Agreed. I did have some minor issues with tiny elements of the presentation where I thought there were "gaps" or miniscule errors that could have been corrected, but the bonus was, I made notes for myself to "fix" these "problems" which just made me learn/understand/retain the lesson so much better. BRAVO GSN !!!!
I love this guy's ambition. Start with individual transistors on a breadboard and work your way up to a human brain. I haven't seen this level of optimism since heaven's gate. Go get 'em, buddy
The diagrams shown at the same time are amazing !! One teeny quibble is the use of crossed lines/wires on a diagram...this implies that if they were connected, a black dot would be used to show there was a junction. I prefer a small semicircle overlay when wires pass over each other. Other than such a stupid point from me, this was perfect !!
Im currently building a 16bit calculator using breadboards for a school project, and this video is the main reason why i haven't lost my mind yet... Thank you for saving my sanity :3
@@TheSumOfAnIdeod Awe man, well hopefully when you are fished and you look back it will all be worth it! As long as you have some type of current limiting resistor in each path to ground it should not fry a transistor. I can see starting out that this would happen from time to time. Usually, you can smell that something is going wrong! ha ha
@@GlobalScienceNetwork Actually it would be very scary. I'm already terrified of the rapid advancements in AI. Not the AI itself but how it is used and how it is causing massive changes in society.
@@ArcanePath360 it is something to think about. What specifically are you worried about? Are you worried AI will take jobs? So far it has allowed me to be more way productive in programming tasks and provides better answers to my questions than search engines. So it helps workers be more productive. As long as people have equal access to AI it seems like a great thing. AI running on digital computers is actually quite limited though, the future and big gains will be when we build hardware-based neural networks. Then the machines will likely be considered non-biological life and things will be quite interesting.
@@GlobalScienceNetwork I'm worried about Orwellian uses of it in the UK with our current government wanting a Big Brother style socialist Orwellian nightmare for us. They are already talking about digital currency and a social credit system, pay per mile, digital IDs etc. They will use AI to root out all the wrong think on the internet past and present and de-person their enemies. I'm talking about the extreme worst case scenario, but based on what I'm seeing from Starmer who has only been in power for 1 month he seems to be going full Ingsoc
I've watched many videos on youtube but this guy explain it so well, maybe the fact that I've watched and many video and have a better understanding can play a significant role too, however, I really like how he explain in details how it works
Outstanding video, this should be shown to all hobbyists at least once, I'm only 15 with self taught knowledge but this was able to sum everything up for me nicely.
Thanks, I'm glad you found it helpful! I would suggest trying to build the 4-bit calculator as a great starter project after building the logic gates. It requires 4 breadboards and is made with 4 full adders.
Excellent. I can learn those now by taking notes from this video. I have a delivery that is a breadboard and it's coming soon. I'll rate this 10 star ⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
This video is amazing. So much content and details for free, much better than pay these Courses in Udemy that doesn’t teach nothing. Thank you for time and dedication put k on n this video.
For the NOR gate you do not need two transistors, one transistor should be enough. In your scheme you can "merge" both transistors into one, so that A and B inputs connect to single base, this will result in functionally the same circuit. Thanks for the video!
This is great. We definitely need more of this content. I agree with the concept that everyone should have an idea of the hardware level. I personally love transistor circuits and building things at level zero. Young engineers nowadays are often so far removed from the physical workings that their abstract thinking tends to make things more complicated than necessary. My co-students in my university electronics class were not able to get in touch with the hardware side on a basic level. Their mind was biased to think in software it seems. See how many people on youtube alone have to use an entire arduino microcontroller to do something as simple as blink an LED. I once build a mobile robot with some basic intelligence using only "analog" logic made from transistors and general IC's like opamps. This video does a great job showing the building blocks for digital logic. No magic black boxes, but basically just physics at work. Wonderful!
Well said GlevoTec. When I was learning electronics, I had to build circuits to understand the theories and concepts that I was learning in class. Luckily, my father was an electronic engineer, so there was never a shortage of components around my house. Learning electronics would have been MUCH more difficult for me if I had to do it without hardware. I've used Arduino boards to make projects where a microprocessor is necessary for the functionality of what I want to do. I've also been amazed by the complexity of the design and programming that some go through to blink an LED with a microprocessor. That's something I could do with a 555 timer or a few transistors, a couple of passive components, and a 9 V battery.
@GlevoTec thanks for the response. I am planning to build basic intelligence into a robot as well using artificial neurons for the logic. I am curious what input sensors you think would be best to use for vision. Do you know of a camera where a grid output can be easily obtained. Or just use individual IR Infrared Obstacle Avoidance Sensor or ultrasonic sensors. I have the ELEGOO Smart Robot Car Kit V4 and I am probably goin to see if I can interface some of these sensors with the neurons unless I come up with a better idea.
@@GlobalScienceNetwork Thanks for the reply. I do have some ideas for vision actually. I've sent you an e-mail few days ago with some questions. I'd be happy to discuss some ideas there too. Greetings
Some quality content at last! I was searching for these things for a long time and finally found the best thing on youtube. I watched Ben Eater and he was also quite useful but he never told things like adding just a buffer, we can send the signal to any other circuit and I was just stuck in this problem that how will I send the output of an AND gate to another circuit. LOTS of wishes for you success and hope you keep doing more like this.
Thanks for the positive feedback. That is good you were searching out how to build with multiple logic gates using transitors! Follow along and I bet you will be able to help on future builds!
Thanks! I think building digital logic gates is something everyone should take time to understand. We will be using this basic information to build more advanced computations devices soon!
Great video! I have been messing around with the 74HC series chips, and was thinking about going fully discrete. So far, what has caused the most frustration is the crappy quality breadboards and thin leads on the resistors that I have been using. I have wasted a few hours, thinking that I made a mistake, and couldn't find it. Only to discover that everything magically works when I wiggle the wires. I just ordered some BB830 boards per Ben Eater's recommendation. What brand of resistors do you use?
Awesome, going discrete can be rewarding as you can see every component in the circuit. Any 1/4 watt resistor should work, these are the small ones. Yeah, when it comes down to wiggling wires it can be frustrating. Honestly, I had a few bad connections in breadboards that were a pain but find it is around a 2-10 percent bad transistor rate that causes most of the problems. So I do a quick transistor test to make sure they are good and it makes things go much smoother. Check out my video on testing transistors. Great questions!
Good question, as current flows into the base of the transistor the transistor allows current to pass with some but a very small amount of resistance (around 8 Ohms). So now the current going to ground has to go through two resistors. Since the 2K resistor is so much larger almost all the voltage drop occurs across that resistor. Does that make sense to you?
@@GlobalScienceNetworkyeah...now I understand better but still I don't know how it was calculated as 4.984v through 2k resistor and 0.16v through LED. Could you please mention the way to calculate these!!
@@Mani-wq1de Well how much equivalent resistance there is across a transistor is not really a value that is common knowledge. Once you have it though the voltage drop is calculated as two resistors in series. I got it from a circuit simulator. The .16V is what would be left. This is not enough to go through the LED as a yellow LED requires a voltage drop of 1.9V to turn on. I was pointing out that this is why the LED is off.
The 2N2222 and 2N3904 NPN transistors are always 1 emitter (left pin), 2 base (middle pin), 3 collector (right pin). There are quite a few images and sources online that show this wrong. There are NPN transistors like the BC547 which are 1 collector (left pin), 2 base (middle pin), 3 emitter (right pin). So you do have to check based on the model even if it is a NPN transitors.
Thanks for this video - it must have been a lot of work going through all of those options. A couple of suggestions for the future. 1. at some point you started referring to the base of a transistor as its 'input'. That's kinda confusion terminology - in some sense the E, B, C are all 'inputs'. I suggest using 'base' to avoid confusion. 2. When you discuss the use of default the pull-up resistors in ICs it would have been good to mention that they are specific to the LS family. If your viewers ended up with HC ICs then they'd be confused as to why they weren't working! Looking forward to seeing future videos.
Thanks for the feedback. I really do appreciate it as I will be trying to improve video quality as I learn along the way. I will be trying some close-up camera angles in future videos as well. I did use LS ICs for the most part. Although I ran out of one type and the HC version did work with the resistor values I used. The input voltage and output drive voltages are slightly different for HC vs LS. I am pretty sure either one will work with the 5V input, yellow LED and resistor values used. Although I am not positive about that. Thanks for following along! Building a 4-bit computer with individual transistors is next and then artificial neurons. It should be fun!
Thanks, that would be a good way to make the circuit diagrams as well. I used EasyEDA and have a video about how to use that program if you are interested.
@@GlobalScienceNetwork Oh, interesting! I managed to reproduce identical diagrams in LaTeX with the circuitikz package, so I assume that both EasyEDA and circuitikz are using the same assets. Very nice!
Could you please explain why in OR1 you connected transistors' collectors, but in NOR gate you connected their bases? I'm a bit confused. Also, I always thought the right and left pins are emitter and collector respectively but in this video it seems it's opposite. Sorry I'm new to all of this but I love it. And thank you for your work!
The inputs should go into the base for all of the logic gates I made in this video. The extra resistor on the collector allows the output signal to be sent to other circuits. It is not an on or off for the circuit. There are logic gate designs were this is not the case. For the 2N2222 and 2N3904 it goes emitter(left) base(middle) and Collector(right). Depending on the model the emitter and collector orientation can be switched.
Again, another good video. However, I did notice a tendency to randomly (?) use the word "across" when "through" was probably meant. As an example, when saying that current goes through a resistor, then through a transistor, then through a switch, etc; what was actually said was more along the lines of, current goes through the resistor, then ACROSS the transistor, then ACROSS the switch, etc. I know what you meant, but I suspect a lot of beginners might be thrown for a loop by the inconsistency, and by the word ACROSS being used in conjunction with current, where instead it is usually used in reference to voltage (drop).
Yeah, I thought about that. I was using through and across to say the same thing and just changed up the wording because otherwise the wording was very repetitive as I describe where the current is flowing in most of the circuits. It is good to know what other people think when watching the videos as I am trying to improve as I make new videos. Thanks!
The resistors are mostly current limiting resistors. So a value from around 330 ohm to 2.2K will work. I like to use, 1K, 2K or 2.2K as less current/power is used.
Just subscribed 😅. My son just started computer learning. If you make your videos as clear,well detailed and simple as this one then your channel would be one of the best ! BTW , would you please suggest any free simulator of the kind you are doing so we can learn from your channel then practice on the simulator Thanks
Thanks for subscribing Kenzo! I made all of the drawings with EasyEDA, it is free to use. Go to their site under products and choose the standard online editor. When you are in the editor switch to simulation mode. Start a new project, you might have to start an account but it is free. If you do not like this one LTspice is another popular circuit simulator. Just look for tutorials online. Yeah, that would be great if you follow along. I will be building a 4-bit computer using individual transistors and then will be working on circuits that act as artificial neurons. Also if you use 1K resistors rather than 2K in EasyEDA the LEDs should light up in the simulator. Otherwise, you will have to use the multimeter function to view the results.
I see your other videos may have what I'm looking for in some form but since I haven't looked harder at that yet, I would like to ask if you have any advice on how to hook up multiple of these gates in a line? This is because there was a version for each gate to make chaining them possible.
Yeah, if you watch my full adder video it explains how multiple logical gates can be used to make more complex logic. The how computers add numbers explains how to take the full adders and make a simple 4-bit calculator. I am actually working right now to make a 4-bit computer using individual logic gates where the logic gates are built with individual transistors. Thanks for watching, if you have any other questions, let me know.
It should be helpful. I have two videos about how to make a 4-bit adder/calculator using transistor's. One is called how computers add numbers. I also have one called how to build a full adder. Once you understand the logic gates making the adders and calculator should be straightforward.
I am not sure it needs a whole video. For a circuit to work it needs to go in a complete loop. The voltage starts at 5 volts and goes to zero when it reaches the ground how much current flows depends on the resistance of the circuit. If it was not connected to a ground no current would flow. Think of it as water 5 feet above the surface it can not flow if it is held at 5 feet. It needs to have an open pipe/wire connected to zero feet for water to flow.
Well the inverter makes an on input signal into and off input signal, and an off input signal into and on input signal. The circuit has one input and one output. I would recommend trying to build the circuit and testing it out. If you have a specific question about the circuit, let me know.
I tried to do the inverter but it wasn’t working, when i pulled one of the red wire terminal out the led lit up What should i do I am using a 9V battery is that not usable for the circuit? I don’t understand
Well, that is half of what you want. When the input is off or floating the LED will be on. Connect a 2K resistor from power to the base/middle pin and it should shut the LED off. The 9V battery should work. Just make sure you have a min of 1K current-limiting resistors to be safe. If it does not shut off then your transistor is backward, broken, or the wrong type.
@@GlobalScienceNetwork when it is floating the led is on but when it isnt the led is off regardless of the input I just connected the resistor to the base of the transistor and it made no difference Thanks for trying to help though 😊
@@TechnoHailss That is what you want. Which state do you think is wrong? When the resistor is connected to the base the input is on and the output is off. When the input is grounded or floating the input is off and the output is on. The push button switch I use just connects the 2K resistor to the base when it is pressed down. When it is not pressed the input is floating/off so the output is on.
@@GlobalScienceNetwork See when the circuit is all in place the LED is not on but when i lift on of the wires the LED turns on that is my problem. The LED should be on initially for an inverter circuit but it is off when i pull out the red wire or the black wire which is connected to the transistor(at row 20) the LED turns on. This is probably sounding a bit dumb because i am trying but am not able to convey my problem properly. Sorry for the trouble
@@TechnoHailss I see, well if you email me a picture I could see if anything is set up wrong. I would suggest trying different transistors as well, even try a different breadboard. I know that 2N2222 and 2N3904 transistors work well for logic gates.
For breadboards and a breadboard computer I thought using BJTs were more robust for static shock reasons. I did not want one mistake to break my circuits. BJTs can take some abuse and keep working. However, I have been using 2N7000 MOSFETs in my more recent designs for artificial neurons and have not had any issues. I hope to make videos about MOSFET logic gates as well. Many ICs use BJTs and people do not even realize it. BJTs make reliable circuits. MOSFETs being voltage gated does allow for more power efficient designs. If the projects is using more than a few thousand transistor then using MOSFETs is the way to go. So for smaller designs BJTs are robust and work and for large designs it is good to use MOSFETS.
Hi. Ive been trying to build my own 4 bit CPU and im having trouble with sending outputs to multiple points. I find the LEDs become dimmer or they dont turn on at all when I try. How do i tackle this issue?
Hi, I can try and help. When you are sending an output to lots of input locations the output signal can pick the path of least resistance and not activate (overcome the input gate voltage threshold) of all the inputs. One solution can be to add a buffer to the inputs so that when the circuit is grounded it is off for all the inputs and when it is not grounded it is on. This way it is not limited by which path the current takes. You can also build the logic gates to inherently work this way. I should have included this in the logic gate video but I learned it after I made this video. If you watch the 4-bit computer video, I am pretty sure I show the buffer design at one point in the video. It also could be that you need to add capacitors across the power rails if the circuit is very large.
@@GlobalScienceNetwork thanks, ill try that. I did see the buffer circuit in one of your videos but I don't know which one I should use when sending to multiple inputs (the one with 2 transistors or 1? ).
@@GlobalScienceNetwork I also dont know much about capacitors so could you expand on them briefly? I am trying to build my own 4 bit CPU so I think that could be considered a large circuit ha ha
These are mostly current-limiting resistors. The values can be from around 330 Ohm to 2.2K. Using a 2.2K resistor makes it so less power is used so that is a good value to use. In most of my circuits, you will see I use 1K, 2K, or 2.2K. It also makes it so the LED is not super bright.
Somehow this was a duplicate Comment. I responded to the other comment. I and just responding here cause I try and respond to all my comments. Thanks for watching!
I haven't commented on any youtube videos but seeing you replying to every comments makes me wanna reach out and say thanks! also in the AND 3 and OR 2 gate, when both resistor A and B are off, the currents flows through the third transistor right but why the the main current flowing from the rightmost wire prefer the other ground instead of ground through LED, is this because of resistance of LED?
Thanks! You have the right idea. The yellow LED has a voltage drop of 2.2 volts and the voltage drop across the transistor when the base of the transistor has a supply current is very low. So the voltage drop across the rightmody resistor is almost the full 5 volts. So now there is not enough voltage left after the voltage drop to overcome the 2.2 volts required to turn on the LED and have current flow to that ground.
@@GlobalScienceNetwork in the XOR 1 gate, when both A and B are on, why does the current flowing through the wire just right of B prefer the GND towards the left but not towards the base of transistor at the right.
Do you have Video which goes from small signal analog amplifier for radio, audio, and video to a gate? I still think that the S in LS has a great explanation. TTL is great for glue logic, but if we put 1000 transistors on a board, we can decide what to use. CMOS needs those large anti static diodes on the pins. Current amplifiers. TTL does not. So for small integration TTL wins, for large other logic wins. AND and OR is just add with a different bias. Bipolar transistors have this exponential curve which gives us saturation behavior. I guess that we need to invert the signal twice per gate if we want saturation with npn only. XOR needs more strict voltage levels. Closed metal box. Cooling. Tuning. Maybe we get to voltage levels as in human neurons. I think I now get it. It’s the pull up resistor. We don’t want to pull up beyond our low voltage signal level. A pull up transistor can act as a good current source despite low supply voltage. Saturation is due to said supply. But this isn’t a PN diode. So to get a super sharp diode cut off, we feed back the delayed output to the pull up transistor. This way it pulls hard to follow an edge, but stops hard for the voltage. Hmm, series of exp(). No problem. I still feel like some level shift and inverter may be needed. TTL then mixes everything up with a Darlington circuit and push pull as if we want a power transistor… Ah, now I am back at CMOS. It is just the best technology to limit the voltage to both sides all the time, all nodes and wires ( within every gate ). The thinner the gate oxide, the more it wins. I don't even care about zero leakage through the gate ( see DRAM, or ultra low power CMOS). The advantage is that CMOS allows us to build totem poles of 4-NAND where the threshold voltage does not add up ( see CCD) . In contrast, bipolar transistors have a hard time to get rid of the diode voltage drop. Now that I think of this: diode drops don’t add. Complementary bipolar is possible. The GIS look like Ads. Anyway, CPUs have a pipeline design and matched gate latency. So they could even accept a voltage drop from stage to stage. Then shift back up like in a tube computer. Maybe that’s what they call a charge pump? Disconnect the SRAM cell from the power rails, rely on „gate charge“, float up to the other rails, connect there.
A lot to respond to here. I did build a transistor amplifier circuit to display sound waves on an oscilloscope. It is a simple circuit that can even output the signal to have a computer record the audio. Hopefully I make a video about that at some point. Your other points have me a bit confused. If you have not, check out my 4-bit computer build. This shows how I implemented many different types of gates in a larger circuit using TTL logic. Sure CMOS is better when using billions of transistors for power savings and faster switching time. The voltage of a neuron is around -70 mv. A transistor voltage drop is about 10 times that magnitude. So if you were trying to mimic that exact voltage the entire circuit would need some type of bias. It most cases though I do not think we will need operate at the exact voltage. We can discuss this at greater length once I show my artificial neuron video.
@@GlobalScienceNetwork yeah I have seen a bit of your playlist. My problem is that I try to fill gaps after I have seen a lot in life. It is only possible to keep the signal at 70 mV ( at 20 K maybe ). Bipolar needs bias. One gap is : why did early ICs had a different type of MOSFETS and needed 3 rails, but today we cannot buy any of this? I feel like market dictates the threshold in a MOSFET. Now bipolar does not have this degree of freedom. It only has the bandgap of the material. Ah, so bipolar NPN will eventually saturate at the rails? But for speed the rails will need to have twice the voltage drop across them. When NPN saturated due to the output current is quite low. With any kind of load this will not happen. Maybe to be sure, limiting diodes with their own rails (for us to tune) are the way to go. NPN has a NP diode between input and internal signal in TTL. So we place a second diode in parallel. This diode has a lower bandwidth ( artificially created as a schotky diode ). Ah I get it now. This Schotky trick doesn’t work for transistors. Amplification is linear ( eats a lot of power ). Levels can be shifted using a resistor network. Even if we use the voltage drop across a diode, this draws constant power to keep the gap open. Seems like any way to speed up beyond CMOS just draws too much power even at low voltage signals. Parallel operation of CMOS wins in ICs (ARM2). Breadboards don’t show this beauty.
Quick question, as I was watching the AND gate 3 and NAND gate, why does the circuit prefer to travel across the transistors instead of the shorter option which is ground or led to ground?
As I watch the OR gate 2, I get further confused on how the current prioritizes since it seems to make more sense to just travel through the LED over the transistors
@@shark9oooo When the transistor has current going into the input (the base) it makes it so the current can travel across the transistor with almost no voltage drop. The full voltage drop occurs across the pull-up resistor in this case. When the transistor is off (zero current going into the base) then the current will go across the LED and the pull-up resistor acts as a current limit resistor to not burn out the LED.
Hi, well it might depend on what the threshold voltage is for the 1. Did you use the scope feature to see the exact output voltage? For NAND it should only be off if both inputs are on.
That would be cool. My thought is that it could be built similar to the 4-bit calculator. If the state(password) is reached then it would accept the password. If only 4-bits were used it would be pretty easy to sequence through and figure out the password though.
Ha ha that seems like a valid point! Check out the other video's as well. We use these logic gates to build a simple computer. Right now we are working on hardware based neural networks.
It should but the 2N2222 pinout is emitter, base, collector and the pinout on the BC547 is collector, base, emitter. So you basically have to have the transistor flipped 180 degrees and the circuits should work.
I've see these type of electronical diagram (where every component is connected in current loop form) in my electronics text books and other places, but I never understood why they are drawn so confusingly. When you teach; abstraction is the word. And those diagram are only good for wiring a physical circuit. Separate each transistor with it's resistor, capacitor, inductor, power and ground in it's own section of the diagram so that it can be understood separately at first. Don't connect all the powers together and don't connect all the grounds together. You start small then you grow the abstraction to the whole circuit.
"I'm gonna teach how to build a 4-bit calculator, ... and we'll work our way towards creating non-biological human consciousnesses" Well that escalated quickly
It is very likely that there was not a current limiting resistor between the LED and ground. That is the main reason this would happen. You need some type of resistance typically 300 plus ohms. I like to use a 1K, 2K, or a 2.2K resistor for this purpose.
Sweet! Yeah, you can use 9-volts but it is a bit more power than is needed. You can use most USB chargers which are 5 volts. You will just need to spice the ends fit into the breadboards.
Did you try building it and have the circuit not work? It worked in my example video for all the cases. Reasons yours could not work are the wrong wiring, wrong resistor values, wrong transistor type, a bad transistor, or a transistor in backward. If I can not see the circuit I can not say for certain but that is what I would check.
@@GlobalScienceNetwork you're powering two transistors with a single resistor. In my application, i had to give the transistor its own resistor in between itself and the switch.
I have some more videos coming soon that will get into more detail. Consciousness may seem a bit obscure but hopefully I can explain it in a simple way. If we build circuits properly we should be able to create non biological life.
@@GlobalScienceNetwork I don't think consciousness is obscure. It is the most common "thing" we know as conscious beings. I think it is clear that consciousness is that, in which all Qualia appear, i.e. that in which all things appear, but it is not itself a thing. That means, it is "Being" itself (with a capital "B"). My experience is not that I "have" consciousness, but that I "am" consciousness. My body appears to me in consciousness. If I had no body, I could imagine to still be. But if there was no consciousness, there would be nothing left. I believe the idea of consciousness being something that can be "created" is a gross misunderstanding of reality. By the way, if you build a circuit, how would you decide if it is conscious or not? How do you know it does not only behave like a conscious being, but actually has inner experience? I mean, I am a human being, but I'm totally unable to proof to anyone else that I am conscious myself (experience Qualia).
@@valuemastery Well there are lots of tests to determine if something is conscious by the classical definition such as the Glasgow Coma Scale or that it can self-identify or be empathetic towards others. Much of empathy is mirror neurons allowing us to live experiences of others just by watching them. I will explain a more simple definition with different levels of consciousness. In biology, there is also the 7 characteristics of living things such as the use energy, can grow, respond to stimuli, maintain homeostasis, reproduce, adapt, and is made of cells. Sure we will be creating a device/life that will be consciousness not just creating consciousness if that is what you thought was a gross misunderstanding of reality. Maybe you think simple life forms are not conscious however I think they are, it is just a lower level of conscience and as life gets more complex the level of consciousness increases. The platform or space for consciousness to exist does need to be continuous with direct interaction with the environment. This means that it would be nearly impossible to create a conscious being within a digital computer. However, it should be relatively simple with hardware-based neurons.
@@GlobalScienceNetwork I do build neural networks myself, as well as FPGA based computers. So I think I have some understanding of hardware and artificial neurons. From my point of view, all they do is create a processing network. What should be the criteria for it to be conscious? All definitions we have are behaviour based. Even integrated information theory assumes that for creating consciousness the basic building blocks need to carry some level of consciousness to start with, so with increasing complexity of information processing the level of consciousness would increase as well. But I think the error lies in believing that neurons or switching devices, or anything for that matter, carries consciousness at all. That worldview is known as panpsychism. If it is true (which I don't think it is), it would mean that consciousness can't be created, just aggregated. However, I think it would be more logical to view consciousness as primary, since it is much closer to our experience. So we have it backwards: Physicality does not create consciousness, but consciousness is aware of physicality. So the physical world is just an appearance of consciousness within itself. This would also mean that there are not many consciousnesses, but only one; and the seemingly separate conscious beings are just disassociations within consciousness. From what you say it's clear that you have the opposite view. However, I strongly feel this is wrong, hence I don't believe that any physical process can create consciousness. I still have to meet a scientist who could explain how this could work, even theoretically.
I bought some NPN tranistors and built many of these Logic gates....In this video I made 3 different S-R latches and used an Arduino Mega to simulate the button toggles. We see S-R latches in action everyday at Railroad crossings...... ua-cam.com/users/shortsN381pzba6V0?si=c5AmY-ZUE8NDUddx
Thanks for subscribing William! I am trying to get lots of people that are interested in electronics to subscribe. Right now I am working on building a 4-bit computer using individual transistors to help explain the basics. Then I will be working on building artificial neurons and I will be trying to get other people's creative ideas on the best way to build them. It should look fun so thanks for following along and I bet you can help along the way.
Finding this channel is like tripping over a diamond.
Thanks! I am glad you found the channel!
Agreed. I did have some minor issues with tiny elements of the presentation where I thought there were "gaps" or miniscule errors that could have been corrected, but the bonus was, I made notes for myself to "fix" these "problems" which just made me learn/understand/retain the lesson so much better.
BRAVO GSN !!!!
@@onedaya_martian1238I am glad to hear you are going through the videos and getting things figured out. If you ever have any questions, let me know!
Yup
From the bottom of my heart, thank you. You are doing lords work for Electrical Engineering majors
I am glad you found it helpful, thanks for watching!
I think this is related to Electronics engineering
@@cheems6559 ofc
thank you for making such a wonderful, amazing, informative video....lots of love from india🇮🇳
Sure thing, good luck with your circuit projects!
I love this guy's ambition. Start with individual transistors on a breadboard and work your way up to a human brain. I haven't seen this level of optimism since heaven's gate. Go get 'em, buddy
Thanks, that is the plan! I have the summer off now and am almost finished moving so I will be getting some more content up soon!
I came here for this comment.
Excellent explanation of transistor and logic gate theory. Simple, clear and clean demonstration circuits with diagrams right there at the same time.
Thanks for the positive feedback!
The diagrams shown at the same time are amazing !! One teeny quibble is the use of crossed lines/wires on a diagram...this implies that if they were connected, a black dot would be used to show there was a junction. I prefer a small semicircle overlay when wires pass over each other. Other than such a stupid point from me, this was perfect !!
Im currently building a 16bit calculator using breadboards for a school project, and this video is the main reason why i haven't lost my mind yet...
Thank you for saving my sanity :3
Great, that sounds like a sweet project!
@GlobalScienceNetwork It's actual hell, I managed to fry enough transistors that I had to order new ones twice...
@@TheSumOfAnIdeod Awe man, well hopefully when you are fished and you look back it will all be worth it! As long as you have some type of current limiting resistor in each path to ground it should not fry a transistor. I can see starting out that this would happen from time to time. Usually, you can smell that something is going wrong! ha ha
"We're going to first build a calculator with resistors, and by the end of 40 minutes we'll build Skynet"
Ha ha well that would be ideal!
@@GlobalScienceNetwork Actually it would be very scary. I'm already terrified of the rapid advancements in AI. Not the AI itself but how it is used and how it is causing massive changes in society.
@@ArcanePath360 it is something to think about. What specifically are you worried about? Are you worried AI will take jobs? So far it has allowed me to be more way productive in programming tasks and provides better answers to my questions than search engines. So it helps workers be more productive. As long as people have equal access to AI it seems like a great thing. AI running on digital computers is actually quite limited though, the future and big gains will be when we build hardware-based neural networks. Then the machines will likely be considered non-biological life and things will be quite interesting.
@@GlobalScienceNetwork I'm worried about Orwellian uses of it in the UK with our current government wanting a Big Brother style socialist Orwellian nightmare for us. They are already talking about digital currency and a social credit system, pay per mile, digital IDs etc. They will use AI to root out all the wrong think on the internet past and present and de-person their enemies. I'm talking about the extreme worst case scenario, but based on what I'm seeing from Starmer who has only been in power for 1 month he seems to be going full Ingsoc
I've watched many videos on youtube but this guy explain it so well, maybe the fact that I've watched and many video and have a better understanding can play a significant role too, however, I really like how he explain in details how it works
Thanks, I am glad you found the video helpful!
Outstanding video, this should be shown to all hobbyists at least once, I'm only 15 with self taught knowledge but this was able to sum everything up for me nicely.
Thanks, I'm glad you found it helpful! I would suggest trying to build the 4-bit calculator as a great starter project after building the logic gates. It requires 4 breadboards and is made with 4 full adders.
@ already did 😉
This's my whole world, there's no better place to dwell. I welcome anything I can do to support your channels.
Great thanks, keep following along and provide feedback when you can. I just uploaded a new video about building artificial neurons.
@@GlobalScienceNetwork Link please
@@ufehboss2566 ua-cam.com/video/Uhuo9ketdhg/v-deo.html
thank you thanks to this video I was able to build my 8 bit computer from scratch you helped me thru my elementary school
Great, that is sweet! I bet it was lots of work to build!
Excellent. I can learn those now by taking notes from this video. I have a delivery that is a breadboard and it's coming soon. I'll rate this 10 star
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐
Thank you! Great, good luck with your circuit projects!
How did you reply so fast?
@@rechieandramsey8 I am on my computer and I get notifications.
Oh😅
Also, are you always in your computer?
Ih have been asking why we need to connect the inputs of the IC to ground under Ben Eater's video. Now I have the answer 47:43. Nice job. Thanks.
Sure thing, thanks for watching!
Ben Eater and GSN are THE BEST !! The more perspectives, the better various learners receive a point of view that lets them learn. WIN-WIN !!!
This video is amazing. So much content and details for free, much better than pay these
Courses in Udemy that doesn’t teach nothing. Thank you for time and dedication put k on n this video.
Sure thing! I am glad you found the video helpful! Good luck with circuit projects!
For the NOR gate you do not need two transistors, one transistor should be enough. In your scheme you can "merge" both transistors into one, so that A and B inputs connect to single base, this will result in functionally the same circuit. Thanks for the video!
That is clever, and I agree that it should work! There is nothing wrong with making something simple even simpler!
أنت الان أضئت مصابيح الدوائر الغير مكتمله في دماغي 80 بل 100 مشكور كثيرن
مرحبا بك!
Master, I love teachings like this from zero to and product's. Thanks
Great, let me know if you have any questions!
I'm Joe, so excited!!!!!!!
I'm with you!!!
Great, thanks!
This is great. We definitely need more of this content. I agree with the concept that everyone should have an idea of the hardware level. I personally love transistor circuits and building things at level zero. Young engineers nowadays are often so far removed from the physical workings that their abstract thinking tends to make things more complicated than necessary. My co-students in my university electronics class were not able to get in touch with the hardware side on a basic level. Their mind was biased to think in software it seems. See how many people on youtube alone have to use an entire arduino microcontroller to do something as simple as blink an LED. I once build a mobile robot with some basic intelligence using only "analog" logic made from transistors and general IC's like opamps. This video does a great job showing the building blocks for digital logic. No magic black boxes, but basically just physics at work. Wonderful!
Well said GlevoTec. When I was learning electronics, I had to build circuits to understand the theories and concepts that I was learning in class. Luckily, my father was an electronic engineer, so there was never a shortage of components around my house. Learning electronics would have been MUCH more difficult for me if I had to do it without hardware.
I've used Arduino boards to make projects where a microprocessor is necessary for the functionality of what I want to do. I've also been amazed by the complexity of the design and programming that some go through to blink an LED with a microprocessor. That's something I could do with a 555 timer or a few transistors, a couple of passive components, and a 9 V battery.
@GlevoTec thanks for the response. I am planning to build basic intelligence into a robot as well using artificial neurons for the logic. I am curious what input sensors you think would be best to use for vision. Do you know of a camera where a grid output can be easily obtained. Or just use individual IR Infrared Obstacle Avoidance Sensor or ultrasonic sensors. I have the ELEGOO Smart Robot Car Kit V4 and I am probably goin to see if I can interface some of these sensors with the neurons unless I come up with a better idea.
@@GlobalScienceNetwork Thanks for the reply. I do have some ideas for vision actually. I've sent you an e-mail few days ago with some questions. I'd be happy to discuss some ideas there too. Greetings
@@GlevoTec I replied to your email now. For some reason it went to span so I did not see it. Thanks for the message!
Some quality content at last!
I was searching for these things for a long time and finally found the best thing on youtube.
I watched Ben Eater and he was also quite useful but he never told things like adding just a buffer, we can send the signal to any other circuit and I was just stuck in this problem that how will I send the output of an AND gate to another circuit.
LOTS of wishes for you success and hope you keep doing more like this.
Thanks for the positive feedback. That is good you were searching out how to build with multiple logic gates using transitors! Follow along and I bet you will be able to help on future builds!
exactly what I was looking for a while actually.
Thanks again, glad you found the video helpful!
You are a genius brother, I really respect you like one of my idol❤❤
Thanks, I am glad you find these videos helpful!
KING OF THE DIGITAL LOGIC!!!
Thank you! The goal was to get good a the fundamentals. I am going to be posting videos about building neural networks on breadboards soon.
Great explanation, thank you very much Sir.
Thanks! I am glad you found it helpful!
I thought this was going to be a popular video, this is good content with some nice satire
Thanks! I think building digital logic gates is something everyone should take time to understand. We will be using this basic information to build more advanced computations devices soon!
Thank you ! these videos are invaluable
I am glad you found them helpful!
Great video! I have been messing around with the 74HC series chips, and was thinking about going fully discrete. So far, what has caused the most frustration is the crappy quality breadboards and thin leads on the resistors that I have been using. I have wasted a few hours, thinking that I made a mistake, and couldn't find it. Only to discover that everything magically works when I wiggle the wires. I just ordered some BB830 boards per Ben Eater's recommendation. What brand of resistors do you use?
Awesome, going discrete can be rewarding as you can see every component in the circuit. Any 1/4 watt resistor should work, these are the small ones. Yeah, when it comes down to wiggling wires it can be frustrating. Honestly, I had a few bad connections in breadboards that were a pain but find it is around a 2-10 percent bad transistor rate that causes most of the problems. So I do a quick transistor test to make sure they are good and it makes things go much smoother. Check out my video on testing transistors. Great questions!
thank you for this video i needed this video understand deeply about logic gates and their actual construction
Sure thing! It is good you are learning to build logic gates! I bet there will be lots of fun circuit projects in your future!
very good Monsieur!!
Thank you!
7:16 how the voltage drop is calculated as 4.984v across the 2k resistor?
Good question, as current flows into the base of the transistor the transistor allows current to pass with some but a very small amount of resistance (around 8 Ohms). So now the current going to ground has to go through two resistors. Since the 2K resistor is so much larger almost all the voltage drop occurs across that resistor. Does that make sense to you?
@@GlobalScienceNetworkyeah...now I understand better but still I don't know how it was calculated as 4.984v through 2k resistor and 0.16v through LED. Could you please mention the way to calculate these!!
@@Mani-wq1de Well how much equivalent resistance there is across a transistor is not really a value that is common knowledge. Once you have it though the voltage drop is calculated as two resistors in series. I got it from a circuit simulator. The .16V is what would be left. This is not enough to go through the LED as a yellow LED requires a voltage drop of 1.9V to turn on. I was pointing out that this is why the LED is off.
thank you. im building an 1 bit adder and this video is what i need
Great! I also have a video on building full adders. Good luck with your project!
@@GlobalScienceNetwork :D
I’m a bit confused. If he’s using an npn transistor, why is the pin layout emitter base collector rather than collector base emitter??
The 2N2222 and 2N3904 NPN transistors are always 1 emitter (left pin), 2 base (middle pin), 3 collector (right pin). There are quite a few images and sources online that show this wrong. There are NPN transistors like the BC547 which are 1 collector (left pin), 2 base (middle pin), 3 emitter (right pin). So you do have to check based on the model even if it is a NPN transitors.
Thanks for this video - it must have been a lot of work going through all of those options. A couple of suggestions for the future. 1. at some point you started referring to the base of a transistor as its 'input'. That's kinda confusion terminology - in some sense the E, B, C are all 'inputs'. I suggest using 'base' to avoid confusion. 2. When you discuss the use of default the pull-up resistors in ICs it would have been good to mention that they are specific to the LS family. If your viewers ended up with HC ICs then they'd be confused as to why they weren't working! Looking forward to seeing future videos.
Thanks for the feedback. I really do appreciate it as I will be trying to improve video quality as I learn along the way. I will be trying some close-up camera angles in future videos as well. I did use LS ICs for the most part. Although I ran out of one type and the HC version did work with the resistor values I used. The input voltage and output drive voltages are slightly different for HC vs LS. I am pretty sure either one will work with the 5V input, yellow LED and resistor values used. Although I am not positive about that. Thanks for following along! Building a 4-bit computer with individual transistors is next and then artificial neurons. It should be fun!
E B C can all be common. But only E and B can be inputs.
It is a very useful video. Thank you.
Glad it was helpful for you! Thanks for watching!
I would love to see the TeX code for the diagrams that you wrote - they looked truly nice!
Thanks, that would be a good way to make the circuit diagrams as well. I used EasyEDA and have a video about how to use that program if you are interested.
@@GlobalScienceNetwork Oh, interesting! I managed to reproduce identical diagrams in LaTeX with the circuitikz package, so I assume that both EasyEDA and circuitikz are using the same assets. Very nice!
This is what i am looking for! Thx
Sure thing, thanks for watching!
dk hiow i saw yiur channel by mistake but so far best mistake of my life
\
Ha ha That does sound like a good mistake. I am glad you found the channel and are finding it interesting!
Thank you VERY much this is invaluable
Sure thing, glad you found it helpful!
Could you please explain why in OR1 you connected transistors' collectors, but in NOR gate you connected their bases? I'm a bit confused. Also, I always thought the right and left pins are emitter and collector respectively but in this video it seems it's opposite. Sorry I'm new to all of this but I love it. And thank you for your work!
The inputs should go into the base for all of the logic gates I made in this video. The extra resistor on the collector allows the output signal to be sent to other circuits. It is not an on or off for the circuit. There are logic gate designs were this is not the case. For the 2N2222 and 2N3904 it goes emitter(left) base(middle) and Collector(right). Depending on the model the emitter and collector orientation can be switched.
I love this, this is Amazing.
Thank you!
Again, another good video. However, I did notice a tendency to randomly (?) use the word "across" when "through" was probably meant. As an example, when saying that current goes through a resistor, then through a transistor, then through a switch, etc; what was actually said was more along the lines of, current goes through the resistor, then ACROSS the transistor, then ACROSS the switch, etc. I know what you meant, but I suspect a lot of beginners might be thrown for a loop by the inconsistency, and by the word ACROSS being used in conjunction with current, where instead it is usually used in reference to voltage (drop).
Yeah, I thought about that. I was using through and across to say the same thing and just changed up the wording because otherwise the wording was very repetitive as I describe where the current is flowing in most of the circuits. It is good to know what other people think when watching the videos as I am trying to improve as I make new videos. Thanks!
Is there any method to choose the specifc resistor for the transistors
The resistors are mostly current limiting resistors. So a value from around 330 ohm to 2.2K will work. I like to use, 1K, 2K or 2.2K as less current/power is used.
Just subscribed 😅.
My son just started computer learning.
If you make your videos as clear,well detailed and simple as this one then your channel would be one of the best !
BTW , would you please suggest any free simulator of the kind you are doing so we can learn from your channel then practice on the simulator
Thanks
Thanks for subscribing Kenzo! I made all of the drawings with EasyEDA, it is free to use. Go to their site under products and choose the standard online editor. When you are in the editor switch to simulation mode. Start a new project, you might have to start an account but it is free. If you do not like this one LTspice is another popular circuit simulator. Just look for tutorials online. Yeah, that would be great if you follow along. I will be building a 4-bit computer using individual transistors and then will be working on circuits that act as artificial neurons. Also if you use 1K resistors rather than 2K in EasyEDA the LEDs should light up in the simulator. Otherwise, you will have to use the multimeter function to view the results.
@@GlobalScienceNetwork
Thanks a lot my Dear
Wish you outstanding success 😅
I see your other videos may have what I'm looking for in some form but since I haven't looked harder at that yet, I would like to ask if you have any advice on how to hook up multiple of these gates in a line? This is because there was a version for each gate to make chaining them possible.
Yeah, if you watch my full adder video it explains how multiple logical gates can be used to make more complex logic. The how computers add numbers explains how to take the full adders and make a simple 4-bit calculator. I am actually working right now to make a 4-bit computer using individual logic gates where the logic gates are built with individual transistors. Thanks for watching, if you have any other questions, let me know.
@@GlobalScienceNetwork Thanks a ton, I'll let you know if I have anything else!
Thanks sir for nice information🎉😊
Glad you found it useful, thanks for watching!
I want to make a 4 bit adder. But I was confused about the logic gates. Hope your video willl be helpful.
It should be helpful. I have two videos about how to make a 4-bit adder/calculator using transistor's. One is called how computers add numbers. I also have one called how to build a full adder. Once you understand the logic gates making the adders and calculator should be straightforward.
Very good video
Thank you!
Thank you so much
Sure thing, thanks for watching!
Good day, i think everyine would apreciate if you did the same thing but with fets.
Yeah, that would be a good idea!
great video, thanks for sharing.
Sure thing, I am glad you found it helpful!
Sir i cannot understand what the ground wire does can u explain it in a short video?
I am not sure it needs a whole video. For a circuit to work it needs to go in a complete loop. The voltage starts at 5 volts and goes to zero when it reaches the ground how much current flows depends on the resistance of the circuit. If it was not connected to a ground no current would flow. Think of it as water 5 feet above the surface it can not flow if it is held at 5 feet. It needs to have an open pipe/wire connected to zero feet for water to flow.
How doeas the inverter works? Can you explain it to me? I got confused :(
Well the inverter makes an on input signal into and off input signal, and an off input signal into and on input signal. The circuit has one input and one output. I would recommend trying to build the circuit and testing it out. If you have a specific question about the circuit, let me know.
@GlobalScienceNetwork Okay, thanks
Great Vid!
Thank you!
I tried to do the inverter but it wasn’t working, when i pulled one of the red wire terminal out the led lit up
What should i do
I am using a 9V battery is that not usable for the circuit?
I don’t understand
Well, that is half of what you want. When the input is off or floating the LED will be on. Connect a 2K resistor from power to the base/middle pin and it should shut the LED off. The 9V battery should work. Just make sure you have a min of 1K current-limiting resistors to be safe. If it does not shut off then your transistor is backward, broken, or the wrong type.
@@GlobalScienceNetwork when it is floating the led is on but when it isnt the led is off regardless of the input
I just connected the resistor to the base of the transistor and it made no difference
Thanks for trying to help though 😊
@@TechnoHailss That is what you want. Which state do you think is wrong? When the resistor is connected to the base the input is on and the output is off. When the input is grounded or floating the input is off and the output is on. The push button switch I use just connects the 2K resistor to the base when it is pressed down. When it is not pressed the input is floating/off so the output is on.
@@GlobalScienceNetwork See when the circuit is all in place the LED is not on but when i lift on of the wires the LED turns on that is my problem.
The LED should be on initially for an inverter circuit but it is off
when i pull out the red wire or the black wire which is connected to the transistor(at row 20) the LED turns on.
This is probably sounding a bit dumb because i am trying but am not able to convey my problem properly.
Sorry for the trouble
@@TechnoHailss I see, well if you email me a picture I could see if anything is set up wrong. I would suggest trying different transistors as well, even try a different breadboard. I know that 2N2222 and 2N3904 transistors work well for logic gates.
why you didnot use mosfets?
I'm pretty new to electronics but recently I saw that MOSFETS are much more efficient than transistors...
For breadboards and a breadboard computer I thought using BJTs were more robust for static shock reasons. I did not want one mistake to break my circuits. BJTs can take some abuse and keep working. However, I have been using 2N7000 MOSFETs in my more recent designs for artificial neurons and have not had any issues. I hope to make videos about MOSFET logic gates as well. Many ICs use BJTs and people do not even realize it. BJTs make reliable circuits. MOSFETs being voltage gated does allow for more power efficient designs. If the projects is using more than a few thousand transistor then using MOSFETs is the way to go. So for smaller designs BJTs are robust and work and for large designs it is good to use MOSFETS.
Hi. Ive been trying to build my own 4 bit CPU and im having trouble with sending outputs to multiple points. I find the LEDs become dimmer or they dont turn on at all when I try. How do i tackle this issue?
Hi, I can try and help. When you are sending an output to lots of input locations the output signal can pick the path of least resistance and not activate (overcome the input gate voltage threshold) of all the inputs. One solution can be to add a buffer to the inputs so that when the circuit is grounded it is off for all the inputs and when it is not grounded it is on. This way it is not limited by which path the current takes. You can also build the logic gates to inherently work this way. I should have included this in the logic gate video but I learned it after I made this video. If you watch the 4-bit computer video, I am pretty sure I show the buffer design at one point in the video. It also could be that you need to add capacitors across the power rails if the circuit is very large.
@@GlobalScienceNetwork thanks, ill try that. I did see the buffer circuit in one of your videos but I don't know which one I should use when sending to multiple inputs (the one with 2 transistors or 1? ).
@@GlobalScienceNetwork I also dont know much about capacitors so could you expand on them briefly? I am trying to build my own 4 bit CPU so I think that could be considered a large circuit ha ha
What value do the resistors have? Is it always like 2KΩ?
These are mostly current-limiting resistors. The values can be from around 330 Ohm to 2.2K. Using a 2.2K resistor makes it so less power is used so that is a good value to use. In most of my circuits, you will see I use 1K, 2K, or 2.2K. It also makes it so the LED is not super bright.
Thank you this really helped
Glad it was helpful, thanks for watching!
I'm here for the next Ben Eater rise to fame.
Somehow this was a duplicate Comment. I responded to the other comment. I and just responding here cause I try and respond to all my comments. Thanks for watching!
Can i use a 2.2k resistor
Yeah, 1K to 2.2K is what I would recommend using for the resistors.
I haven't commented on any youtube videos but seeing you replying to every comments makes me wanna reach out and say thanks!
also in the AND 3 and OR 2 gate, when both resistor A and B are off, the currents flows through the third transistor right but why the the main current flowing from the rightmost wire prefer the other ground instead of ground through LED, is this because of resistance of LED?
Thanks! You have the right idea. The yellow LED has a voltage drop of 2.2 volts and the voltage drop across the transistor when the base of the transistor has a supply current is very low. So the voltage drop across the rightmody resistor is almost the full 5 volts. So now there is not enough voltage left after the voltage drop to overcome the 2.2 volts required to turn on the LED and have current flow to that ground.
@@GlobalScienceNetwork in the XOR 1 gate, when both A and B are on, why does the current flowing through the wire just right of B prefer the GND towards the left but not towards the base of transistor at the right.
Do you have Video which goes from small signal analog amplifier for radio, audio, and video to a gate?
I still think that the S in LS has a great explanation. TTL is great for glue logic, but if we put 1000 transistors on a board, we can decide what to use. CMOS needs those large anti static diodes on the pins. Current amplifiers. TTL does not. So for small integration TTL wins, for large other logic wins.
AND and OR is just add with a different bias. Bipolar transistors have this exponential curve which gives us saturation behavior. I guess that we need to invert the signal twice per gate if we want saturation with npn only. XOR needs more strict voltage levels.
Closed metal box. Cooling. Tuning. Maybe we get to voltage levels as in human neurons.
I think I now get it. It’s the pull up resistor. We don’t want to pull up beyond our low voltage signal level.
A pull up transistor can act as a good current source despite low supply voltage. Saturation is due to said supply. But this isn’t a PN diode. So to get a super sharp diode cut off, we feed back the delayed output to the pull up transistor. This way it pulls hard to follow an edge, but stops hard for the voltage.
Hmm, series of exp(). No problem.
I still feel like some level shift and inverter may be needed.
TTL then mixes everything up with a Darlington circuit and push pull as if we want a power transistor…
Ah, now I am back at CMOS. It is just the best technology to limit the voltage to both sides all the time, all nodes and wires ( within every gate ). The thinner the gate oxide, the more it wins. I don't even care about zero leakage through the gate ( see DRAM, or ultra low power CMOS). The advantage is that CMOS allows us to build totem poles of 4-NAND where the threshold voltage does not add up ( see CCD) . In contrast, bipolar transistors have a hard time to get rid of the diode voltage drop.
Now that I think of this: diode drops don’t add. Complementary bipolar is possible. The GIS look like Ads. Anyway, CPUs have a pipeline design and matched gate latency. So they could even accept a voltage drop from stage to stage. Then shift back up like in a tube computer. Maybe that’s what they call a charge pump? Disconnect the SRAM cell from the power rails, rely on „gate charge“, float up to the other rails, connect there.
A lot to respond to here. I did build a transistor amplifier circuit to display sound waves on an oscilloscope. It is a simple circuit that can even output the signal to have a computer record the audio. Hopefully I make a video about that at some point. Your other points have me a bit confused. If you have not, check out my 4-bit computer build. This shows how I implemented many different types of gates in a larger circuit using TTL logic. Sure CMOS is better when using billions of transistors for power savings and faster switching time. The voltage of a neuron is around -70 mv. A transistor voltage drop is about 10 times that magnitude. So if you were trying to mimic that exact voltage the entire circuit would need some type of bias. It most cases though I do not think we will need operate at the exact voltage. We can discuss this at greater length once I show my artificial neuron video.
@@GlobalScienceNetwork yeah I have seen a bit of your playlist. My problem is that I try to fill gaps after I have seen a lot in life. It is only possible to keep the signal at 70 mV ( at 20 K maybe ). Bipolar needs bias. One gap is : why did early ICs had a different type of MOSFETS and needed 3 rails, but today we cannot buy any of this? I feel like market dictates the threshold in a MOSFET. Now bipolar does not have this degree of freedom. It only has the bandgap of the material.
Ah, so bipolar NPN will eventually saturate at the rails? But for speed the rails will need to have twice the voltage drop across them.
When NPN saturated due to the output current is quite low. With any kind of load this will not happen. Maybe to be sure, limiting diodes with their own rails (for us to tune) are the way to go.
NPN has a NP diode between input and internal signal in TTL. So we place a second diode in parallel. This diode has a lower bandwidth ( artificially created as a schotky diode ). Ah I get it now. This Schotky trick doesn’t work for transistors.
Amplification is linear ( eats a lot of power ). Levels can be shifted using a resistor network. Even if we use the voltage drop across a diode, this draws constant power to keep the gap open.
Seems like any way to speed up beyond CMOS just draws too much power even at low voltage signals. Parallel operation of CMOS wins in ICs (ARM2). Breadboards don’t show this beauty.
Quick question, as I was watching the AND gate 3 and NAND gate, why does the circuit prefer to travel across the transistors instead of the shorter option which is ground or led to ground?
As I watch the OR gate 2, I get further confused on how the current prioritizes since it seems to make more sense to just travel through the LED over the transistors
@@shark9oooo When the transistor has current going into the input (the base) it makes it so the current can travel across the transistor with almost no voltage drop. The full voltage drop occurs across the pull-up resistor in this case. When the transistor is off (zero current going into the base) then the current will go across the LED and the pull-up resistor acts as a current limit resistor to not burn out the LED.
Sorry sir, but when I tried the NAND gate circuit in Tinkercad and I gave the value 0 to both inputs the result was 0 instead of 1
Hi, well it might depend on what the threshold voltage is for the 1. Did you use the scope feature to see the exact output voltage? For NAND it should only be off if both inputs are on.
which is the all in one transistor or could be used with every projects
These logic gates are build with 2N2222 and 2N2904 NPN transistors. Either one can be used for all of these logic gates.
Make a video on Password buttons using XNOR and AND gates merged
That would be cool. My thought is that it could be built similar to the 4-bit calculator. If the state(password) is reached then it would accept the password. If only 4-bits were used it would be pretty easy to sequence through and figure out the password though.
I think if the password would be 6-bit or 6 digit, it will look more cool
6 digit password is more difficult than 4 digit! 😎
my first video ... looks to be a very good one ... (for whatever strange reason he pronounces emitter as 'eDmitter' 😝...
Ha ha that seems like a valid point! Check out the other video's as well. We use these logic gates to build a simple computer. Right now we are working on hardware based neural networks.
show us how ,with schmatics, how/why these circuits work...........
Yeah, that is what I was doing in the video. Below each circuit is the transistor level schematic.
bro yu teach me something fabulous thanks
Sure thing, thanks for watching!
Thank you
Sure thing, thanks for watching!
Is BC547 suitable for this application
It should but the 2N2222 pinout is emitter, base, collector and the pinout on the BC547 is collector, base, emitter. So you basically have to have the transistor flipped 180 degrees and the circuits should work.
New subscriber
Awesome, thanks! I will be posting a video with a computer built with these basic logic gates soon!
10/10 XD bro
Thank you!
Thanks
Sure thing, thanks for watching!
I've see these type of electronical diagram (where every component is connected in current loop form) in my electronics text books and other places, but I never understood why they are drawn so confusingly. When you teach; abstraction is the word. And those diagram are only good for wiring a physical circuit. Separate each transistor with it's resistor, capacitor, inductor, power and ground in it's own section of the diagram so that it can be understood separately at first. Don't connect all the powers together and don't connect all the grounds together. You start small then you grow the abstraction to the whole circuit.
That way of explaining circuits would be a good way. Thanks for the feedback.
I have a stem fair project 👍
Nice! I think it would be a great project. Try and build the 4-bit calculator and you will win! The full computer would likely be too much.
well that escalated quickly
Ha hh yeah big plans!
Not sure how you managed to get 5v dc to flow through your body……
Yeah, it is pretty wild! You are a conductor so in this case your body is acting like a wire.
"I'm gonna teach how to build a 4-bit calculator, ... and we'll work our way towards creating non-biological human consciousnesses"
Well that escalated quickly
Ha ha yeah this is true. My main goal is to build artificial neurons and artificial life. It seems like a good idea to start with the basics though.
I tried to make a not gate using ur video, but my LED burst open
It is very likely that there was not a current limiting resistor between the LED and ground. That is the main reason this would happen. You need some type of resistance typically 300 plus ohms. I like to use a 1K, 2K, or a 2.2K resistor for this purpose.
great
Thanks!
i have to use a nine volt battery and a hundred k resistor it works well
Sweet! Yeah, you can use 9-volts but it is a bit more power than is needed. You can use most USB chargers which are 5 volts. You will just need to spice the ends fit into the breadboards.
idk this guy is giving me sheldon vibe from big bang theory
Ha ha thanks!
your XNOR circuit doesn't work in practice. Turning A on and leaving B off still leaves the LED on. Neither does the XOR gate
Did you try building it and have the circuit not work? It worked in my example video for all the cases. Reasons yours could not work are the wrong wiring, wrong resistor values, wrong transistor type, a bad transistor, or a transistor in backward. If I can not see the circuit I can not say for certain but that is what I would check.
@@GlobalScienceNetwork you're powering two transistors with a single resistor. In my application, i had to give the transistor its own resistor in between itself and the switch.
@@Shiznit304 O alright well maybe you could make the XNOR the way it is shown and then add a buffer and make the modifications after the buffer?
Video Hack
Hanging out in the comment section, learns you more than just the video shows.
That could work.
People don't even know 😂❤❤❤❤❤❤❤ it's all to become so famouse you can change the symbol of the transistor 😂
Ha ha I do not quite know what you mean here.
nice work! Tobey Maguire!
Ha ha thank you!
Please, when you are explaining how it is working, do it on the schematic, not on the physical circuit. It will be much more clear...
Ok, thanks for the advice. I try and show the physical circuit and circuit diagram.
I do 2nd line help desk someone please help me take this in 😭🙏
Ha ha if you try and built it I bet it will make sense. Is there anything in particular you want more information about?
👍
Thanks for watching!
Thanks from India sir
@@bineshchauhan8713 Sure thing, thanks for watching!
Q locura
Jaja gracias!
Instructions unclear I built a windows eleven gpu
If you have any specific questions, let me know!
Using your body to complete the circuit is shocking!
Ha ha literally it is shocking!
You lost me when you said you would create consciousness. All the other stuff is great.
I have some more videos coming soon that will get into more detail. Consciousness may seem a bit obscure but hopefully I can explain it in a simple way. If we build circuits properly we should be able to create non biological life.
@@GlobalScienceNetwork I don't think consciousness is obscure. It is the most common "thing" we know as conscious beings. I think it is clear that consciousness is that, in which all Qualia appear, i.e. that in which all things appear, but it is not itself a thing. That means, it is "Being" itself (with a capital "B").
My experience is not that I "have" consciousness, but that I "am" consciousness. My body appears to me in consciousness. If I had no body, I could imagine to still be. But if there was no consciousness, there would be nothing left.
I believe the idea of consciousness being something that can be "created" is a gross misunderstanding of reality.
By the way, if you build a circuit, how would you decide if it is conscious or not? How do you know it does not only behave like a conscious being, but actually has inner experience? I mean, I am a human being, but I'm totally unable to proof to anyone else that I am conscious myself (experience Qualia).
@@valuemastery Well there are lots of tests to determine if something is conscious by the classical definition such as the Glasgow Coma Scale or that it can self-identify or be empathetic towards others. Much of empathy is mirror neurons allowing us to live experiences of others just by watching them. I will explain a more simple definition with different levels of consciousness. In biology, there is also the 7 characteristics of living things such as the use energy, can grow, respond to stimuli, maintain homeostasis, reproduce, adapt, and is made of cells. Sure we will be creating a device/life that will be consciousness not just creating consciousness if that is what you thought was a gross misunderstanding of reality. Maybe you think simple life forms are not conscious however I think they are, it is just a lower level of conscience and as life gets more complex the level of consciousness increases. The platform or space for consciousness to exist does need to be continuous with direct interaction with the environment. This means that it would be nearly impossible to create a conscious being within a digital computer. However, it should be relatively simple with hardware-based neurons.
@@GlobalScienceNetwork I do build neural networks myself, as well as FPGA based computers. So I think I have some understanding of hardware and artificial neurons. From my point of view, all they do is create a processing network. What should be the criteria for it to be conscious? All definitions we have are behaviour based. Even integrated information theory assumes that for creating consciousness the basic building blocks need to carry some level of consciousness to start with, so with increasing complexity of information processing the level of consciousness would increase as well. But I think the error lies in believing that neurons or switching devices, or anything for that matter, carries consciousness at all. That worldview is known as panpsychism. If it is true (which I don't think it is), it would mean that consciousness can't be created, just aggregated. However, I think it would be more logical to view consciousness as primary, since it is much closer to our experience. So we have it backwards: Physicality does not create consciousness, but consciousness is aware of physicality. So the physical world is just an appearance of consciousness within itself. This would also mean that there are not many consciousnesses, but only one; and the seemingly separate conscious beings are just disassociations within consciousness. From what you say it's clear that you have the opposite view. However, I strongly feel this is wrong, hence I don't believe that any physical process can create consciousness. I still have to meet a scientist who could explain how this could work, even theoretically.
I bought some NPN tranistors and built many of these Logic gates....In this video I made 3 different S-R latches and used an Arduino Mega to simulate the button toggles. We see S-R latches in action everyday at Railroad crossings...... ua-cam.com/users/shortsN381pzba6V0?si=c5AmY-ZUE8NDUddx
Sweet, your circuits look great! I see you went from using ICs to individual transistors! :)
BRO THIS GUY IS A NPC
Now sure why I would be the NPC.
Excellent vidéo. But as a fellow engineer, loose the tie and suit. No one works like this anymore. Makes you feel like an old guy.
Ha ha thanks! I figured if I was giving a talk to hundreds of people I would wear a suit. So I try to make the same effort for UA-cam content.
@@GlobalScienceNetwork whatever you do - there's always someone on the internet who will not like it 😅 the tie and suite is nice though.
It just gives sort of a executive vibe to me; but idk man. Wear what you like I guess
Imagine complaining because someone is dressed nicely. Imagine complaining that someone looks old. These are stupid complaints.
it looks so much like he’s desperately trying to sell me something that i feel compelled to stay and buy
or watch
Ha ha yeah I am trying to get more people interested in building circuits so we can build more advanced projects together!
I'm here for the next Ben Eater rise to fame.
Thanks for subscribing William! I am trying to get lots of people that are interested in electronics to subscribe. Right now I am working on building a 4-bit computer using individual transistors to help explain the basics. Then I will be working on building artificial neurons and I will be trying to get other people's creative ideas on the best way to build them. It should look fun so thanks for following along and I bet you can help along the way.
Me too supporting you strongly. I’m subscriber no approximately 300.
@@electronicq624 Thanks for subscribing!
@@GlobalScienceNetwork This's my whole world, there's no better place to dwell. I welcome anything I can do to support your channels.