Everyone tells about protons bumping in stars, but nobody has ever mentioned quantum tunnelling before, even in school, where we had an excellent astronomy and physics teacher. As always, new video, new interesting fact.
I came to know about the necessity of quantum tunneling for nuclear fusion in our star in David Butler's video last year. So yeah it seems no one (laypeople like me) normally knows about this because no one normally tell the likes of us.
If you ever lookup something astrophysics or nuclear in Wikipedia's rabbit holes, chance are you'll find quantum tunneling mentioned ^^ For example in the article about stellar nucleosynthesis en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis#Reaction_rate
Hey Nick, I just had a thought and I hope you can shed some light on the subject because I don't even know how to start googling this. (not related to this video) We have wormholes, they can link spacetime from two different "areas"(for lack of better term).. Now, I know it's basically purely theoretical at this point, but I assume matter can travel though it (whether a living being can survive the journey is not relevant) On the other hand, we have the "heat death" of the universe, a time where all entropy is equal.. (let's call matter from the late universe with no entropy "dead" matter and matter from the early universe "alive" matter) so, if wormholes are a thing - wouldn't stuff "leak" though it? either both sides diffuse into one another or one side has some sort of "pressure" equivalent making it spew stuff in the other direction. if that assumption is correct, new "alive" matter will constantly refresh the entropy for the late universe, no? and what about the "dead" matter that is coming from the late universe to the early universe? (*dark matter perhaps?) *I don't have a clue what dark matter is, I know what anti-matter is and what dark energy is (gravity seemingly coming from nowhere, maybe is that what dark matter propagates?) in conclusion.. is the universe some sort of self-propelled perpetual thingy? also, where do I get my noble prize if this is true?
The only thing I've got from this video is if I want to win a lottery 3 times in a row, I should travel to the Sun. I think, i'll better do it at night...
Nice explanation! I been waiting for a video from you. Why does Pressure increase temperature? (I know there it's PV=nRT But, still some realistic explanations please!)
Because the temperature is related to the energy density, which goes up as pressure is applied, with more energetic particles squeezed into smaller and smaller volumes.
Awesome 'wave in a box' analogy for the wavefunctions. Could you use the uncertainty principle to calculate the size of the box? Wouldn't that be the size of a proton at that energy (0.85fm)? What threshold of certainty do scientists use to calculate these measirements? Super cool universe we live in!
Can we please get some info/visuals on how probability waves propagate? How a photon is a wave packet that travels in a line? If I throw a rock in a pond, the wave travels in all directions. The same with sound, etc. Also, could you do a video on how the nature of probability waves makes it so you can swap 2 identical particles and it's the same state, in relation to the quantum probability wave of a quantum field? I mean, basically all particles of a kind are excitations in a single field shared by that particle kind, so that particles are just manifestations of that single field, so that each particle kind is in a way just a single particle, and the weirdness that ensues.
Quantum waves behave in a similar way, traveling out in all directions. There's no telling where an individual particle will end up. That's just extremely difficult to animate and also have it make sense.
I knew there was a non-convection zone in the sun but it never occurred to me that it isolates the core from additional hydrogen. Now a lot more about stars is making sense! Thanks Nick and Question Clone! What a team!
@@localverse well, no convection means no exchange of fuel, only fusion products like neutrinos and photons, and forces can go through the layer. There's so much energy coming out of the core that the hydrogen of the outer layers can't get close to the core to fuse Don't take my words for it, I'm just guessing from what makes sense to me x) Red dwarfs' cores would be of weak enough activity to not prevent this convection from happening
That is why I liked open source software. You can always know how it works. It puts everybody in their place. Good for science and engineering. The Sun is open source 😀🙏👍. Unless they build a Dyson Sphere and start selling the Sunlight.
I feel like your videos serve different purposes. Nick's videos are to give high-level overviews to interested laypeople. your videos are to give more detailed explanations two people formally studying physics. A fourth year physics major won't get much out of Nicks video and I, an interested layperson, often don't get much out of your more serious videos (I'm here for the memes lol). But both of those are necessary and you both do a good job at your respective video types.
dude the sun already consumed its time it lived for just one moment, energy protects that one moment from time. so that only moment which sun has lived is katrilion years in our time understanding
Did you not pay attention? The fusion is extremely unlikely. The sun got 10^56 protons available for fusion. And it fuses 10^(forgot) protons per second. So just fetch your calculator and find out how long it is going to take until all fuel is burned?
A book I read put the quantum tunneling process in the sun in an interesting perspective. Since the probability of a fusion event for any square meter of core material was extremely low, an equal volume of compost actually produces more energy. The book said the sun doesn't produce so much energy because it's efficient; it produces it because it's so huge.
Actually my teacher told us in high school that source of sun energy is quantum tunneling but he just told the fact. After 2 years I finally found it complete .✌
I remember reading a while back that quantum tunneling is the reason why modern electronics struggle to shrink size of processors due to transistor plates being too close to one another, allowing quantum jump of electrons. I really enjoyed your video Nick :D
lol quantum jumping electrons sometimes jump 2nm, but at the sun they love to do it over a few hundred kilometers or wait its theorized, not factual? maybe its a wrong interpretation of fields interacting, same for the magical leap at the suns surface..
@@vyor8837 any thoughts on what kind of circuit the solar system and by extent the universe is? i'm not trolling btw.. and what i was referring to in my previous post is the notion of some (in my view fairly smart and insightful people) its all fields and only that, not particles.. i know this must sound a bit weird and extreme if you're into technology and/or mainstream concepts of particle physics and cosmology.. i'm exploring plasma cosmology and trying to understand basic plasma physics, as there are quite a few phenomena in that field behaving unusual if looked from either fluid dynamics point and chemically.. (the relation of electric fields, magnetic fields, double layering, composition of plasma, dusty plasma etc) also i'm having trouble with some of the popular concepts in astrophysics and have the feeling they make it to hard on themselves when holding on to certain models, tweaking them with new observations.. thinking outside of the box is what has given us all this technology and for anything space exploration related the expertise of electromechanics is much appreciated, but if these people want to raise the notion on scalability of electric phenomena and certain observed things in space (mars geology is their most notable but also the shape of ultima thule etc) its strongly flipped off as if fools and certainly not capable of making decent statements on anything astrophysics made claims on..
@White Rice are you f serious? you mean vyor.. i found IT's answer short and unable to.. it makes sense there's no emotion in the linguistics but didn't cross my mind this shit is done already.. thanks
Fact about the Sun: sunspots are actually quite bright spots on the surface of the sun, and if observed isolated they would be brighter than the Moon. They appear as dark patches only because of the contrast with the surrounding area of the sun's photosphere, which is considerably hotter and brighter
Which is why black and white are the same color (if you consider them colors at all) just different shades, white is when the entire visible spectrum is being reflected a lot and absorbed a little, and black is when the entire visible spectrum is being absorbed a lot and reflected a little, but in both cases the entire visible spectrum is being reflected. Something can seem to be black or white based on its surroundings. Though you could just consider all of this to be a side effect of how we perceive light.
@@ArticBlueFox96 Seriously? Wow that's mind blowing! Something doesn't make sense though. Black holes should release zero amount of the spectrum, so is their black different?
@@localverse Our brains would still register it as black. It would be the darkest, blackest, black ever. We have been trying to make darker and blacker blacks as a pigment (like vanta black) for various reasons (like telescopes) and they come close, but they usually only absorb like 99.98% of the light that hits it.
Very complex concepts : made it look so simple! Once again, Brilliant choices of models/illustrations! 5:40 "Wave Particle in a box with a lil' tail sticking out" = Best illustration of Quantum Tunneling I've seen yet!
I'll have to mention quantum tunneling and fusion when I'm explaining "at least once" probabilities to statistics students. That should definitely make things more interesting.
Great video Nick! I would have loved you to discuss some applications of modern technology that use quantum tunnel. For example, I recently learned SSD's VNAND rely on electron tunneling in order to write information to charge traps. Also, you should try doing video premieres- even if it's an hour away premiere, it would be good to watch your videos with you and then have a 5-10 min discussion about them.
So... Nuclear fusion is like getting a royal flush. The Sun can get it every time because it's dealing a gazillion hands every second. On Earth, we have like three decks
What I find crazy is, the facts you resent... 1. the core of the sun has about 12% of the sun’s protons... 2. There are 10^57 protons in the sun 3. There are 10^56 protons in the core... Soooo... 10^56 is only 12% of 10^57??? That’s CRAZY, but it’s ok to be a little crazy!
Nonsense, statistics are a descriptive language. Even if we have a trillion people on earth it still does’nt become likely one of them will spontaneously jump to the moon. They might build a rocket though...get the difference?
@@kenlogsdon7095 well all u need for that is to strap a bunch of regular fission bombs together and place some fusion material in the middle. Then when they all go off at once they fuse the heavy hydrogen into helium and make an even bigger kaboom. They figured that one out back in the 50s didn't they?
Great video! But I think it would be beneficial in this case to explain that the "boxes" the protons are in are actually the Coulomb barrier. Otherwise it's not clear why the particle-in-a-box model applies here.
This model is just an idealized explanation of a particle with the boundaries of a box with barriers of infinite height. These do not have to be Coulomb barriers. When complicated quantum mechanics equations are solved they show that these quantum particles have a finite possibility of existing beyond these infinite barriers. When applied to protons in the core of sun we get a finite probability of the colliding protons to penetrate each others' boundaries causing some of these pairs to fuse and release energy. I learned the math of these calculations several decades ago and have forgotten all the details. They are very complex and easily forgotten.
Thank you. I have been explaining this in my grade 6 class for the past few years, and now I have a video to go with it! In fact, CPUs can't get much smaller because "quantum tunneling sets a fundamental limit on how small transistors can get. If any internal barriers get thinner than a nano-meter, too much current will tunnel through when the transistor is off." -QUANTUM MECHANICS IN YOUR PROCESSOR
It really is amazing that there are enough protons in the sun for this to actually happen regularly. E.g. My textbook says that, for an electron with an energy of 5.2eV, the probability of it tunneling through a barrier of only 7.5*10^(-17)m is approximately 45*10^(-6). For a _proton_ in the same scenario, the probability is approximately 10^(_-186_)! (The huge difference is because protons are _far_ more massive than electrons.) The probability isn't as bad for protons in the sun, since they've got a lot more than 5.2eV of energy, but it's still only 10^(-28), like Nick said. And yet this incredibly low probability event is a big part of what makes life on earth possible (since we'd all be dead without the light and heat from the sun). I know I'm just reiterating what he already said in the video, but it's just so amazing. To think that our source of heat and light relies on something that, on average, happens only 1 in 10²⁸ times. 🤯🤯🤯
@@bitterlemonboy I can tell the probability of any macroscopic object quantum tunneling anywhere, while not _technically_ zero, is zero for all practical purposes.
That is so hard to get off from particle model to everything-is-a-wave model. But, this is, to some degree, proves that conscious observer is not required in quantum mechanics to collapse wave functions. Because... Well, there is no observers in the sun's core (but maybe Boltzmann's brains :) ) and quantum effects like collapsing some bunch of particles to a single one, considering them as probabistic waves is still takes place.
vilkillian I don’t know much about quantum mechanics because I don’t have much knowledge of science, but doesn’t quantum mechanics basically just mean that life at the quantum realm is inherently random and unpredictable?
@@nick130420 as some smart guys says: "if you think you understand quantum mechanics, then you do NOT understand quantum mechanics" speaking shotly: we do really know bunch of things about quantum mechanics, but this is simprifies to a simple sentence: "We do not know why or what happens in the deepest realms, but we do know to what it is all leads, and we have have plenty of MATHEMATICAL models APPROXIMATING the results" Which means if we even have accurate model, wh can't really understand WHY something happens
@@nick130420 also as Einstein said: "The God does not play dice with the universe" Even if we approximate all of quauntum mechanics using probabilistic method, i do beleve that there is somethig more "predictable" which controls everything and we just still didn't discover it
Junior Mynos Not really since people consume food and inhale air then extract oxygen from the air and then do a bit of chemistry with energy loss to do actions with energy loss. If anything, humans being small radiators signal how inefficient we are at stocking energy. Typical batteries don’t have to stay alive as well and therefore don’t expand energy doing that. The Matrix -as good as it is- was dumb in that aspect.
@@Blastgun1 But how does the human body produce more energy than the sun's core per volume? And how does the sun unleash blinding light and sweltering summers from many millions of kilometers away if the core's energy per volume isn't even a mere equivalent of a human?
Thank for the video. Last time you made videos about light. Can you please make a video and explain why the phosphorus emits light for some time? Of course if you consider it as a good topic for your channel.
This was a whole new fact to grab Never thought that fusion in stars would require quantum tunneling. That's great, that's awesome!!! Keep on the good work
Another wild thing about quantum tunnelling is in electronics. Microchips like those used for CPUs have channels in which electrons can flow to power the circuits as the building blocks of transistors. Those channels are now so small that the electrons can quantum tunnel to different parts of the circuit. To avoid this, the sides of the channels are now made with a material that has a higher electrical resistance than in previous chips, making it harder for the electrons to escape.
Fact that photon emitted in the core takes millions of years to come to surface is Sun and reaches Earth in 8 mins... The light from Sun that you see is millions of years and 8 mins old...🙃🙃🙃😅
But the light itself will have experienced 0 time and traveled 0 distance from being generated in the core of the sun and hitting the retina in your eye. That's special relativity for you!
@@ChrisWalshZX I believe that it's not the same photon. It's absorbed and re-emitted billions of times, each time at a slightly lower energy. That's why we have visible light and not gamma rays by the time it reaches the surface.
Theoretical models of the Sun's interior indicate a maximum power density, or energy production, of approximately 276.5 watts per cubic metre at the center of the core, which is about the same rate of power production as takes place in reptile metabolism or a compost pile Quote from wiki
My hunch regarding the temperature of the sun's corona is that the sheer intensity of the solar radiation near its surface is enough to generate the million+ degrees plasma. Nothing to do with the temp of the surface itself.
there is probably hidden lore behind this entire channel... like Schizophrenia or something, for him talking to himself, hence Sci. ASYLUM someone get on this
The neutrinos emitted at 1:06 should technically be antineutrinos. H-1 fusion into He-4 produces antineutrinos. Yes, I know I sound like the Nerd Clone right now lol.
I think the sun's magnetic field is in interesting. Could you make video about the sun's magnetic field ? (And about 8 planets' magnetic field as well ? Why do some of them have and not have ?)
And the heliosphere -- the furthest extent to which the sun's magnetic field shields the solar system from interstellar winds, just like how the Earth's magnetic field protects the Earth.
The magnetic field is an interesting point! The nuclear fusion model has failed dismally to account for the strength of the suns magnetic field. The convection currents are 100 times to slow to produce the field. The plasma cosmology theory accurately predicts far more observable phenomenon. A much better theory IMO.
Holy crap! I thought I understood the H->He fusion process(es) in stars. That quantum tunneling was needed to bring protons together is totally new to me. Mind blown!
I learnt some new stuff with this video, I also learnt some stuff from Up and Atom's video on quantum tunneling. It would be nice to have the information merged into one video. Hers is the only video I'm seen on UA-cam which refers to total internal reflection for quantum tunnelling.
I found this video very interesting... I remember back say 15 years ago when I was studying my first year at college... Quantum tunneling did my head in... Took a good dose of magic mushrooms for me to 'get' the concept. But this concept, I've never heard it before, or seen it an any textbook... I found this video absolutely fascinating!
That moment when, here on Earth, we need hundreds of milions of degrees C and the Sun is like... " - pfff, newbies... I can do it with only 15 milion C !"
Hi Nick. It’s so great seeing your channel grow. I started watching years ago when I think your subscriber count was in the single-thousands. Keep up the great work. Not only are you explanations...lucid...they are also readily accessible by me, a mere mortal. I a really appreciate your work.
I'd love to watch 10^38 of these videos, but I don't think I could do it in one second... Regardless of my bad jokes, these videos are amazing. Keep up the good work.
That's what I'm going to tell them in my next interview, 'there's no such thing as outside the box' XD Then I will proceed to explain them Quantum Tunneling, maybe that will shed a LIGHT into their brain ;) (and hopefully convince them and get me the job after all :P) Knock Knock, who's there? Quantum Tunneling, I'm not there, I'm here ;)
Yu hu I'm here too Videos on 1. Temperatures below absolute zero 2. Gravitational waves property. If they travel at light speed, do they have other similar properties like reflection, refraction, diffraction, doppler shift polarization. What is their wavelength range? does special relativity apply to it? 3. Collapsing an air bubble with sound underneath a liquid surface 4. Square waves
That’s incredible interesting! Thank you! But I have a question: as quantum tunneling is just probable but not guaranteed, is it theoretically possible that at some point, there is a chance that the sun will have no quantum tunneling for a period of time. The odds are incredible low of course but it’s not impossible, is it?
Secondly, with so many chances add quantum tunneling the odds of the sun going through a long enough dry spell to actually affect the output of radiation would probably be so small that it would take much longer than the actual lifespan of the sun to see such a dry spell and therefore mathematically the chances of an actually happening are basically zero
And thirdly it probably is a kind of subtle misunderstanding of probability to say that something with such a colossal set of chances actually has a probability of none of those chances going a certain way for a long enough time . Because basically if you were making the argument that a certain event won’t happen for a long time even though that event has lots of potential occurrences and that event is probabilistic, you’re basically arguing that the event is no longer probabilistic since according to the assumptions of your set up, it is no longer honoring the probability distribution. So in essence it’s asking the question what if the probabilistic thing isn’t probabilistic anymore all the sudden?
And then you would need new physics to explain why the probabilistic thing isn’t behaving probabilistically or is behaving according to a new and very different probability distribution. And by that time you’ve already stepped out of the domain of merely speculating on what can happen when we tweak the probability distribution we know.
Possible video topic: how does the process of turning two protons into two neutrons, two photons, two neutrinos, and two positrons actually work?? @The Science Asylum
Not about the Sun, but about tunneling... Do you have a PC with an SSD (Solid State Disk)? A smartphone? Had you ever used an USB key? Thank quantum tunneling... The memory used in those memories actually exploits tunneling to charge an isolated gate and store a '1' or a '0'... Yes, every time you use your smartphone you are doing an experiment in quantum physics...
Red dwarfs dont have that non-convection zone, so their cores can get fuel from the higher layers. Thats why, as you get smaller, the lifespan increases. But, the red dwarfs jump up too much. They live at least 10 trillion years. The next longest might live 20 billion. Yikes
Tunneling reminds me of those bingo/lottery machines with all of those balls bouncing around, but with the glass painted black. If you have a very large number of these machines, all identical aside from "microstate", running at the same time, you can predict how long it will take for about half of them to spit out their first ball. But if you're just looking at _one_ of those machines, you can't predict to any useful level of precision when it will spit out a ball. Even if you know that it usually takes two million years, you can't tell when it's just about to happen, even if it's "overdue" for that. The best you can say is there's a 50% chance that it will happen in the next one million years, but that's the same prediction you'll have every single time you guess, from the moment the machine is turned on until 100 billion years later, it always has a 50% chance of spitting out a ball in the next one million years from that moment. Of course, lots of other probabilistic things also fit with this analogy, but specific discussions of "half life" usually hover around nuclear physics and medicine.
Now I get the basic idea of quantum tunnelling for the first time, thanks :) it's just a probability cloud with a probability that gets lower and lower the further away from the "center", and it's likely never zero no matter how far. Just add more particles/chances to compensate.
Thanks for another great video! Here is another interesting fact about the sun: Helium was identified for the first time in the sun's spectrum, even before it was known here on earth! That's shows you how powerful is spectroscopy as a research tool. Nick, I think it worth a video. If u are interested we can discuss the subject. ( was it u who published u r looking for someone to help with your videos as a writer? I'm not sure.)I know spectroscopy but not enough astrophysics which you do. Anyhow thanks for another great video. 🙂
So this is like throwing trillions of paint particles randomly at a canvas. Eventually all the surface will be covered, but inefficient lol. I feel we need to rethink fusion tech here on earth. It's always "30 years away".
Interesting fact about fusion in the sun: when two protons fuse, one of them turns into a neutron, releasing a positron, neutrino, and energy in the interaction. A positron is an anti-electron. The core of the sun is a plasma (which is, basically, a soup of positive nuclei and electrons). At least some of those positrons will find electrons and they will annihilate each other. Therefore... A portion of the sun's energy output is from matter/antimatter reactions!
Also most of the time helium two decays strait back into two protons via proton emission only 1 in 10000 fusions result in beta+ decay of (2)He into deuterium.
Next time when someone tells me to think outside the box, I'm gonna be like, "dude, there's no such thing as outside the box...that's not reality!! I possess an infinite number of 'thinking' states..."
Thanks Nick, these videos are really excellent for high school IB Physics... you pitch the level just right and make it really memorable and engaging. I really appreciate it and I know my students do too!
Thanks scientists and institutions tried to say that it was a myth tunneling .but if there was no such thing as tumbling there wouldn't be any such thing as Bridges! And people fall into that category as well.
It's a fairly intuitive physics concept: when you reduce the volume of a container while conserving all the particles inside, you effectively increase the gas pressure as those particles are squashed into this confined space. And as you increase the gas pressure, you effectively increase its temperature, because you increase the number of effective collisions occurring per unit volume. Remember, by the physics definition, temperature is a measure of the average particle oscillations and effective collisions per unit volume.
@@GTAVictor9128 That's not true. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles. It does not depend on collisions per unit time. The number of collisions depends on the molarity (particles per volume): a dilute gas will have fewer collisions than a dense gas, even at the same temperature. In fact, pressure itself does not directly increase temperature even. The reason compressing a gas increases temperature is you are doing work on the gas, which by definition increases its energy. The sun's core is hot because gravity does a huge amount of work on particles to bring them there. In general, the best place to start is to look at the ideal gas law PV=nRT, although of course it's only an approximation, and it doesn't tell you *why* something is happening.
@@gardenhead92 Ah. Thanks for the correction. What I said was what I assumed to be the case, based on my own intuition. I guess I should've done the research. Edit: What I said seems to be a common misconception, then, because that is what some scientific books and science textbooks claim. Whenever I presented this explanation to teachers, no one ever corrected me. During my course on thermodynamics, I remember that there was some mention of how work done on a gas heats it up, but I never considered how it didn't match my previous explanation. I was also partly misled because I a reading the book "A Brief History of Time". In that book, it said: "A star is formed when a large amount of gas starts to collapse in on itself due to its gravitational attraction. As it contracts, the atoms of the gas collide with each other more and more frequently and at greater speeds - the gas heats up."
@@GTAVictor9128 It is a common misconception. If you find a textbook that has that explanation it would definitely be a flaw. The quote isn't wrong, but it is misleading. The atoms collide with each other more and more because they are being confined to a smaller space and increasing in speed due to gravity. The collisions ensure the core will reach thermal equilibrium, but they can't provide the energy for a temperature increase in the first place. Remember that energy is conserved. Atoms can't come away from a collision with more energy than went into it.
I still don’t get it but I love these videos 😄 I am lost on how quantum tunneling leads to fusion. If high temperatures are what’s needed, then I am lost on how the tunneling makes up for that
I read somewhere that the sun is so dense, it takes tens of thousands of years for light (photons) produced in the core to reach the surface. It's hard for people to understand how stupidly large the universe is. Thanks, Science Asylum, for making it all a bit easier to grasp. 8)
That's a good thing. Most light produced in the core is gamma rays, and very few of those make it to the surface. The light we see comes from blackbody radiation at the surface.
@@Monody512 I wanted to not mention them because *some* have fusion just not much. But white dwarves? That glow is just the left over heat from when it was fusioning. But I'm pretty sure those classify as stelar remnants and not true stars, too.
Everyone tells about protons bumping in stars, but nobody has ever mentioned quantum tunnelling before, even in school, where we had an excellent astronomy and physics teacher. As always, new video, new interesting fact.
I mean quantum tunnelling needing in this process to exist, of course :)
I came to know about the necessity of quantum tunneling for nuclear fusion in our star in David Butler's video last year. So yeah it seems no one (laypeople like me) normally knows about this because no one normally tell the likes of us.
minute physics briefly mentioned it before
Check out Dr.A Physics...he did.
If you ever lookup something astrophysics or nuclear in Wikipedia's rabbit holes, chance are you'll find quantum tunneling mentioned ^^
For example in the article about stellar nucleosynthesis en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis#Reaction_rate
Hey Nick, I just had a thought and I hope you can shed some light on the subject because I don't even know how to start googling this.
(not related to this video)
We have wormholes, they can link spacetime from two different "areas"(for lack of better term)..
Now, I know it's basically purely theoretical at this point, but I assume matter can travel though it (whether a living being can survive the journey is not relevant)
On the other hand, we have the "heat death" of the universe, a time where all entropy is equal.. (let's call matter from the late universe with no entropy "dead" matter and matter from the early universe "alive" matter)
so, if wormholes are a thing - wouldn't stuff "leak" though it? either both sides diffuse into one another or one side has some sort of "pressure" equivalent making it spew stuff in the other direction.
if that assumption is correct, new "alive" matter will constantly refresh the entropy for the late universe, no?
and what about the "dead" matter that is coming from the late universe to the early universe? (*dark matter perhaps?)
*I don't have a clue what dark matter is, I know what anti-matter is and what dark energy is (gravity seemingly coming from nowhere, maybe is that what dark matter propagates?)
in conclusion.. is the universe some sort of self-propelled perpetual thingy?
also, where do I get my noble prize if this is true?
The only thing I've got from this video is if I want to win a lottery 3 times in a row, I should travel to the Sun. I think, i'll better do it at night...
Nice explanation!
I been waiting for a video from you.
Why does Pressure increase temperature?
(I know there it's
PV=nRT
But, still some realistic explanations please!)
Because the temperature is related to the energy density, which goes up as pressure is applied, with more energetic particles squeezed into smaller and smaller volumes.
Awesome 'wave in a box' analogy for the wavefunctions. Could you use the uncertainty principle to calculate the size of the box? Wouldn't that be the size of a proton at that energy (0.85fm)? What threshold of certainty do scientists use to calculate these measirements?
Super cool universe we live in!
Can we please get some info/visuals on how probability waves propagate? How a photon is a wave packet that travels in a line? If I throw a rock in a pond, the wave travels in all directions. The same with sound, etc. Also, could you do a video on how the nature of probability waves makes it so you can swap 2 identical particles and it's the same state, in relation to the quantum probability wave of a quantum field? I mean, basically all particles of a kind are excitations in a single field shared by that particle kind, so that particles are just manifestations of that single field, so that each particle kind is in a way just a single particle, and the weirdness that ensues.
Quantum waves behave in a similar way, traveling out in all directions. There's no telling where an individual particle will end up. That's just extremely difficult to animate and also have it make sense.
Imagine if this didn't happen, stars would burn though their fuel way faster. Like how a bomb burns through it's explosive materials really fast.
Fifty pounds of force... Two hundred and thirty newtons... on a frickin proton. Damn.
For real! 🤯
I knew there was a non-convection zone in the sun but it never occurred to me that it isolates the core from additional hydrogen. Now a lot more about stars is making sense! Thanks Nick and Question Clone! What a team!
You're welcome! 😊 In fact, the only stars that can fuse all their hydrogen are red dwarfs (because they're fully convective).
@@ScienceAsylum Sometimes it pays to be itty bitty!
Our sun is perfect 😍
Would love to understand how the zone isolates the core.
@@localverse well, no convection means no exchange of fuel, only fusion products like neutrinos and photons, and forces can go through the layer.
There's so much energy coming out of the core that the hydrogen of the outer layers can't get close to the core to fuse
Don't take my words for it, I'm just guessing from what makes sense to me x)
Red dwarfs' cores would be of weak enough activity to not prevent this convection from happening
The Sun uses quantum tunneling for nuclear fusion and nuclear fusion is how the Sun creates light... so, is this the light at the end of the tunnel?
Nice ;)
Groan.
Master Therion i love you
Truly a pun worthy of you, Therion-sama 😂
It's a freight train coming your way.
Every time I thinking’s done a good job explaining something you make a new video and put me in my place lol.
That is why I liked open source software. You can always know how it works. It puts everybody in their place. Good for science and engineering. The Sun is open source 😀🙏👍. Unless they build a Dyson Sphere and start selling the Sunlight.
what
I feel like your videos serve different purposes. Nick's videos are to give high-level overviews to interested laypeople. your videos are to give more detailed explanations two people formally studying physics. A fourth year physics major won't get much out of Nicks video and I, an interested layperson, often don't get much out of your more serious videos (I'm here for the memes lol). But both of those are necessary and you both do a good job at your respective video types.
Hi Andrew Dotson
Yes... anytime you start feeling smart you can always find someone on UA-cam to put you in your place.
I have been wondering why the sun doesn't just use up it's hydrogen all at once. Thanks for explaining.
dude the sun already consumed its time it lived for just one moment, energy protects that one moment from time. so that only moment which sun has lived is katrilion years in our time understanding
@@okaydedeoglu4771 Elaborate
@@vs6x3 don't listen to a guy who says "katrillion" lmao
@@vs6x3 Hes talking nonsense
Did you not pay attention?
The fusion is extremely unlikely.
The sun got 10^56 protons available for fusion. And it fuses 10^(forgot) protons per second. So just fetch your calculator and find out how long it is going to take until all fuel is burned?
A book I read put the quantum tunneling process in the sun in an interesting perspective. Since the probability of a fusion event for any square meter of core material was extremely low, an equal volume of compost actually produces more energy. The book said the sun doesn't produce so much energy because it's efficient; it produces it because it's so huge.
I've heard that cold-blooded reptiles produce about the same amount of heat per volume as the sun.
Actually my teacher told us in high school that source of sun energy is quantum tunneling but he just told the fact. After 2 years I finally found it complete .✌
I remember reading a while back that quantum tunneling is the reason why modern electronics struggle to shrink size of processors due to transistor plates being too close to one another, allowing quantum jump of electrons. I really enjoyed your video Nick :D
lol quantum jumping electrons sometimes jump 2nm, but at the sun they love to do it over a few hundred kilometers or wait its theorized, not factual? maybe its a wrong interpretation of fields interacting, same for the magical leap at the suns surface..
@@runs_through_the_forest they can jump up to 30nm depending on design of the circuit.
@@vyor8837 any thoughts on what kind of circuit the solar system and by extent the universe is? i'm not trolling btw.. and what i was referring to in my previous post is the notion of some (in my view fairly smart and insightful people) its all fields and only that, not particles.. i know this must sound a bit weird and extreme if you're into technology and/or mainstream concepts of particle physics and cosmology.. i'm exploring plasma cosmology and trying to understand basic plasma physics, as there are quite a few phenomena in that field behaving unusual if looked from either fluid dynamics point and chemically.. (the relation of electric fields, magnetic fields, double layering, composition of plasma, dusty plasma etc) also i'm having trouble with some of the popular concepts in astrophysics and have the feeling they make it to hard on themselves when holding on to certain models, tweaking them with new observations.. thinking outside of the box is what has given us all this technology and for anything space exploration related the expertise of electromechanics is much appreciated, but if these people want to raise the notion on scalability of electric phenomena and certain observed things in space (mars geology is their most notable but also the shape of ultima thule etc) its strongly flipped off as if fools and certainly not capable of making decent statements on anything astrophysics made claims on..
@@runs_through_the_forest it all revolves around energy differentials. Electrons and protons move to the lower energy areas.
@White Rice are you f serious? you mean vyor.. i found IT's answer short and unable to.. it makes sense there's no emotion in the linguistics but didn't cross my mind this shit is done already.. thanks
Fact about the Sun: sunspots are actually quite bright spots on the surface of the sun, and if observed isolated they would be brighter than the Moon. They appear as dark patches only because of the contrast with the surrounding area of the sun's photosphere, which is considerably hotter and brighter
Which is why black and white are the same color (if you consider them colors at all) just different shades, white is when the entire visible spectrum is being reflected a lot and absorbed a little, and black is when the entire visible spectrum is being absorbed a lot and reflected a little, but in both cases the entire visible spectrum is being reflected. Something can seem to be black or white based on its surroundings. Though you could just consider all of this to be a side effect of how we perceive light.
@@ArticBlueFox96 Seriously? Wow that's mind blowing! Something doesn't make sense though. Black holes should release zero amount of the spectrum, so is their black different?
@@localverse Our brains would still register it as black. It would be the darkest, blackest, black ever. We have been trying to make darker and blacker blacks as a pigment (like vanta black) for various reasons (like telescopes) and they come close, but they usually only absorb like 99.98% of the light that hits it.
@@ArticBlueFox96 It would be the darkest, blackest black but wouldn't be the same as white, correct?
@@localverse Yes
_We should visit the sun at night_
@Ross Meldrum nope
Friendship ended with "FAST FAST" 08:16
now "WHAT WHAT WHAT" is my best friend 05:23
You can have more than one friend...
"WHAT WHAT WHAT" maybe be all shiny and new now...but in the end you'll come back to "FAST FAST".
Haha
"The Sun can’t work without Quantum Tunneling"
Yet another ridiculous union demand...
Opl
No it isn't! It's all right there, spelled out in the contract the Sun negotiated with the laws of physics.
Fred
Very complex concepts : made it look so simple! Once again, Brilliant choices of models/illustrations!
5:40 "Wave Particle in a box with a lil' tail sticking out" = Best illustration of Quantum Tunneling I've seen yet!
Thanks! I try really hard to make good visuals.
The sun is a lot more badass than I thought.
Even more than the fact you can't even look at it regardless of its 92 million mile distance apart. Imagine a bloody O-type star!! 😳😳😳
@@francischimenti1374 imagine standing on the sunny side of mercury, with the sun screaming at your face and no atmosphere to block it xD
@@YounesLayachi 🌅🔥🔥☠☠☠
Haha
Agreed
I'll have to mention quantum tunneling and fusion when I'm explaining "at least once" probabilities to statistics students. That should definitely make things more interesting.
Great video Nick! I would have loved you to discuss some applications of modern technology that use quantum tunnel. For example, I recently learned SSD's VNAND rely on electron tunneling in order to write information to charge traps. Also, you should try doing video premieres- even if it's an hour away premiere, it would be good to watch your videos with you and then have a 5-10 min discussion about them.
I've had a few friends do a premiere before and the video didn't perform nearly as well 🤷♂️
@@ScienceAsylum Ohh, we are all mercy to the whims of the workings of the YT black box. Regardless, keep up the great work!
So... Nuclear fusion is like getting a royal flush. The Sun can get it every time because it's dealing a gazillion hands every second.
On Earth, we have like three decks
Exactly.
But we are getting really good at rigging the deck in our favor.
@@rodrigoserafim8834 in 20 years we'll be able to deal the cards however we want
3:57
"Quantum mechanics forbids this"
- PBS Space-Time
@Joe D actually the universe is under no obligation to make sense to us. We don't need to bring in the creator for this ;)
@@YathishShamaraj Your rebuttal is literally the most irrelevant argument 😂😂😂
@@vinniehuish3987 😝 so it seems
What I find crazy is, the facts you resent...
1. the core of the sun has about 12% of the sun’s protons...
2. There are 10^57 protons in the sun
3. There are 10^56 protons in the core...
Soooo... 10^56 is only 12% of 10^57???
That’s CRAZY, but it’s ok to be a little crazy!
Crazy... but true.
It's actually 10% (one tenth) - but the difference isn't important for the points in this video.
xkcd summed up this kind of thinking with an astrophysisit saing something like "assuming pi is 1 .. ok, let's make it 10 if you prefer"
@Franck Gambu You're forgetting 10^56 and 10^57 aren't the exact numbers. They're probably a lot more, but the numbers are too long to write out.
NDT has put it clearly when he said “ if you have sample size [of probabilities] large enough, rare things become common”
True
Nonsense, statistics are a descriptive language. Even if we have a trillion people on earth it still does’nt become likely one of them will spontaneously jump to the moon. They might build a rocket though...get the difference?
@@soostdijk what you said is nonsense
Ekrem DİNÇEL you have any arguments with that statement?
@@soostdijk I was over the moon when I met my first girlfriend.
o, that finally explains the difficulty of building a fusion reactor.
Amazing Vid :D
Exactly what I was thinking while watching this! 😁
yes, but now i wonder so does this actually prevent us from attaining sustainable positive output fusion reactors?
@@skoggiehoggins1445
only for so long
But it does explain how (relatively) easy it is to make a fusion bomb!
@@kenlogsdon7095
well all u need for that is to strap a bunch of regular fission bombs together and place some fusion material in the middle.
Then when they all go off at once they fuse the heavy hydrogen into helium and make an even bigger kaboom.
They figured that one out back in the 50s didn't they?
Great video! But I think it would be beneficial in this case to explain that the "boxes" the protons are in are actually the Coulomb barrier. Otherwise it's not clear why the particle-in-a-box model applies here.
This model is just an idealized explanation of a particle with the boundaries of a box with barriers of infinite height. These do not have to be Coulomb barriers. When complicated quantum mechanics equations are solved they show that these quantum particles have a finite possibility of existing beyond these infinite barriers. When applied to protons in the core of sun we get a finite probability of the colliding protons to penetrate each others' boundaries causing some of these pairs to fuse and release energy. I learned the math of these calculations several decades ago and have forgotten all the details. They are very complex and easily forgotten.
I think if my astro prof introduced this concept mid class our minds would've melted to our monitors LOL
Thank you. I have been explaining this in my grade 6 class for the past few years, and now I have a video to go with it! In fact, CPUs can't get much smaller because "quantum tunneling sets a fundamental limit on how small transistors can get. If any internal barriers get thinner than a nano-meter, too much current will tunnel through when the transistor is off." -QUANTUM MECHANICS IN YOUR PROCESSOR
It really is amazing that there are enough protons in the sun for this to actually happen regularly. E.g. My textbook says that, for an electron with an energy of 5.2eV, the probability of it tunneling through a barrier of only 7.5*10^(-17)m is approximately 45*10^(-6). For a _proton_ in the same scenario, the probability is approximately 10^(_-186_)! (The huge difference is because protons are _far_ more massive than electrons.) The probability isn't as bad for protons in the sun, since they've got a lot more than 5.2eV of energy, but it's still only 10^(-28), like Nick said.
And yet this incredibly low probability event is a big part of what makes life on earth possible (since we'd all be dead without the light and heat from the sun). I know I'm just reiterating what he already said in the video, but it's just so amazing. To think that our source of heat and light relies on something that, on average, happens only 1 in 10²⁸ times.
🤯🤯🤯
I love it when events become inevitable/common _just_ because the numbers are large.
Can you calculate the probability of me quantum tunneling to the Andromeda Galaxy? I weigh 85 kg.
@@bitterlemonboy I can tell the probability of any macroscopic object quantum tunneling anywhere, while not _technically_ zero, is zero for all practical purposes.
@@Lucky10279 So you're telling me there's a chance
Nick, great work as always! This was completely new to me. I have always thought that the mass/temperature is enough for fusion.
That is so hard to get off from particle model to everything-is-a-wave model.
But, this is, to some degree, proves that conscious observer is not required in quantum mechanics to collapse wave functions. Because... Well, there is no observers in the sun's core (but maybe Boltzmann's brains :) ) and quantum effects like collapsing some bunch of particles to a single one, considering them as probabistic waves is still takes place.
vilkillian I don’t know much about quantum mechanics because I don’t have much knowledge of science, but doesn’t quantum mechanics basically just mean that life at the quantum realm is inherently random and unpredictable?
@@nick130420 as some smart guys says:
"if you think you understand quantum mechanics, then you do NOT understand quantum mechanics"
speaking shotly: we do really know bunch of things about quantum mechanics, but this is simprifies to a simple sentence:
"We do not know why or what happens in the deepest realms, but we do know to what it is all leads, and we have have plenty of MATHEMATICAL models APPROXIMATING the results"
Which means if we even have accurate model, wh can't really understand WHY something happens
@@nick130420 also as Einstein said: "The God does not play dice with the universe"
Even if we approximate all of quauntum mechanics using probabilistic method, i do beleve that there is somethig more "predictable" which controls everything and we just still didn't discover it
@@vilkillian en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden-variable_theory
vilkillian there has to be something more predictable, unless you believe in magic. Don’t you agree?
Fun fact (not so fun for fusion research): suns core produces less energy than human body per unit volume. It is around 270 W/m3
Explains why humans are used as batteries in The Matrix
Junior Mynos Not really since people consume food and inhale air then extract oxygen from the air and then do a bit of chemistry with energy loss to do actions with energy loss. If anything, humans being small radiators signal how inefficient we are at stocking energy. Typical batteries don’t have to stay alive as well and therefore don’t expand energy doing that. The Matrix -as good as it is- was dumb in that aspect.
@Gerben van Straaten I'll assume the exponential result means we can do more with fewer protons and skip the quantum tunneling?
@@Blastgun1 But how does the human body produce more energy than the sun's core per volume? And how does the sun unleash blinding light and sweltering summers from many millions of kilometers away if the core's energy per volume isn't even a mere equivalent of a human?
Marino Hernandez Simple: the sun is huge compared to the usual volumes you encounter and so you have many m^3 of core.
You've really outdone yourself here. I learned so much in a single video. Thank you for making and sharing these!
lovely video
Thank for the video.
Last time you made videos about light.
Can you please make a video and explain why the phosphorus emits light for some time? Of course if you consider it as a good topic for your channel.
This was a whole new fact to grab
Never thought that fusion in stars would require quantum tunneling.
That's great, that's awesome!!!
Keep on the good work
Wow 👏what an amazing 👏explanation.
Dude your channel is criminally underrated.
Another wild thing about quantum tunnelling is in electronics. Microchips like those used for CPUs have channels in which electrons can flow to power the circuits as the building blocks of transistors. Those channels are now so small that the electrons can quantum tunnel to different parts of the circuit. To avoid this, the sides of the channels are now made with a material that has a higher electrical resistance than in previous chips, making it harder for the electrons to escape.
Commodore 64 had game named Great Escape. It was about this phenomenom.
Can you please make vedio ANTI MATTER
That topic is so strange
Fact that photon emitted in the core takes millions of years to come to surface is Sun and reaches Earth in 8 mins...
The light from Sun that you see is millions of years and 8 mins old...🙃🙃🙃😅
Well... millions of years is a bit of an over estimate. It's more like 100 thousand years, but yes it's still crazy 🤓
@@ScienceAsylum yeah sorry for my error bar of more than 10 percent...😂😂
But the light itself will have experienced 0 time and traveled 0 distance from being generated in the core of the sun and hitting the retina in your eye. That's special relativity for you!
100000 Years, but where is observer with the clock? Following photon inside Sun, or on Earth?
@@ChrisWalshZX I believe that it's not the same photon. It's absorbed and re-emitted billions of times, each time at a slightly lower energy. That's why we have visible light and not gamma rays by the time it reaches the surface.
The power/volume density of the whole sun is lower than a mammal's metabolism. Closer to that a compost pile, I believe.
Interesting. Complexity builds though thanks to the giant compost heap in the sky!
Theoretical models of the Sun's interior indicate a maximum power density, or energy production, of approximately 276.5 watts per cubic metre at the center of the core, which is about the same rate of power production as takes place in reptile metabolism or a compost pile
Quote from wiki
The mystery of the corona, the corona is hotter than the surface of the sun.That is odd
My hunch regarding the temperature of the sun's corona is that the sheer intensity of the solar radiation near its surface is enough to generate the million+ degrees plasma. Nothing to do with the temp of the surface itself.
there is probably hidden lore behind this entire channel...
like Schizophrenia or something, for him talking to himself, hence Sci. ASYLUM
someone get on this
I'm sick with the flu, and this video made me feel better. Thank You!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Glad I could help 😊 Get better soon!
I like to think of the box as a Pizza Hut box and those protons as little pepperonis.
I have a fun fact about the sun:
The temperature on its surface is about 5,500 K, but in the corona above it it's in the millions of Kelvin.
Nice fact!
why that happens?
@@ScienceAsylum You should make a video about that :-D
@@ScienceAsylum Could you please do a video on STELLAR ENGINES
When you see corona u only have 1 thought sadly
The subliminal messages worked, I just subscribed
Wow! I'm glad you're posting so often! Always eager for your next video!
Amazing, I understood most of it. Thanks Nick for being such an amazing teacher
The neutrinos emitted at 1:06 should technically be antineutrinos. H-1 fusion into He-4 produces antineutrinos. Yes, I know I sound like the Nerd Clone right now lol.
Thanks for the clarification. While the graphic doesn't really specify what kind of neutrino they are, it's important to state these things sometimes.
I think the sun's magnetic field is in interesting. Could you make video about the sun's magnetic field ? (And about 8 planets' magnetic field as well ? Why do some of them have and not have ?)
And the heliosphere -- the furthest extent to which the sun's magnetic field shields the solar system from interstellar winds, just like how the Earth's magnetic field protects the Earth.
The magnetic field is an interesting point! The nuclear fusion model has failed dismally to account for the strength of the suns magnetic field. The convection currents are 100 times to slow to produce the field. The plasma cosmology theory accurately predicts far more observable phenomenon. A much better theory IMO.
So, there's an extremely extremely super low probability where no protons will tunnel and the sun switch off??? 🤔
Yes, for a moment
@@milktruckdriver for sure, isn't the question is about that?
Interesting thought experiment. I wonder if any stars in our universe have experienced 0 quantum tunneling for, lets say, 1 second.
Probably only for a split second
Holy crap! I thought I understood the H->He fusion process(es) in stars. That quantum tunneling was needed to bring protons together is totally new to me. Mind blown!
I learnt some new stuff with this video, I also learnt some stuff from Up and Atom's video on quantum tunneling. It would be nice to have the information merged into one video. Hers is the only video I'm seen on UA-cam which refers to total internal reflection for quantum tunnelling.
Jade and I have tried to collab a couple times, but it's never worked out. Maybe one day.
I found this video very interesting... I remember back say 15 years ago when I was studying my first year at college... Quantum tunneling did my head in... Took a good dose of magic mushrooms for me to 'get' the concept. But this concept, I've never heard it before, or seen it an any textbook... I found this video absolutely fascinating!
I love how this science video has a viral video thumbnail
That moment when, here on Earth, we need hundreds of milions of degrees C and the Sun is like... " - pfff, newbies... I can do it with only 15 milion C !"
😂
Thanks for portuguese subtitles!!!!!!!!!:)
Hi Nick. It’s so great seeing your channel grow. I started watching years ago when I think your subscriber count was in the single-thousands. Keep up the great work. Not only are you explanations...lucid...they are also readily accessible by me, a mere mortal. I a really appreciate your work.
Thanks! 😊 Also, thanks for subbing when I was so small.
I'd love to watch 10^38 of these videos, but I don't think I could do it in one second... Regardless of my bad jokes, these videos are amazing. Keep up the good work.
That's what I'm going to tell them in my next interview, 'there's no such thing as outside the box' XD
Then I will proceed to explain them Quantum Tunneling, maybe that will shed a LIGHT into their brain ;)
(and hopefully convince them and get me the job after all :P)
Knock Knock, who's there? Quantum Tunneling, I'm not there, I'm here ;)
I didn't even know I could have my mind blown that much on something I never asked myself about... As always, great stuff !!!
Yu hu
I'm here too
Videos on
1. Temperatures below absolute zero
2. Gravitational waves property. If they travel at light speed, do they have other similar properties like reflection, refraction, diffraction, doppler shift polarization. What is their wavelength range?
does special relativity apply to it?
3. Collapsing an air bubble with sound underneath a liquid surface
4. Square waves
once again quantum physics is everywhere
That’s incredible interesting! Thank you!
But I have a question: as quantum tunneling is just probable but not guaranteed, is it theoretically possible that at some point, there is a chance that the sun will have no quantum tunneling for a period of time. The odds are incredible low of course but it’s not impossible, is it?
Is it _possible_ ? Yes.
@@ScienceAsylum and what would happen then? :D
Thank you for the answer btw :)
Secondly, with so many chances add quantum tunneling the odds of the sun going through a long enough dry spell to actually affect the output of radiation would probably be so small that it would take much longer than the actual lifespan of the sun to see such a dry spell and therefore mathematically the chances of an actually happening are basically zero
And thirdly it probably is a kind of subtle misunderstanding of probability to say that something with such a colossal set of chances actually has a probability of none of those chances going a certain way for a long enough time . Because basically if you were making the argument that a certain event won’t happen for a long time even though that event has lots of potential occurrences and that event is probabilistic, you’re basically arguing that the event is no longer probabilistic since according to the assumptions of your set up, it is no longer honoring the probability distribution. So in essence it’s asking the question what if the probabilistic thing isn’t probabilistic anymore all the sudden?
And then you would need new physics to explain why the probabilistic thing isn’t behaving probabilistically or is behaving according to a new and very different probability distribution. And by that time you’ve already stepped out of the domain of merely speculating on what can happen when we tweak the probability distribution we know.
Possible video topic: how does the process of turning two protons into two neutrons, two photons, two neutrinos, and two positrons actually work?? @The Science Asylum
Not about the Sun, but about tunneling... Do you have a PC with an SSD (Solid State Disk)? A smartphone? Had you ever used an USB key? Thank quantum tunneling... The memory used in those memories actually exploits tunneling to charge an isolated gate and store a '1' or a '0'...
Yes, every time you use your smartphone you are doing an experiment in quantum physics...
MIND BLOWN. Thanks Nick for today's dose of reality boggling serum
Reality is something else we have only scratch the surface
Red dwarfs dont have that non-convection zone, so their cores can get fuel from the higher layers. Thats why, as you get smaller, the lifespan increases. But, the red dwarfs jump up too much. They live at least 10 trillion years. The next longest might live 20 billion. Yikes
Tunneling reminds me of those bingo/lottery machines with all of those balls bouncing around, but with the glass painted black. If you have a very large number of these machines, all identical aside from "microstate", running at the same time, you can predict how long it will take for about half of them to spit out their first ball. But if you're just looking at _one_ of those machines, you can't predict to any useful level of precision when it will spit out a ball. Even if you know that it usually takes two million years, you can't tell when it's just about to happen, even if it's "overdue" for that. The best you can say is there's a 50% chance that it will happen in the next one million years, but that's the same prediction you'll have every single time you guess, from the moment the machine is turned on until 100 billion years later, it always has a 50% chance of spitting out a ball in the next one million years from that moment.
Of course, lots of other probabilistic things also fit with this analogy, but specific discussions of "half life" usually hover around nuclear physics and medicine.
Now I get the basic idea of quantum tunnelling for the first time, thanks :)
it's just a probability cloud with a probability that gets lower and lower the further away from the "center", and it's likely never zero no matter how far.
Just add more particles/chances to compensate.
"They're moving really f..." *already anxiously waiting for FAST FAST!
Thanks for another great video!
Here is another interesting fact about the sun: Helium was identified for the first time in the sun's spectrum, even before it was known here on earth! That's shows you how powerful is spectroscopy as a research tool. Nick, I think it worth a video. If u are interested we can discuss the subject. ( was it u who published u r looking for someone to help with your videos as a writer? I'm not sure.)I know spectroscopy but not enough astrophysics which you do.
Anyhow thanks for another great video. 🙂
Ah, Electron volts, the ultimate measurement unit for energy and mass
So this is like throwing trillions of paint particles randomly at a canvas. Eventually all the surface will be covered, but inefficient lol. I feel we need to rethink fusion tech here on earth. It's always "30 years away".
Interesting fact about fusion in the sun: when two protons fuse, one of them turns into a neutron, releasing a positron, neutrino, and energy in the interaction. A positron is an anti-electron. The core of the sun is a plasma (which is, basically, a soup of positive nuclei and electrons). At least some of those positrons will find electrons and they will annihilate each other. Therefore... A portion of the sun's energy output is from matter/antimatter reactions!
Also most of the time helium two decays strait back into two protons via proton emission only 1 in 10000 fusions result in beta+ decay of (2)He into deuterium.
very good video also explaining quantum tunneling very well, this is my first time understanding the probability idea in quantum physics, thanks
Next time when someone tells me to think outside the box, I'm gonna be like, "dude, there's no such thing as outside the box...that's not reality!! I possess an infinite number of 'thinking' states..."
Fun fact: Protons are actually made of three smaller particles, specifically two Up Quarks and a Down Quark.
5:22 is what we're all here for!
I AM HAPPY, I KNEW THIS IN SCHOOL! 😃
Thanks Nick, these videos are really excellent for high school IB Physics... you pitch the level just right and make it really memorable and engaging. I really appreciate it and I know my students do too!
I love to hear when my videos get used in classrooms! 🤓
Thank you for explaining vividly what and why Quantum Tunneling works my friend!
I know interesting fact about The sun.
Its been banned in Liverpool
one for the UK crowd
Thank you 😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭you helped me alot
You're welcome 😊
Nick: the sun ain't hot enough
Sun: what do u mean!?
Thanks scientists and institutions tried to say that it was a myth tunneling .but if there was no such thing as tumbling there wouldn't be any such thing as Bridges! And people fall into that category as well.
"As pressure goes up, so does temparature" - how about a video on that?
It's a fairly intuitive physics concept: when you reduce the volume of a container while conserving all the particles inside, you effectively increase the gas pressure as those particles are squashed into this confined space. And as you increase the gas pressure, you effectively increase its temperature, because you increase the number of effective collisions occurring per unit volume. Remember, by the physics definition, temperature is a measure of the average particle oscillations and effective collisions per unit volume.
@@GTAVictor9128 That's not true. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles. It does not depend on collisions per unit time. The number of collisions depends on the molarity (particles per volume): a dilute gas will have fewer collisions than a dense gas, even at the same temperature. In fact, pressure itself does not directly increase temperature even. The reason compressing a gas increases temperature is you are doing work on the gas, which by definition increases its energy. The sun's core is hot because gravity does a huge amount of work on particles to bring them there.
In general, the best place to start is to look at the ideal gas law PV=nRT, although of course it's only an approximation, and it doesn't tell you *why* something is happening.
@@gardenhead92
Ah. Thanks for the correction. What I said was what I assumed to be the case, based on my own intuition. I guess I should've done the research.
Edit: What I said seems to be a common misconception, then, because that is what some scientific books and science textbooks claim. Whenever I presented this explanation to teachers, no one ever corrected me. During my course on thermodynamics, I remember that there was some mention of how work done on a gas heats it up, but I never considered how it didn't match my previous explanation.
I was also partly misled because I a reading the book "A Brief History of Time". In that book, it said: "A star is formed when a large amount of gas starts to collapse in on itself due to its gravitational attraction. As it contracts, the atoms of the gas collide with each other more and more frequently and at greater speeds - the gas heats up."
@@GTAVictor9128 Somehow I think I understand that too - but only a bit ;) Nick's video would solve the mysteries I guess :)
@@GTAVictor9128 It is a common misconception. If you find a textbook that has that explanation it would definitely be a flaw. The quote isn't wrong, but it is misleading. The atoms collide with each other more and more because they are being confined to a smaller space and increasing in speed due to gravity. The collisions ensure the core will reach thermal equilibrium, but they can't provide the energy for a temperature increase in the first place. Remember that energy is conserved. Atoms can't come away from a collision with more energy than went into it.
I still don’t get it but I love these videos 😄 I am lost on how quantum tunneling leads to fusion. If high temperatures are what’s needed, then I am lost on how the tunneling makes up for that
2:01 We should start using this as a scientific meme for pedantic people
If we use third law of thermodynamics not zeroth law than we might achieve 👉👍 everything.
I read somewhere that the sun is so dense, it takes tens of thousands of years for light (photons) produced in the core to reach the surface.
It's hard for people to understand how stupidly large the universe is. Thanks, Science Asylum, for making it all a bit easier to grasp. 8)
That's a good thing. Most light produced in the core is gamma rays, and very few of those make it to the surface. The light we see comes from blackbody radiation at the surface.
At 10000000 degrees protons move at a speed around 460100 m/s, which is 1656360 km/h :O
Man, I love physics.
"all stars have fusion going on in their cores"
Not neutron stars.
Got 'em!
Neutron star is a stellar remnant not really a star
@@kawa8694 oh, I forgot. It was named before science names became super literal.
Don't forget red dwarfs.
Mit Yelsob A red dwarf is still a main sequence fusing star. You're probably thinking of a brown dwarf.
@@Monody512 I wanted to not mention them because *some* have fusion just not much. But white dwarves? That glow is just the left over heat from when it was fusioning. But I'm pretty sure those classify as stelar remnants and not true stars, too.
Thanks Nick,,finally i knew how protons conduct together which i never considered
Just bought a new phone and watching you in full HD, what a joy, thank you sir!