Introduction to the Sub-Atomic Particles (Protons, Electrons and Neutrons)

Protons, electrons, and neutrons are the three fundamental particles that make up atoms, the building blocks of matter:
Protons: Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom. Each proton has a charge of +1 elementary charge and a mass of approximately 1 atomic mass unit (amu). The number of protons in an atom determines its atomic number, which in turn determines the element's identity. For example, all atoms of hydrogen have one proton, while all atoms of helium have two protons.
Electrons: Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom in specific energy levels or shells. They have a charge of -1 elementary charge and a much smaller mass compared to protons and neutrons (approximately 1/1836 amu). Electrons are involved in chemical reactions and determine an atom's chemical properties. The number of electrons in an atom usually equals the number of protons, thus making the atom electrically neutral.
Neutrons: Neutrons are electrically neutral particles found in the nucleus of an atom alongside protons. They have a mass similar to that of protons (approximately 1 amu) but carry no electrical charge. The number of neutrons in an atom can vary within the same element, leading to different isotopes. Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, resulting in variations in atomic mass.
Together, protons and neutrons constitute the nucleus of an atom, while electrons occupy the space surrounding the nucleus in specific energy levels or orbitals. The arrangement and interaction of these particles determine the properties and behavior of the elements.

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