really detailed, simple and concise. Thank you for sharing the knowledge.
Very nice and informative.
Absolutely The Best Explanation !
this is good, thanks for sharing, would you show the antenna design of Samsung phone? by comparing to Apple iPhone
It's difficult to find one but we will keep an eye out and post a link when we find it.
I learnt a lot from Pakistan Brother
since u are knowledgeable in this area, maybe u can make a video to address the concerns of 5g being a health hazard, which a big topic these days.
Hello, there are already a lot of resources to address the 5G health hazard concerns. Unfortunately people have stopped believing in science and experts. Here is a fantastic video by Apis Training for instance - ua-cam.com/video/5INncTirp94/v-deo.html
@Russell Richards No, we have collected all the resources here: www.3g4g.co.uk/5G/HealthAndSafety/
great explanation
Good tuto
This is exactly what i was looking for. You sir are an excellent teacher. Ihave a question though i hope you can help me with.
In your presentation you mentioned that the bigger the bandwidth the greater the capacity that can be transmitted, but when I see FCC spectrum auctions the auction 600mhz or 3ghz or 28ghz. Those are not bands just points in the spectrum. Wouldn't they auction instead bands or frecuencies like 600mhz-900mhz or 3ghz-8ghz or 28hgz-38ghz? I hope my question makes sense.
Thank you for the kind words and don't worry your question definitely makes sense.
The standards people refer to certain bands as just numbers because it's been used for long time but it is actually in fact a range of numbers. For example when we refer to 2.4 GHz WiFi, it actually starts from 2401 MHz to 2473 MHz (assuming only 11 channels). The same logic applies in cellular spectrum.
niviuk.free.fr/lte_band.php - this is an excellent site that will help. Band 3, the most popular 4G band is referred to as 1800 MHz band. Here the downlink goes from 1805 to 1880 MHz while the uplink is 1710 to 1785 MHz. you can say that 1800 is the middle of downlink and uplink channels. On the other hand if you look at Band 1, the most popular 3G band, its referred to as 2100 MHz band. Here the downlink is from 2110 to 2170 but the uplink is 1920 to 1980 MHz, so the previous logic does not apply. You can say that this is more of a shorthand way to refer to frequencies as everyone would not understand what Band 7 or Band 28 means but will immediately understand if we says 2.6 GHz or 700 MHz band.
@@3G4G5G I had no idea. Thanks for your extensive explanation. It all makes sense now but at the same time opens up new doors that I need to explore. I will be checking more of your videos and let me know if there is anyway i can contribute with your channel. I'm learning a lot here and i think you should be compensated for that.
Glad it was useful. You can always help by liking the videos and spreading this channel to your friends and colleagues, this would really help. Thank you.
Voice quality can be improved. But the presentation was very good
Thank you. This is one of our initial videos, we have improved a lot in the last couple of years 😃
Great! Congratulations. Very clear explanation.
Nice presentation, thanks.
very very useful presentation sir, thank you
thank you sir, good explanation.
It would be cool if you could make a video explaining how cell phone jammers work.
Thanks a lot...
Thanks for such a easy comprehensive presentation. Really thought clearing. God bless you. Could you please explain or make a video how the LOS microwave communication covers a long distance with the higher frequency band? Is it because of power? or beamwidth?
It is actually a complex topic and yes because it's line of sight, you can increase power up to an extent. It then also depends on the antennas and you can form beams, etc. We suggest you check out this ebook from commscope - www.commscope.com/globalassets/digizuite/2912-microwave-communication-basics-ebook-co-109477-en.pdf?r=1
Very Good Presentation
great video
Very good,thxs for the very interesting video, gb
Very nice explanation - thanks!
Thann you sir, this video very useful for learners ...
nice explanation
What does it mean to auction "a prticular amount" of a particular frequency? For example the government auctions 300mhz of 1800mhz frequency. Please answer sir
3GPP specifies bands that can be used for communications. You can see a complete list for 4G/LTE here: niviuk.free.fr/lte_band.php - as you can see, Band 3 is referred to as 1800 MHz band. There is a total of 2 x 75 MHz (FDD) available for use. Different countries will use different amounts.
The regulator will generally auction the bands in chunks of 2 x 5MHz. If you look at the example of Switzerland here: operatorwatch.3g4g.co.uk/2019/02/switzerland-5g-auctions-results.html - you will see that Sunrise has 2x20 MHz of this band, Swisscom 2x30 and Salt 2 x 25 MHz.
300 MHz as you mentioned in your comment is a huge amount for the 1800 MHz band. You have that much available in mmWave for 5G. Hope this helps.
Well researched content
Thank you for the video! It is easy to understand
15:02 you said that 4G is 1800Mhz but the scale you presented says 800Mhz?
1800 Mhz is the most popular 4G band but 4G is present in other bands too. Here is a list of all the 4G bands - www.sqimway.com/lte_band.php
Thank you.. It really helped!
Sir could you please make a video on GSM, CDMA and various generations. Thank you
There are some very good videos about earlier generations of technologies. We have linked them on our training page here: www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/
Hello, it is a very helpful video. I'm currently studying signal trasmission, can i ask u a question?
Why is the Radio Frequency is considered a limited resource?
Thank you in advance!
"Why is the Radio Frequency is considered a limited resource?" - Let us explain with a simple but silly example. Think of a building with 10 apartments. While the apartments are available for anyone, once somebody occupies it, nobody else can use it. So you can say that in a way it's limited resource.
But, you can add new apartments in the building which can go on top of the existing apartments. Let's say you cannot extend the lift/elevator though. So you have new apartments that are available but difficult to use. This is like new mmWave spectrum.
There are ways to do Apartment/Spectrum sharing as long as users agree and stick to the agreement. This is the way CBRS band works and new schemes are coming for unlicensed spectrum mobile access.
Does this help clarify?
@@3G4G5G oh thank you!! It's more clear now. Have a nice day!!
Is there an error on slide that explains "What is Frequency of Spectrum 'Band' " or is it just me ? From ultraviolet on ... 10^15 and not 10^-15 and so on. Exponents should be positive, not negative.
5:21 Yes, those numbers are incorrect - they should be to the positive power. Good spotting. Also, the units should have a lower case 'z'. I'm a stickler for that kind of thing.
Thanks Janez and Tony. We are aware but unfortunately there is no way to fix it :-(
very informatic
Thanks for sharing!
Thank you very much for your effort, I still have a question about 5G NR, how is sub-6 ghz spectrum going to be better than LTE, because LTE uses sub-6 ghz also.
Better in 2 main ways.
1. It's slightly more spectrally efficient than LTE so you get an advantage there
2. You can use larger bandwidths (up to 100MHz as opposed to 20 MHz LTE) so you get an efficiency there.
so the smaller the antenna the higher the frequency it can pick up?
Think of it the other way. You require smaller antennas for higher frequencies but you can also receive these frequencies with larger antennas. On the other hand, you cannot transmit/receive low frequencies with small antennas.
@@3G4G5G it acts as a filter almost?
@@dcero5206 That's not the right way to think. The advantage of going to higher frequencies is that you can shrink the antenna size and have more antennas in place of where you would have had 1 or 2. This allows advanced stuff like beamforming which is not easy to do at lower frequencies.
Thank you. Very helpful.......
Thank you🙏
Amazing..👍👍
Hey, one more question in this... on average for a voice call, how 'wide' is it?
So lets say I have a cell phone belonging to Cell Provider A. They have coverage and license in my area at 700-725MHZ for uplink and 800-825MHZ for downlink. So that's 25MHz total allotted space for up and 25Mhz for down. How much bandwidth is used then for a single FDD call? How many calls can "fit" into this 25Mhz range? I know each band is then subdivided into channels, but how wide then is each channel and how many calls (average) can fit into a channel?
This is a very dangerous question so we wont even attempt to answer. First remember that in 3G, the bandwidth is 5MHz. In 4G, it can be a max of 20MHz. Again the calculations are quite different. A safe assumption is to think of 100 calls in 5MHz but then they depend on lots of other things. This is a good link for 4G VoLTE call calculation: lteuniversity.com/get_trained/expert_opinion1/b/donhanley/archive/2013/09/11/how-big-is-a-voice-call.aspx
Ahh thanks! I think I was wrongly assuming that the radio in the phone was the one that dictated how much bandwidth it needs...but rather it seems that the Access side technolgy is what says what bandwidth is allotted..
You mentioned about antenna size being half wavelength or one tenth thus on higher frequencies they will be smaller and enable good reception. However what about their transmitting capability - shorter antenna size will lead to poor transmitting capability ?
No, it will be fine. The only thing to remember is that higher frequency gets absorbed very easily so the transmitter just have to make sure it wont be blocked. For example the way you hold a phone may block higher frequencies, so the design will have to take care of where the antennas are placed.
@@3G4G5G does this mean that when you're in a building reception will be easily blocked by the walls. Will this make it difficult to get 5G inside buildings?
Yes, it will be tricky for the high throughput layer (mmWaves) and Capacity layer above 3 GHz. For coverage layer, below 2 GHz, it should be okay.
Thank you for your explanation. I still have some doubts.
Do signals from different frequencies mix? how are receiver devices able to distinguish signals?
For simplicity assume they don't mix. All the frequencies are transmitted on air, the filters in the receiver can extract the required signal only and discard the others. Its like the analog tuning radios where you tune the receiver to receive only certain frequencies.
جزاكم الله تعالى خير
In Which subject i can learn this type of things .
You should learn the basics as part of physics. Telecom specific details you would learn in one of the introductory courses, probably in the mobile communications part.
@@3G4G5G thank you
Excellent
good job..thanks for your time
Thank you for your feedback.
very good information
3G4G, So the FCC carves up the entire Radio Spectrum into different services like Maritime radio..amateur radio, cellular, radio astronomy etc... Now after they give the Cellular service different band ranges, how is it divided up then into technologies like GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, GPRS, LTE etc.. Do organizations like 3GPP 'buy' the spectrum from the FCC, then divide it up into different specific technologies like the specific GSM ranges or the LTE ranges etc?
If this is true, then what competition do these organizations have? Surely the 3GPP is the biggest buyer, so who else would be even competing to buy the spectrum from the FCC? It seems like 3GPP is the only 'game in town' right now..
Last question! IF what I said above is true... then the 3GPP will take their purchased spectrum, divide it up into the specific technologies? The carriers like AT&T, Verizon, Sprint etc, have no ownership over any spectrum?
Each country has its own regulator. FCC for USA, Ofcom for UK, etc. ITU suggests which bands should be used for any technology but the operators & regulators have to decide the frequencies based on what else is available.
You can see an example here: niviuk.free.fr/lte_band.php - different bands and the regions they are used in. For example most popular LTE band is Band 3. When the standards were being defined, it was thought that Band 7 (2600) would be most popular but because of poor indoor penetration characteristic, Band 3 was most popular. Having said that Verizon does not use either of the bands. Similarly, Sprint has a big chunk of band 41 which is not as popular other bands.
For 5G, ITU did not recommend 28GHz band to be studied because satellite services are used in many other countries. US, Japan, South Korea, etc. decided to use this band for 5G because they have this band available and not used for satellite.
In the end, 3GPP & ITU can just recommend but operators and regulators can do whatever they want. The reason for recommendation is to achieve economy of scale but due to advancements in technology, you can easily cater for smaller number of devices too.
Thank you! I hate to keep pressing you with questions, but I have one more...in the link that you provided, it gives a list on the left two coloums. The band number and name. In terms of the names some of them are named like 2100, because it is the name of the 2110-2140 range... but others have names like AWS-1, or WCS, or SMR etc... what are these? Are these just names given to the bands or do these describe different technologies? If they are different technologies are they still considered LTE? Does, for example AWS differ from WCS just because of the different frequency range? Why do some bands have these names and others just have generic numbers?
Each combination of DL and UL frequency is a band. Some of these bands were defined before LTE hence they have a name. I will let you Google the meanings as its fun to 😉.
Frequencies doesnt affect the technology, its just that different devices support different bands. See for example iPhone 8 - www.apple.com/uk/iphone-8/specs/ - different models support different band combinations.
Thanks so much! I don't know why but I never really thought about the fact that the spectrum ranges obviously existed before they are put to use for their current usage. So before LTE standards were applied to the bandrange..it was probably being used for another purpose etc... So is the uplink/downlink frequencies only used for telecom? Does wifi, or other radio applications, use the uplink/downlink? Doesn't this basically mean that cellular use is 'double' that of wifi use? because Wifi, let's say Bluetooth or wifi 802.11, may use the 2.4 Ghz but LTE uses like GSM or CDMA for example will use two different ranges...1 for up and 1 for down?
Thats the difference between TDD and FDD. FDD has paired spectrum while TDD hasnt. WiFi, etc. are TDD. See the LTE bands link for TDD LTE bands (33 to 52)
Muito Obrigado por esta grandiosa explicação
Hey, another question (I'm full of 'em...) Can two or more different carriers, own the same band range of spectrum (let's say LTE Band 1 for example) in the same area? So basically could T-Mobile, and AT&T have licneses to operate at 1920Mhz in New York? If they can both do this, why is there such a fight over spectrum? But if they both can not operate on the same area with the same bands, does that mean they can own license for the same frequencies... but must never overlap? So if AT&T owns Band 1 license for New York City...literally no other carrier can operate in New York City with that Band 1?
Depending on the country and available spectrum, its divided into chunks. For example in UK for Band 1, 2 x 60MHz (FDD) was available in total. This is now allocated as 2 x 20MHz with EE, 2 x 15MHz each with Vodafone and Three and 2 x 10MHz with O2.
Remember that this was auctioned in the days of 3G where the bandwidth requirement was 5MHz per carrier. Now with 4G, its allocated with higher bandwidths in mind. This wil increase again with 5G.
American system is a bit complex due to multiple markets within the same country but I am sure you will figure it out.
Thanks! makes a lot of sense.. I also get the feeling then, that starting up a Carrier as a business would be extremely hard to do since the current big carriers have a ton more money to buy spectrum ranges plus, there's already not a ton to go around... Atleast in the US. Maybe in other countries it would be easier to start a smaller bandwidth provider company.
Yes, its much more difficult than most people expect. In old days equipment cost, reliability, etc. was a big issue but thats no longer the case. Spectrum costs and availability, regulation, site fees, power and backhaul availability, etc. are still big issues though.
Someday we will make a presentation on this aspect of the carrier.
Good one
finest data thanks
nic
Thankyou very much.....
Thanks a bunch
thnkks
Thanks
Its very tactful
Save yourself time and skip to 14:23 if ya wanna just hear about cellphones!!!!!!!!!!!!
Thanks for the feedback 👍
do u have a copy of your slides available somewhere? great presentation btw 👍
Thank you. All slides on SlideShare. Follow links from here: www.3g4g.co.uk/Training/