Fun fact, I said Bose-Einstein Condensate 284 times during this video... did you catch them all? Massive thank you to Infleqtion for showing me around behind the scenes! Not a sponsored video, just thought this was awesome and I wanted to learn more. Channel and Patreon members 👉I'll be posting a little bit of further BTS scenes in the next couple of days Thanks to everyone for your support 🙏🙏
@@baarni No, it comes from Scandinavian "död räkning". The Wikings who migrated to England wouldn't use the word "deduced", it was introduced in English only in the 16th century. Besides, reckoning already implies to deduce in the modern sense, that's what one does when one reckons. "Dead" is used in navigation also in the expression "dead ahead". It refers to passivity. Ahead is where the ship goes if it remains passive, dead. And passive, dead, is the floating object that you put in the water at the bow of the ship to count how many seconds it takes for it to pass by the stern, thus measuring (reckoning, räkna ut) your speed through the water. There's also the expression "dead in the water" meaning that the ship's propulsion is off, dead, making the ship drift passively like a dead body. "Deduction" makes no sense there. If anything the ship is NOT led, the opposite of the original meaning of the word deduce. It could be Dutch, though, not necessarily Scandinavian. But in the same meaning, literally dead as in not alive. They are closely related languages (and peoples) and historically of a sea based culture.
Fun fact, I'm looking forward to these sensors but due to the geophysical limit they won't actually be better INS than what's been made since the 80s. I've put a more detailed post below to explain why.
@@micklebladeIf I bump into the blue house, turn right. If I bump into the yellow house, turn left... If I bump into the big house, I might as well get comfy.
For worried fliers, passenger aircraft already have good IMU systems to back up GPS, just not ultra accurate quantum IMUs yet. Jammed or spoofed GPS is annoying to pilots, but not necessarily dangerous. If it wasn’t something they couldn’t safely handle passenger flights would be canceled in those areas.
Yeah I was confounded if this scenario in the intro was real or an example because this should not happen. Part of a pilot's monitoring is for GPS coverage, and the plane has an IMU as well.
"Ring laser gyroscopes", those are the state-of-the-art advanced IMUs used in aircraft today. Highly sophisticated fiber optic laser contraption module. It operates on the principle of the Sagnac effect to calculate the differences of flight-of-time in laser pulses through the fiber with relation to the change of position of the fiber optic. They could be "tweaked" for taking measurements at the quantum level too, maybe taking readings of the Sagnac effect at the quantum realm.
Yes, very well explained. I have come to appreciate that being a science communicator is a specific skillset different from being ale to do the science. It's a great thing when someone has a talent for both.
ICBMs have always used Inertial Motion Units. That’s why early ICBMs had multi-megaton warheads because they were only accurate to within a few kilometers.
As a 767 airline pilot that was spoofed and jammed on 12 separate flights around Eastern Europe and the Middle East, recently. I was very happy to have our IRS (IMU) backup(old school cool). This is one of the best videos I've seen this year.
@@mahidar9343 if we were waging war with Ukraine, i would not be chatting shit in youtube comments with you. Selling weapons and waging war are 2 very distinct things
We definitely need a follow up on this, because Sandia National labs have accomplished a miniaturized, ruggedized version of the same mechanism on a single 8mm piece of silicon, with 100,000x less sideband noise. This technology is moving INCREDIBLY rapidly.
I was surprised to read your comment as about 8 years ago I interned with AFRL’s Cold Atom Navigation Lab where scientists were developing the same atom interferometry system discussed in this video (a parallel effort). Since Sandia is right there on Kirtland AFB with AFRL, I would be surprised if they had a group also working on the same project. From what I have gathered the Sandia group recently developed a chip sized optical modulator which is just one of many components needed for a full atom interferometer (specifically to precisely tune the lasers used). While still a huge step in the direction of miniaturization, it’s by no means a full interferometer on a chip.
I can't believe I've heard of laser cooling about a hundred times without hearing the term "Doppler cooling", which means I just ACTUALLY learned how it works, instead of just hearing it described to me. Thanx!!!
Yeah, I knew they chilled the atom by hitting it with the laser only when it moved towards the emitter, but I had no idea how that was accomplished! Thanks, doc!! ✊😅💜
Difference between being an "expert" and knowing. Experts are a dime a dozen and for intelligent people useful, merely being professional encyclopedias while someone that knows...knows. That is why you should never go to an expert for answers or advice.
@@ASDasdSDsadASD-nc7lfthat is ... absolutely the wrong conclusion to draw? You realize Ben Miles has a PhD and is an expert and is the only reason most of us found out about this right?
The fact that I, a relatively simple minded person, not only understood every word used in this video. Fully grasped the fundamental concepts used to achieve the desired result in the experiment, and ultimately understand how they work together to provide the desired results. Well that just blows my mind.
There are an unreasonably high number of people who go about their lives thinking they're much dumber than they actually are. Knowledge is so accessible but everyone has their own way to make sharing that knowledge effective for them. It's why I hate the concept of "learning styles" because it's so crap at actually covering the complex nature of how we learn but until we learn more, it's the most effective metaphor most of the time.
teaching something complex is harder to do than learning it. The way something is explained can make it seem like the easiest concept, or rocket science, I have personal experience with this while learning a new language. Also, despite not being a physics graduate I feel I understand relatively abstract concepts relating to everything from particle physics to cosmology, granted not mathematically, just intuitively. It seems obvious to me that everyone should have the capacity to comprehend the absurdity of this universe, as one of the gifts of god. Even if one is not capable of explaining it using equations or their own words shouldn't mean they are incapable of understanding a concept.
If you fully grasped the concepts expressed in this video, you are not simple minded. You are, at least, above average in intelligence. The below average folks will all be like, "Huh? What does Inertial Guidance Navigation mean?" Ummm, it's right in the name people. It's some sort of navigational guidance made possible by inertia. Even if you've never heard of it before, your brain SHOULD imagine some sort of method of keeping track of your location via measuring the displacement of some sort of mass repeatedly over time. Or, at least, it should if you're a smart person and you at least know what those three words mean. Now I know that some people like to act humble, and might SAY they're simple minded in order to do that, but as a guy who suspects he is a little bit "on the spectrum" I don't understand the motivation for doing that. So I'm just going to assume you didn't do that, and tell you that you're not simple minded at all.
GPS is also used for calibrating clocks. False GPS signals cause naive clocks show the wrong time. Causing havoc in many technical systems, including the Ukrainian electric grid, I've read, until they fixed this unnecessary vulnerability. Just jamming doesnt do it, but spoofing does. Simply resending a GPS signal, making it reach receivers later. No decryption needed.
In hacking parlance, this is what is known as a "replay attack" -- and when you develop anything that requires security, you have to make sure that your application is robust enough to know when someone is trying to "replay" something that has already happened before. Delaying and replaying a GPS signal just a few milliseconds later is enough to make a GPS device believe it is thousands of miles away.
@spuds3689 a GPS disciplined clock MUST take into account the dynamics of the item (antenna) itself. If the GPS system produces an answer that is beyond the possibility of physics: notify the operator! The notification tells the operator that GPS disciplinex oscillators are compromised and/or untrusted. Defense in depth.
@@spuds3689 "parlance"... will use that word from now on. I was using "speak", "vocabulary" and "terminology" but that bastardization of the French verb "parler" sounds way cooler.
This. Atomic clocks already exist, but are similarly complex and difficult to work with which is why most systems either ask for time over the network (NTP), or use GPS. Would be good to know if someone was also working on smaller robust time keeping systems. I know there is work being done in time synchronization algorithms, but not sure about the data sources themselves.
@@wowfirebat Yes, although for most other uses, crystals are sufficiently precise and accurate. It's mostly things like GPS which normal people use that benefits from higher levels of both.
@@yurona5155 because buoyancy in dependent on gravitational acceleration, submarines would not be detectible by gravitational analysis. As their density must match that of the water they displace to remain neutrally buoyant, they have no net effect on the local gravity.
This is almost like taking a ball of mercury and holding it in a "Center" placement via magnetics and calculating its position by its inertial displacement, but on a quantum level. Brilliant!
Submarines don't use dead reckoning with inertial navigators alone, they use gradiometers and plot the variation in the measured graviational field against a reference Geoid. The data are measured by survey ships and provide continual passive position fixes from maps of the gravity field without any requirement to receive a signal. American and British ballistic missile submarines have been doing this for the last forty years. Inertial navigation isn't just about sensor accuracy, it is also requires exceptional dimensional stability. The most precise navigation systems are manufactured from beryllium which brings a whole host of cost and complexities that make it impractical for all but the most critical applications. Inertial navigation is not a replacement for GPS, there continues to be a requirement for position fixes in navigation, just as mariners used a sextant to improve the accuracy of their measurements.
I just pocked the video out of curiosity and oh boy, such a good vulgarisation. You have really struck the good balance between explaining completely and simplifying to let people understand. I see it as I worked a lot around IMUs , your video has it's approsimations, but it's definitely worth it. Thanks a lot
idk, I used to be a cartographer (I made the 3D map on your phone), and I've worked with GPS and NASA's GPS kingpin, but I think GPS is not trilateration, it's a quad deal, and the reason is the GPS receiver in your pocket is not an atomic clock, so you got lat, Lon, height, and your clock bias to solve: 4 unknowns.
Usually it’s 4+ satellites in most circumstances, three works however. The clock uncertainty just adds a degree of error to the calculations. You would instead get a region in space where you could be. given that you are say 100km +-50 metres (time + uncertainty) from all the satellites, you would have a region in space up to 100m sphere around your true location where you could be. If you’ve ever tried to use google maps with not much line of sight to satellites eg underground, you might see a large circle around you for the error due to lack of simultaneous connection to multiple satellites. Either way with 4+ satellites you still have this to some degree (1-2 metres at best for civilians and 10-50cm for military) but you can reduce the uncertainty Edit: there’s not 4 unknowns also since the input is at worst 3 time differences with error in each and 3 outputs, eg x y z or la long and radius
@@finlayfarquhar9609 I used a GPS receiver at work about 15 years ago. When being indoors so that the signal came through just one window, it had an error of up to 300 meters. Because the signals it received had bounced off the ground and house facades. The location shown by a smart phone is not only determined by the satellites, but it is adjusted by software that makes a sanity check. For example, while driving a car it recognizes from the pattern of movements that you most likely are driving a car. And then it assumes that you are on the street, not suddenly in the basement of the building next by, even if the GPS signals received say so for the moment. GPS in itself is not as good as it appears to the consumer. If you drive off a road, it takes a few seconds before the software accepts that and shows that position. Same thing if you brake hard, it will for a moment show your car continuing at constant speed. For an aircraft or missile up in the air, the signal reflection problem should be much smaller, and more satellites are in line-of-sight at once.
@@Technichian462 No, each satellite tells you how far away it is from you, that's all. Then you know that you are on the surface of a sphere that has that distance as its radius and that satellite in its center. When you have signals from two satellites simultaneously, those two spheres intersect in a circle, if you try to visualize the geometry of it. Then you know that you are on that circle. A third satellite/sphere will intersect with that circle in two points. And with some context you can figure out whether you are at home in Bangkok or in the middle of the Atlantic. Actually, if you know that you are on the surface of the Earth, then the Earth itself fills the function of a third sphere, and in principle the signals from only two GPS satellites at once would be enough for you to determine your location. UWB, ultrawide band, is built into most new smartphones now. These radio signals penetrate most walls and ceilings and other obstacles. UWB transmitters/receivers are meant to be used for locating each other indoors. If activated and running a common software, every smartphone within the radio range of each other in such a network could be located. Precision comes down to single centrimeters in good circumstances. It uses this same principle as GPS, signals containing the time stamp of when they were sent, so that you can see how long it took for it to reach you and hence you know how far away it is. With multiple of them, the location of them all is determined. UWB is a great idea with countless applications to keep track of where stuff is. A single UWB chip costs but a few dollar or so, the battery is the expensive part. But it is unfortunately barely at all applied. Perhaps it isn't as useful as it would seem on paper.
@11:00 Fun fact for the viewers at home: Take your cellphone and bring up the camera app. Then point your TV remote (or any IR remote control) and point it at the camera lens and look at your screen. Your camera can see the near-infrared flashing LED, even though your eyes can't see it. (I use this technique to see if my batteries need to be changed)
You can also use this info to use your phone to scan for hidden cameras, for instance in a hotel room or Airbnb.. If they have night capability, they probably use IR.
If you only sample acceleration once every 1 second, don't you miss a lot in between the seconds that could make the overall integration back into position innacurate?
1hz! Yea that was a bit rough to hear. Miniaturization is not easy either, otherwise there would be commercial on-silicon optical traps already. That being said, a quick search shows that there was some research published in 2021 re: on chip optical tweezers. The technology in the video will need to ride the technology progression in the chip fabrication space. It is conceivable that in a few more generations of research that a BEC in each of our phones could be reality.
yeah I don't think they'll be using this for navigation for a long time, at least they're probably making a better trap, but usually IMUs are at 1000hz or more
It's amazing what videos you stumble upon on UA-cam. This was incredible. I had no idea. I learned so much. We know a lot but every time there is some breakthrough it really shows actually we know very little in the grand scheme of things. Great video!
Anyone who thinks quantum physics isnt useful has no idea how anything works. Its been useful since it started. Its the reason computers dont take up a whole bedroom.
@@dr.catherineelizabethhalse1820I'd say it's slightly exaggerated... While modern semiconductor nodes definitely require analysis using quantum theory to design, your average mid-nineties LSI probably could be managed without, just by using bulk material analysis. If we didn't already have quantum theory quite well developed by then, then business interest in keeping Moore's law alive would have inspired some fast learning to get something equivalent in place, to explain the deviations from models in semiconductors. The computers would be slower, less capable, maybe we would be a few years behind where we are now... But honestly, it's doubtful. It usually doesn't make too much sense to ask questions like "what would it be like, if Shockley never invented the junction transistor", because the answer is invariably that "someone else would have invented it within a few years“, especially if we assume that Bell Labs still existed.
The idea of this has been around for well over 40+ years, my physics professors were even talking about this tech in the late 90’s early 00’s. I guess finally they made a breakthrough they’ve been searching for. The real discoveries of what this technology can do won’t start happening until this tech is miniaturized into commercial products, when backyard physicists & engineers start tinkering with it.
The challenge was never "How to make it happen" it has always been "How can we make it do something?" as you've heard, one of the biggest hinderances in Quantum physics is noise. and at that scale, there is a LOT of noise. Every little sub-atomic particle (trillions per square inch) can cause some amount of frequency shift, magnetism, radiation, vibration, etc, that can throw everything out of whack. Also what you REALLY got wrong is how these advancements will progress. They will progress when wardogs start putting them in their armor and aircraft, and start making it robust, and when motorsports start putting them in their vehicles and start making them efficient. Then a company who sorta dabbles in both, but has a REALLY good understanding of GPS or Quantum, or both, that they'll take what the wardogs, and motorsports engineers learned, mash them together, THEN put them in commercial, every-day products with a system so unique, fresh, new, and effective that the term "Quantum Positioning System" will be replaced with whatever that company's names is. ONLY THEN, can you say a technology is starting to advance.
This was one of the coolest and most mind blowing videos I’ve seen in months. Thanks for your work, and a great production of video on the subject here.
Actually, modern navigations use a combination of both velocities as well as accelerations, analyzing them all via a Kalman Filter (statistical math) into an MPP: Most Probable Position. That MPP is updated by Fixes, including flyover points, radar, TACAN, VOR, DME, LORAN, and most recently, GPS. The BEC in a MOT in the presence of matter wave interferences are simply hyper-sensitive aka hyper-accurate accelerometers.
We used to use radio channels with known positions for guidance as well. Such as AM or FM. Some missiles use TERCOM and with SAR radar in LPI mode you can also ground map to get position fixes and reduce the error of dead reckoning. In fact update correlation used to be SOP in jets that only had INS, and there were multiple ways to get position corrections. I know Cold War bombers also used stellar navigation, but that's outside my area of expertise. We have many ways for ships and aircraft to get accurate positioning without GPS using multiple sensor integration. The problem is cost relative to GPS and each correlation system has drawbacks or dependencies that GPS solves right up to the point that it doesn't when it gets jammed or spoofed.
Yea thats what Tomahawks back in the 90s used to get position without worrying about GPS. They just scanned the terrain and referenced it with its onboard maps. But like the video mentioned, this stuff is for Submarines. Vehicles that cant use sonar or really scan the ground terrain, but still have to navigate.
He explained GPS totally wrong. And Quantum is BS anyway. Computers don't use quantum states, but that's how they explain it. Its a story, not science.
This is with the BEC moving 10 cm, when they integrate tis into a MEMS device it will only need to move 10nm. It could potentially operate in the MHz range...
@@sail4life MEMS is also extremely susceptible to noise as well, I think he pointed that out. In addition to improvements you can also have multiple devices to increase resolution linearly if timed correctly which is great
The biggest challenge with working at the quantum level is vibration. Same issue with quantum computing. All aircraft have tremendous vibration issues. This is why safety wire is used on bolts and nuts, so these do not come apart when being vibrated at resonance. Otherwise, even a nut on a bolt with a star lock washer will literally completely walk its way off the bolt, and the bolt falls out of the hole. I have seen this happen with jet aircraft.
Excellent. Robustness comes from diversity, so rather than displacing other positioning systems, such a quantum positioning system can enhance it. I wonder how much more accurate than g-sensors embedded into phones these quantum devices are?
They can probably measure acceleration orders of magnitude more accurately, but if they do this only once per second, the resulting error will not be much smaller, if at all.
So basically the wavelength of the laser is fine tuned so that it only "hits" the particle when it is moving in a certain direction, which then exerts a force in the opposite direction, slowing it down?
No, the lasers are always hitting the atom. But if the atom moves in any direction, it gets hit FROM that direction a little more frequently and opposite that direction a little less frequently (doppler), resulting in a force that "slows" it down. You can imagine the atom is in a bowl, and the curvature of the bowl are the laser hits.
@@SikerGamingThey aren't though? Me throwing a tomato at you isn't the same as being surrounded by people throwing tomatoes at you. Sure, you'll still get hit by and covered in tomatoes, but that doesn't mean both scenarios that led to that result are the exact same thing.
@@LochlanT-hb6we I don't think that's right.. he said the lasers are slightly red shifted so they are slightly outside the atom's absorbtion range, and the Doppler effect makes it only in that absorbtion range when the atom is moving towards the laser. The graphic even shows the wave passing through the atom while he explains this 9:04
This is very exciting. I'm curious about how much power it draws during operation. Only so much power onboard an aircraft. Also the frequency of 1hz is not enough for navigation, tho I'm sure they will improve this also.
I first learned about laser cooling back in highschool when reading about researchers who had "trapped" light in a BEC. The article I read explained the whole process almost as well as you did in this video and it made me realize just how crazy/important the invention of the laser was for scientists. Like, every single step involved several lasers: pre-cooling the gas, moving the gas into the vacuum chamber, dopler cooling the gas until it becomes a BEC, one laser excited the gas so it reacted to another laser being reflected in a loop. Shortly after, scientists discovered how to make "optical tweezers" and I learned how atomic clocks work. Lasers are feel like a tool brought to humans from mount olympus or something...
Cool technology, though to be fair, the easiest fix against GNSS spoofing would be the receiver manufacturers actually implementing all the correctness checks they could do. Because if they did then you would have to spoof the signal from orbit and even then it would be extremely hard to do. The worst you could realistically do is jam the signal, at which point I guess this technology becomes interesting again as an additional fallback option.
Spoofing flat out shouldn't happen, period, regardless of the source, because it is correlated against the INS and if there is a disagreement it is highlighted. So yes you CAN spoof but the spoofing is irrelevant as a thing because you might as well jam it instead, since the spoofing is easily detected.
@@JohnVanderbeck I guess you could spoof it so that you always stay below the accuracy of the INS. So you wouldn't get the position arbitrarily wrong, but if you can make a missile miss its target by a few hundred meters, that may already be the difference between your military base being eliminated and some inconvenient but harmless hole nearby.
You can’t use the direction that the GPS is coming from as a variable, as space space GPS is coming from a 180° dome over the top of you from Horizon to Horizon. The land-based accuracy augment system is also coming from near the horizon when you’re in the air.
As I understand it, the acceleration measurement is not continuous but cyclical. It’s unclear how they plan to compensate for the inevitable errors that accumulate between each measurement. Additionally, there's the issue of measurement accuracy. Unfortunately, this video didn’t even mention an estimated accuracy of the system. So, we are expected to simply believe that this incredibly complex method of measuring acceleration will ultimately be much more accurate than traditional accelerometers
This will probably be a backup system until we can get photonics in a state where this can be continuously measured, but having a backup on a steel can with 200 people inside is always welcomed
The implication is that RLG technology is stagnant and this technology has a lot more room to grow. BEC devices are only in their infancy stages of development.
Well, yes, but this is also true for existing electronic IMUs, although they run at hundreds of cycles per second. The drift still remains. It is literally just a matter of time. Even if they have an error of 0,1% per hour, that would mean miles per hour of deviation for objects traveling at aircraft speeds.
Nobody claimed what its accuracy is, neither it can be claimed for the future. Only premise is an alternative, independent and confined positioning system to inertial positioning. Given that the physical acceleration have errors on macroscopic scale and measurement conditions, this has theoretically greater potential. Precision measured by interferance patterns has incredible tolerances. That's how Ligo could capture and measure gravitational waves, which are of multiple orders of magnitude smaller amplitude than diameter of a proton. If feedback rate is improved, this can theoretically beat all other inertial measurement systems, but time will tell.
Your argument is absolutely solid, though there is definitely potential for very high accuracy there - we are talking about nanometers here with the interferometry. It's not really achieveble via mechanical macro-level tools. Potential is there, we'll see how much of it is possible.
I can't believe how I've never heard or thought about (some!) atoms being bosons. I always put them into the box of fermions and accepted it. Makes a lot of sense though when you actually think about it.
A jammer that blocks quantum physics would basically be a matter disintegration device. Because matter cannot exist without quantum mechanics. Quite a powerful weapon, of course, but nothing you'd usually call a jammer.
What an incredible technology! Just the idea of regularly making Bose-Einstein condensates and using them for navigation is wild enough. But putting that gear on planes, and eventually silicon chips(!) is just mind blowing.
Agree. Right now I can't imagine how it could be printed on silicon (is silicon even the right surface), but my knowledge state is back with thick film circuit printing (micron scale) and sand size components (i.e. 35-40 years and several orders of magnitude out of date). It's quite amazing and brilliant.
Intead of GPS , I have maps and line of sight. My recent ancestors for some stupid reasons travelled from Northern Mississippi to north California. Never got a good explanation of why, but they went with only verbal description. That's why I have relatives in Montana, Salt Lake ( hey, it's salty by definition) and Puget Sound.
If the time resolution is only 1 second, no matter how good the measurements are, this will limit the long time accurracy a lot. This needs to come down into the millisecond range i bet, before it gets really usefull.
There's really more than that too. Think the video is using the "look how cool this science is!" factor to obscure another core question - is this measurement method even more precise than existing accelerometer technology? Is it meaningfully more resistant to the "drift" that plagues other inertial navigation systems, given that drift is essentially a basic property of relativity (a moving reference frame cannot detect its own motion without outside reference)? But yeah, it's more productive to use these as exercises in critical thinking IMO. If this is significantly more precise than traditional accelerometers, I expect the value will come from using it to continuously calibrate a traditional accelerometer, reducing systemic errors that can produce drift over time.
@@henryptung watch the full video. At the end bro dropped the fact the accuracy is enough to measure gravitational differences enough, that you can detect tunnels and mineral deposits
@@honkhonk8009he's talking about the temporal resolution needed for accurate integration of the acceleration data for positioning. Try to keep up with the conversation. This quantum IMU is decades away from positioning and even farther for detecting minerals. This whole video disproves its own premise that quantum is relevant today. SMH
Loved the vid, there were a few issues I had with it though: Wished you’d given more about why the tech is so revolutionary. It wasn’t clear how much of an improvement this technology could offer above existing systems and what difference it would make to the world. Seems like a better IMU with possible alternative applications… Calling it the worlds first quantum GPS is confusing because its not really like a GPS at all, more like an accelerometer. I get you’re trying to cater to a wide audience but don’t forget most of us have at least a basic understanding of tech. Lastly, would have been good to point out that 1hz measurement rate was just a proof of concept build and that this is not yet fit for application as an accelerometer for dead reckoning aircraft.
Maybe I missed it - but how does this eliminate the noise drift and old fashion IMU has? How does this new one compare to a ring laser or fiber-optic IMU system? Why aren’t airlines equipped with maybe not so accurate IMU’s to get thru the portion when GPS is not reliable?
They are! Modern Airliners are mandatorily equipped with redundent and independent IMUs. In fact most airliners utilze 3 laser ring gyros. For short haul flights they are pretty accurate. Only on longer flights would the drift of several nautical miles be significant. However, airliners do not use these systems in isolation. The onboard computers constantly perform a process called sensor fusion of many onboards Systems: namely the IMUs, the ADIRUs, GNSS (like GPS, GALILEO, GLONAS, also differential GPS )and triangulation of external radio beacons. The otherall accuracy including all Systems can at best be in the range of a few centimeters and on average be around a few meters.
Comparing this with an industry standard ring laser gyro, the laser gyro would be vastly more accurate mostly due to the extremly low refresh rate of the data. In fact the refresh rate has a great impact on the overal accuracy of the system. I have worked with some IMUs so far and can tell from experience that systems with higher refrsh rates (i.e. lower processing time of the incoming data) tend to perform better than more pricey and (on paper) accurate IMUs. The only two major factors impacting the accuracy of a meassurment unit are the refresh rate and the single reading precision (i.e. meassuremtent error)
@@larsschubert9871 so they example given in this video is made up? The pilots never thought they were on the other side of the planet- the GPS might have said that but in reality they had backup data adequate for them to safely get to their destination…
Awesome video! This reminds me soo much of my childhood where I loved such videos so much and inspired me to persue an Engeneering degree. Im sure this video will inspire many many more young and courios. This is truly what youtube is made for! I want my children to find this video someday, be amazed and spark their curiosity. Im feeling the same hype for the future as i did during my teen days. Thank you sir. You made my month!
All integer spin particles, including neutral atoms with an even number of neutrons, are bosons. Otherwise bose einstein condensates wouldn't be possible.
@@John-wd5cb 2001 nobel prize in physics was awarded for the first actual demonstration of BEC. It hasnt been theoretical in over 2 decades. Considering this video is about a device that uses BEC to function, I assume you're a literal bot but I'm responding for any humans reading.
first thing I thought about is full body trackers for virtual reality that dont need any camera nor tracker, that can just never drift over time while working perfectly autonomously !
IDK how this is more useful than a ring laser interferometer, and it's certainly not easier. AND it certainly succumbs to long term integration errors. Am I missing something?
I'm not sure it is, for aviation. Making a rugged flight worthy cryostat and increasing the temporal resolution would be an absolute must. Ring laser gyros are extremely robust against vibration and temperature changes and have very long service lives, and are well commercialized, and therefore quite accessible. But I think this quantum stuff will definitely find a niche.
Yeah, it sounds to me like seeing accelerations more accurately would be a negative aspect. A plane banking in a 1G turn for a number of seconds can alter where inertial systems associate as down and the same issue I would think should occur the more sensitive something is to acceleration. Unless they think that the device is sensitive enough that it can still experience the acceleration of gravity as a different component besides the 1G turn?
@@Tsudico Surely it will be a 3 axis device that can more accurately sense acceleration. It shouldn't matter if the plane is banking. Every movement is measured and integrated into a final solution vector.
When compared to laser gyros which are already very well developed, of course this is utterly cumbersome. However if this gets miniaturized and leads to several orders of magnitud less error, even if it is expensive it will for sure end up used in the head of a aircraft/drone/missile, no doubt. RLGs started in the 60s. In a sense the guys said it when talking about the "plateau" of other mature technologies. All speculative from my side of course.
@@TheAlchaemist In March of 2020 there was an article in Nature Photonics about creating a ring laser gyroscope on a silicon chip. I don't think RLGs have quite reached their plateau yet and it remains to be seen how much this quantum device can be reduced in size while still being able to create the Bose-Einstein condensate (given it currently requires a vacuum and multiple lasers).
You can also doublecheck your position by also checking rival satellite navigation systems too or even using systems not intended for the purpose such as starlink (by using clever maths)
10:35 I thought a vacuum was the absence of matter?...🤔 I mean, how are atoms able to exist in this vacuum if the definition of the word 'vacuum' says otherwise?
Quantum mechanics have been useful for a long time. For example, quantum tunneling, despite not being entirely understood, is how flash drives and solid-state computer hard drives function. In my primitive understanding - the quantum navigation process in this video seems akin to a tiny group of gyroscopes that measure inertia/acceleration in all three axes and the high degree of accuracy comes from the nearly massless quantum cloud.
The ability to accurately measure the gravitational field of the earth isn’t just a bonus, it’s a requirement for the navigation application. Acceleration due to gravity must be constantly subtracted from the acceleration measurement to get the true acceleration relative the ground. To do that you need to know acceleration due to gravity to the same degree of precision you hope to measure acceleration. TLDR: To actually use this navigation method to its full potential, we’d have to first use this device to map the gravitational field of the areas it’s intended to be used in.
Pilots have paper maps that they're trained to monitor and validate the data from GPS so I'm skeptical of the severity of the deviation from course that you described. Also the lack of the ability to receive transmissions from the radios of the specific airspaces that the pilot would have expected to be in would have been noticed before the plane got more than 200 miles away at best. Most of what keeps us alive on a flight isn't the plane or the pilot , it's the protocol. But this is the internet , have fun everybody.
This video is a proof that is you slap quantum onto something you'll get bunch of semi-literate youtube hosts to talk about it. In this case it's about MEMS accelerometer which existed for last 20-ish years with word quantum slapped on the box.
It's amazing you typed MEMS accelerometer in a sentence to dis this video and didn't think what MEMS stands for: microelectromechanical system accelerometer. Why you are wrong is in the name, microelectromechanical...
Laser Ring gyros have been in use as IMUs on subs for decades. And they're several orders of magnitude higher precision than MEMs. This is unclassified tech. I suspect the classified stuff used now is even better.
I am terribly sorry, but whenever I hear the term "quantum" in contemporary times, I painfully notice a 20th century word that belonged to physics has been invoked so redundantly such that it becomes a buzzword and a cliche.
Incredibly cool (ha!) tech, but first and foremost an incredibly instructive video! I've known about Bose-Einstein condensates for a long time, but never got into the details on how to create one, which was elegantly explained here in a way that was easy to follow. Well done!
Be a lot easier to just quit harassing Russia, quit being bullies,, leave people alone, don't pull coups in nations surrounding them to try to provocate war endlessly..
Thanks so much Dr Miles for this fascinating video I will have to study again to refresh my understanding! I love these videos as I get closer to understanding these complex physical phenomena! Thanks again for explaining all this in such a clear didactic way! 🌿
Fascinating, thank you. Having worked as an Engineer at places like that I'd have had a fit when you picked the device up unless there was at least one backup ready to go!
🎉🎉🎉Dr. BENJAMIN MILES, congratulations for your achievement in Physics. What can your tell me about the latest discoveries on Dark Matter & Dark Energy? Thanks for your priceless attention to this matter.🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉
Question: as I understand it, we’re still talking about discrete measurements of acceleration. So there’s always a sampling rate, it’s not continuous. So for use as an IMU, won’t you still accumulate errors? Any instantaneous reading of acceleration will need to integrated with respect to that sampling rate. You might not have analog drift over time like from a mechanical gyro, you’ll just have another source of error. Don’t get me wrong, I think the research is very cool (no pun intended), you can get greater precision in those instantaneous readings, and that there are other applications, but specifically as an IMU backup for everyday navigation, wouldn’t it be much easier to just sample a few hundred dirt-cheap MEMS accelerometers?
Truly amazing content you’re creating there! I was certain that there’d be no UA-cam channel posting such in-depth and scientifically accurate videos. Let me point out that in the past decades, since UA-cam has existed, I had never liked nor commented a video, in order to not feed the algorithm more than nessecary - but you without any doubt changed my mind for this instance. Thank you for this video and all the others I will surely be watching soon. I believe it is safe to say that, considering your fundamental expertise, you are one of few pioneers in an environment that is there days overpopulated with mindless nonsense. It is our mission and duty as « intelligent » beings (humankind) to propulse the scientific evolution of mankind.
When the interstate highway system was built in the U.S. the routes were numbered in such a way that it would provide positioning information to any military using the system. Interstate 90 for instance, is north of 90% of the continental U.S. and a similar situation exists regarding other routes both east-west, and north-south. This combined with mile markers provides sufficient information necessary for military operations on the ground.
Fun fact, I said Bose-Einstein Condensate 284 times during this video... did you catch them all?
Massive thank you to Infleqtion for showing me around behind the scenes! Not a sponsored video, just thought this was awesome and I wanted to learn more.
Channel and Patreon members 👉I'll be posting a little bit of further BTS scenes in the next couple of days
Thanks to everyone for your support 🙏🙏
I very much so APPRECIATE YOU Ben!
@@baarni No, it comes from Scandinavian "död räkning". The Wikings who migrated to England wouldn't use the word "deduced", it was introduced in English only in the 16th century. Besides, reckoning already implies to deduce in the modern sense, that's what one does when one reckons.
"Dead" is used in navigation also in the expression "dead ahead". It refers to passivity. Ahead is where the ship goes if it remains passive, dead. And passive, dead, is the floating object that you put in the water at the bow of the ship to count how many seconds it takes for it to pass by the stern, thus measuring (reckoning, räkna ut) your speed through the water.
There's also the expression "dead in the water" meaning that the ship's propulsion is off, dead, making the ship drift passively like a dead body. "Deduction" makes no sense there. If anything the ship is NOT led, the opposite of the original meaning of the word deduce.
It could be Dutch, though, not necessarily Scandinavian. But in the same meaning, literally dead as in not alive. They are closely related languages (and peoples) and historically of a sea based culture.
Fun fact, I'm looking forward to these sensors but due to the geophysical limit they won't actually be better INS than what's been made since the 80s. I've put a more detailed post below to explain why.
when you speak, open your mouth, your jaw is locked in one position
and place that text far away so we cant see your eye movement when you are reading and faking that you are in to it
The Condensate knows where it is by knowing where it isn't
by subtracting where it is, from where it isn't, or where it isn't, from where it is, whichever is greater, it obtains a difference, or deviation
Sounds like wobbling home from the pub on a Friday night!
@@micklebladeIf I bump into the blue house, turn right. If I bump into the yellow house, turn left... If I bump into the big house, I might as well get comfy.
Condensate knows $h1t when Russian radar is online 😅
Yes that's the classic gyroscope
For worried fliers, passenger aircraft already have good IMU systems to back up GPS, just not ultra accurate quantum IMUs yet. Jammed or spoofed GPS is annoying to pilots, but not necessarily dangerous. If it wasn’t something they couldn’t safely handle passenger flights would be canceled in those areas.
Yeah I was confounded if this scenario in the intro was real or an example because this should not happen. Part of a pilot's monitoring is for GPS coverage, and the plane has an IMU as well.
Yes, modern ring laser or fiber laser gyros are pretty accurate.
Yes, there is a whole system inside your GPS does an integrity check.
"Ring laser gyroscopes", those are the state-of-the-art advanced IMUs used in aircraft today. Highly sophisticated fiber optic laser contraption module. It operates on the principle of the Sagnac effect to calculate the differences of flight-of-time in laser pulses through the fiber with relation to the change of position of the fiber optic. They could be "tweaked" for taking measurements at the quantum level too, maybe taking readings of the Sagnac effect at the quantum realm.
Yes, very well explained. I have come to appreciate that being a science communicator is a specific skillset different from being ale to do the science. It's a great thing when someone has a talent for both.
ICBMs have always used Inertial Motion Units. That’s why early ICBMs had multi-megaton warheads because they were only accurate to within a few kilometers.
Tay Zonday telling us about the lethal implications of IMU accuracy in this was not what I expected to see today.
I was pretty sure they have multi-megaton warheads because we were sending freedom over there not love taps.
@@ryanleethomas multi-megaton chocolate rain
@@benjiunofficialBro is never escaping the rain
Ay why we got the same algorithm? Go get ur own!!
As a 767 airline pilot that was spoofed and jammed on 12 separate flights around Eastern Europe and the Middle East, recently. I was very happy to have our IRS (IMU) backup(old school cool). This is one of the best videos I've seen this year.
@@zloidooraque0nato is not at war with Russia
@@ppeez sure man
@@zloidooraque0 do you understand what what you said means?
@@ppeezyeah Ukraine is magically pulling those weapons out of thin air
@@mahidar9343 if we were waging war with Ukraine, i would not be chatting shit in youtube comments with you. Selling weapons and waging war are 2 very distinct things
We definitely need a follow up on this, because Sandia National labs have accomplished a miniaturized, ruggedized version of the same mechanism on a single 8mm piece of silicon, with 100,000x less sideband noise. This technology is moving INCREDIBLY rapidly.
I expect phones with this tech in 5 years. iPhones will likely adopt it in 15 years.
I was surprised to read your comment as about 8 years ago I interned with AFRL’s Cold Atom Navigation Lab where scientists were developing the same atom interferometry system discussed in this video (a parallel effort). Since Sandia is right there on Kirtland AFB with AFRL, I would be surprised if they had a group also working on the same project.
From what I have gathered the Sandia group recently developed a chip sized optical modulator which is just one of many components needed for a full atom interferometer (specifically to precisely tune the lasers used). While still a huge step in the direction of miniaturization, it’s by no means a full interferometer on a chip.
UK Dstl have been looking at this as well.
@@runed0s86 Don't be disappointed when it doesn't happen.
@@runed0s86 And yet will act like it was their idea
I can't believe I've heard of laser cooling about a hundred times without hearing the term "Doppler cooling", which means I just ACTUALLY learned how it works, instead of just hearing it described to me.
Thanx!!!
same here
Yeah, I knew they chilled the atom by hitting it with the laser only when it moved towards the emitter, but I had no idea how that was accomplished!
Thanks, doc!! ✊😅💜
Difference between being an "expert" and knowing. Experts are a dime a dozen and for intelligent people useful, merely being professional encyclopedias while someone that knows...knows. That is why you should never go to an expert for answers or advice.
@@ASDasdSDsadASD-nc7lfthis is the most psudointellectual thing I've seen today
@@ASDasdSDsadASD-nc7lfthat is ... absolutely the wrong conclusion to draw? You realize Ben Miles has a PhD and is an expert and is the only reason most of us found out about this right?
The fact that I, a relatively simple minded person, not only understood every word used in this video. Fully grasped the fundamental concepts used to achieve the desired result in the experiment, and ultimately understand how they work together to provide the desired results. Well that just blows my mind.
There are an unreasonably high number of people who go about their lives thinking they're much dumber than they actually are. Knowledge is so accessible but everyone has their own way to make sharing that knowledge effective for them. It's why I hate the concept of "learning styles" because it's so crap at actually covering the complex nature of how we learn but until we learn more, it's the most effective metaphor most of the time.
teaching something complex is harder to do than learning it. The way something is explained can make it seem like the easiest concept, or rocket science, I have personal experience with this while learning a new language. Also, despite not being a physics graduate I feel I understand relatively abstract concepts relating to everything from particle physics to cosmology, granted not mathematically, just intuitively. It seems obvious to me that everyone should have the capacity to comprehend the absurdity of this universe, as one of the gifts of god. Even if one is not capable of explaining it using equations or their own words shouldn't mean they are incapable of understanding a concept.
@@mriidulbhatia nice thoughts - invisible genesis notwithstanding.
If you fully grasped the concepts expressed in this video, you are not simple minded. You are, at least, above average in intelligence. The below average folks will all be like, "Huh? What does Inertial Guidance Navigation mean?" Ummm, it's right in the name people. It's some sort of navigational guidance made possible by inertia. Even if you've never heard of it before, your brain SHOULD imagine some sort of method of keeping track of your location via measuring the displacement of some sort of mass repeatedly over time. Or, at least, it should if you're a smart person and you at least know what those three words mean.
Now I know that some people like to act humble, and might SAY they're simple minded in order to do that, but as a guy who suspects he is a little bit "on the spectrum" I don't understand the motivation for doing that. So I'm just going to assume you didn't do that, and tell you that you're not simple minded at all.
Trust me, even if you understood the context. You still have no idea how it was done. So you only have a summary of the idea, but not its workings.
GPS is also used for calibrating clocks. False GPS signals cause naive clocks show the wrong time. Causing havoc in many technical systems, including the Ukrainian electric grid, I've read, until they fixed this unnecessary vulnerability. Just jamming doesnt do it, but spoofing does. Simply resending a GPS signal, making it reach receivers later. No decryption needed.
In hacking parlance, this is what is known as a "replay attack" -- and when you develop anything that requires security, you have to make sure that your application is robust enough to know when someone is trying to "replay" something that has already happened before.
Delaying and replaying a GPS signal just a few milliseconds later is enough to make a GPS device believe it is thousands of miles away.
@spuds3689 a GPS disciplined clock MUST take into account the dynamics of the item (antenna) itself. If the GPS system produces an answer that is beyond the possibility of physics: notify the operator! The notification tells the operator that GPS disciplinex oscillators are compromised and/or untrusted. Defense in depth.
@@spuds3689 "parlance"... will use that word from now on. I was using "speak", "vocabulary" and "terminology" but that bastardization of the French verb "parler" sounds way cooler.
This. Atomic clocks already exist, but are similarly complex and difficult to work with which is why most systems either ask for time over the network (NTP), or use GPS. Would be good to know if someone was also working on smaller robust time keeping systems. I know there is work being done in time synchronization algorithms, but not sure about the data sources themselves.
@@wowfirebat Yes, although for most other uses, crystals are sufficiently precise and accurate. It's mostly things like GPS which normal people use that benefits from higher levels of both.
"Fits in the palm of your hand" fits in the guidance system of a missile. Unjammable ammo is a gamechanger in a peer to peer combat scenario.
Yup; first thought at 18:54 where he said "where we are going longer term..."
It would be almost as much of a gamechanger as being able to detect submarine-shaped gravitational anomalies...;/
@@yurona5155 because buoyancy in dependent on gravitational acceleration, submarines would not be detectible by gravitational analysis. As their density must match that of the water they displace to remain neutrally buoyant, they have no net effect on the local gravity.
@@JaneDoe-dg1gv Yes, no, yes and no. ;)
This is almost like taking a ball of mercury and holding it in a "Center" placement via magnetics and calculating its position by its inertial displacement, but on a quantum level. Brilliant!
In scientific terms, this is called "that's insane bro"
Loved the jump to "navigating high-rise cities and space", no hate
Yeah science, bitch!
Submarines don't use dead reckoning with inertial navigators alone, they use gradiometers and plot the variation in the measured graviational field against a reference Geoid. The data are measured by survey ships and provide continual passive position fixes from maps of the gravity field without any requirement to receive a signal. American and British ballistic missile submarines have been doing this for the last forty years.
Inertial navigation isn't just about sensor accuracy, it is also requires exceptional dimensional stability. The most precise navigation systems are manufactured from beryllium which brings a whole host of cost and complexities that make it impractical for all but the most critical applications.
Inertial navigation is not a replacement for GPS, there continues to be a requirement for position fixes in navigation, just as mariners used a sextant to improve the accuracy of their measurements.
Huh. I never knew a thing like gradiometers existed. Nor did I give it much thought why beryllium is used until now.
I just pocked the video out of curiosity and oh boy, such a good vulgarisation.
You have really struck the good balance between explaining completely and simplifying to let people understand.
I see it as I worked a lot around IMUs , your video has it's approsimations, but it's definitely worth it.
Thanks a lot
This is absolutely amazing!
I am no quantum physicist, but as an amateur engineer I feel much appreciation for the beauty of this design.
Do not be embarrassed by your mistakes. Nothing can teach us better than our understanding of them. This is one of the best ways of self-education.
idk, I used to be a cartographer (I made the 3D map on your phone), and I've worked with GPS and NASA's GPS kingpin, but I think GPS is not trilateration, it's a quad deal, and the reason is the GPS receiver in your pocket is not an atomic clock, so you got lat, Lon, height, and your clock bias to solve: 4 unknowns.
If one is on the surface of the Earth, and has an elevation map of the Earth, wouldn't that be as useful as an extra GPS satellite?
Usually it’s 4+ satellites in most circumstances, three works however. The clock uncertainty just adds a degree of error to the calculations. You would instead get a region in space where you could be. given that you are say 100km +-50 metres (time + uncertainty) from all the satellites, you would have a region in space up to 100m sphere around your true location where you could be. If you’ve ever tried to use google maps with not much line of sight to satellites eg underground, you might see a large circle around you for the error due to lack of simultaneous connection to multiple satellites. Either way with 4+ satellites you still have this to some degree (1-2 metres at best for civilians and 10-50cm for military) but you can reduce the uncertainty
Edit: there’s not 4 unknowns also since the input is at worst 3 time differences with error in each and 3 outputs, eg x y z or la long and radius
@@finlayfarquhar9609 I used a GPS receiver at work about 15 years ago. When being indoors so that the signal came through just one window, it had an error of up to 300 meters. Because the signals it received had bounced off the ground and house facades.
The location shown by a smart phone is not only determined by the satellites, but it is adjusted by software that makes a sanity check. For example, while driving a car it recognizes from the pattern of movements that you most likely are driving a car. And then it assumes that you are on the street, not suddenly in the basement of the building next by, even if the GPS signals received say so for the moment. GPS in itself is not as good as it appears to the consumer. If you drive off a road, it takes a few seconds before the software accepts that and shows that position. Same thing if you brake hard, it will for a moment show your car continuing at constant speed.
For an aircraft or missile up in the air, the signal reflection problem should be much smaller, and more satellites are in line-of-sight at once.
Not my wheelhouse, but doesn’t first three triangulate x,y position while the fourth gives you altitude?
@@Technichian462 No, each satellite tells you how far away it is from you, that's all. Then you know that you are on the surface of a sphere that has that distance as its radius and that satellite in its center. When you have signals from two satellites simultaneously, those two spheres intersect in a circle, if you try to visualize the geometry of it. Then you know that you are on that circle. A third satellite/sphere will intersect with that circle in two points. And with some context you can figure out whether you are at home in Bangkok or in the middle of the Atlantic.
Actually, if you know that you are on the surface of the Earth, then the Earth itself fills the function of a third sphere, and in principle the signals from only two GPS satellites at once would be enough for you to determine your location.
UWB, ultrawide band, is built into most new smartphones now. These radio signals penetrate most walls and ceilings and other obstacles. UWB transmitters/receivers are meant to be used for locating each other indoors. If activated and running a common software, every smartphone within the radio range of each other in such a network could be located. Precision comes down to single centrimeters in good circumstances. It uses this same principle as GPS, signals containing the time stamp of when they were sent, so that you can see how long it took for it to reach you and hence you know how far away it is. With multiple of them, the location of them all is determined.
UWB is a great idea with countless applications to keep track of where stuff is. A single UWB chip costs but a few dollar or so, the battery is the expensive part. But it is unfortunately barely at all applied. Perhaps it isn't as useful as it would seem on paper.
@11:00 Fun fact for the viewers at home: Take your cellphone and bring up the camera app. Then point your TV remote (or any IR remote control) and point it at the camera lens and look at your screen. Your camera can see the near-infrared flashing LED, even though your eyes can't see it. (I use this technique to see if my batteries need to be changed)
Great tip!
Unless your camera has an IR-filter
Awesome tip! Thanks!
You can also use this info to use your phone to scan for hidden cameras, for instance in a hotel room or Airbnb.. If they have night capability, they probably use IR.
I also use this trick to check if batteries are dead. Super cool!!
If you only sample acceleration once every 1 second, don't you miss a lot in between the seconds that could make the overall integration back into position innacurate?
I would think so as well considering our abilities to travel at faster speeds is likely not going to end
Multiple traps, and or improvements in the process here.
1 HZ is worthless. At 1g you can miss 22 mph. after 100 seconds: 220 mph. You crashing.
1hz! Yea that was a bit rough to hear. Miniaturization is not easy either, otherwise there would be commercial on-silicon optical traps already. That being said, a quick search shows that there was some research published in 2021 re: on chip optical tweezers. The technology in the video will need to ride the technology progression in the chip fabrication space. It is conceivable that in a few more generations of research that a BEC in each of our phones could be reality.
yeah I don't think they'll be using this for navigation for a long time, at least they're probably making a better trap, but usually IMUs are at 1000hz or more
Thanks!
Hey! Just saw this. Thanks so much for your support!
It's amazing what videos you stumble upon on UA-cam. This was incredible. I had no idea. I learned so much. We know a lot but every time there is some breakthrough it really shows actually we know very little in the grand scheme of things. Great video!
Anyone who thinks quantum physics isnt useful has no idea how anything works. Its been useful since it started. Its the reason computers dont take up a whole bedroom.
I dont disagree 😅
I think it’s because quantum mechanics basically explains almost all of chemistry.
Quantum Tunneling is why we have USB Sticks, SSD and Smartphones.
Non-Volatile Flash mediums require it.
So if we hadn’t learned of quantum physics we would have not gotten computers smaller than that?
@@dr.catherineelizabethhalse1820I'd say it's slightly exaggerated... While modern semiconductor nodes definitely require analysis using quantum theory to design, your average mid-nineties LSI probably could be managed without, just by using bulk material analysis. If we didn't already have quantum theory quite well developed by then, then business interest in keeping Moore's law alive would have inspired some fast learning to get something equivalent in place, to explain the deviations from models in semiconductors.
The computers would be slower, less capable, maybe we would be a few years behind where we are now... But honestly, it's doubtful. It usually doesn't make too much sense to ask questions like "what would it be like, if Shockley never invented the junction transistor", because the answer is invariably that "someone else would have invented it within a few years“, especially if we assume that Bell Labs still existed.
The idea of this has been around for well over 40+ years, my physics professors were even talking about this tech in the late 90’s early 00’s. I guess finally they made a breakthrough they’ve been searching for. The real discoveries of what this technology can do won’t start happening until this tech is miniaturized into commercial products, when backyard physicists & engineers start tinkering with it.
The challenge was never "How to make it happen" it has always been "How can we make it do something?" as you've heard, one of the biggest hinderances in Quantum physics is noise. and at that scale, there is a LOT of noise. Every little sub-atomic particle (trillions per square inch) can cause some amount of frequency shift, magnetism, radiation, vibration, etc, that can throw everything out of whack.
Also what you REALLY got wrong is how these advancements will progress. They will progress when wardogs start putting them in their armor and aircraft, and start making it robust, and when motorsports start putting them in their vehicles and start making them efficient. Then a company who sorta dabbles in both, but has a REALLY good understanding of GPS or Quantum, or both, that they'll take what the wardogs, and motorsports engineers learned, mash them together, THEN put them in commercial, every-day products with a system so unique, fresh, new, and effective that the term "Quantum Positioning System" will be replaced with whatever that company's names is. ONLY THEN, can you say a technology is starting to advance.
@@okamiexe1501 are you deranged?
I assume it will be used in the submarines, not in the consumer's products
@@BestHakase it's already in submarines
I attended a talk by a guy named Prichard around 2004 about atom interferometry.
Oh the tag line you use !!
Quantum has been so useful for so long now.
For example, all semiconductors, information storage and processing.
Quantum physics genuinely feels like some form of arcane magic that uses the building blocks of reality itself. Science is so cool!!
At lot of GPS systems now don't use constant connection, they take regular heart beats then use speed and turning to determine location
This was one of the coolest and most mind blowing videos I’ve seen in months. Thanks for your work, and a great production of video on the subject here.
coolest
@@georgesamaras2922 someone saw what I did
Actually, modern navigations use a combination of both velocities as well as accelerations, analyzing them all via a Kalman Filter (statistical math) into an MPP: Most Probable Position.
That MPP is updated by Fixes, including flyover points, radar, TACAN, VOR, DME, LORAN, and most recently, GPS.
The BEC in a MOT in the presence of matter wave interferences are simply hyper-sensitive aka hyper-accurate accelerometers.
We used to use radio channels with known positions for guidance as well. Such as AM or FM. Some missiles use TERCOM and with SAR radar in LPI mode you can also ground map to get position fixes and reduce the error of dead reckoning. In fact update correlation used to be SOP in jets that only had INS, and there were multiple ways to get position corrections. I know Cold War bombers also used stellar navigation, but that's outside my area of expertise.
We have many ways for ships and aircraft to get accurate positioning without GPS using multiple sensor integration. The problem is cost relative to GPS and each correlation system has drawbacks or dependencies that GPS solves right up to the point that it doesn't when it gets jammed or spoofed.
Yea thats what Tomahawks back in the 90s used to get position without worrying about GPS. They just scanned the terrain and referenced it with its onboard maps.
But like the video mentioned, this stuff is for Submarines.
Vehicles that cant use sonar or really scan the ground terrain, but still have to navigate.
I love that you're not downplaying the science. Great video
He explained GPS totally wrong. And Quantum is BS anyway. Computers don't use quantum states, but that's how they explain it. Its a story, not science.
6:30 The missile knows where it is at all times. It knows this because it knows where it isn't
there is a problem. one image per second. so you have high spatial resolution and terrible temporal resolution.
That speed is just for development. Actual running systems would run it much higher rates.
@@sunnylowe7307how much faster. what is the limitation and what is the cause of the limitation?
This is with the BEC moving 10 cm, when they integrate tis into a MEMS device it will only need to move 10nm. It could potentially operate in the MHz range...
I presume it's gonna improve over time
@@sail4life MEMS is also extremely susceptible to noise as well, I think he pointed that out. In addition to improvements you can also have multiple devices to increase resolution linearly if timed correctly which is great
A new take on "mystery destination" , even the pilot doesn't know where you'll end up.
In two different places at the same time, of course !
@@mobilephil244 only if you observe it... or if you dont observe it??
I'm too high for this level of thinking. Watched it all and loved it!
The biggest challenge with working at the quantum level is vibration. Same issue with quantum computing. All aircraft have tremendous vibration issues. This is why safety wire is used on bolts and nuts, so these do not come apart when being vibrated at resonance. Otherwise, even a nut on a bolt with a star lock washer will literally completely walk its way off the bolt, and the bolt falls out of the hole. I have seen this happen with jet aircraft.
Literally the first channel I've thought about joining. Thank you for this vid. And probably others.
Excellent. Robustness comes from diversity, so rather than displacing other positioning systems, such a quantum positioning system can enhance it. I wonder how much more accurate than g-sensors embedded into phones these quantum devices are?
They can probably measure acceleration orders of magnitude more accurately, but if they do this only once per second, the resulting error will not be much smaller, if at all.
So basically the wavelength of the laser is fine tuned so that it only "hits" the particle when it is moving in a certain direction, which then exerts a force in the opposite direction, slowing it down?
Precisely.
No, the lasers are always hitting the atom. But if the atom moves in any direction, it gets hit FROM that direction a little more frequently and opposite that direction a little less frequently (doppler), resulting in a force that "slows" it down. You can imagine the atom is in a bowl, and the curvature of the bowl are the laser hits.
@@katalysis So the same thing but more word salad.
@@SikerGamingThey aren't though? Me throwing a tomato at you isn't the same as being surrounded by people throwing tomatoes at you. Sure, you'll still get hit by and covered in tomatoes, but that doesn't mean both scenarios that led to that result are the exact same thing.
@@LochlanT-hb6we I don't think that's right.. he said the lasers are slightly red shifted so they are slightly outside the atom's absorbtion range, and the Doppler effect makes it only in that absorbtion range when the atom is moving towards the laser. The graphic even shows the wave passing through the atom while he explains this 9:04
This is very exciting. I'm curious about how much power it draws during operation. Only so much power onboard an aircraft. Also the frequency of 1hz is not enough for navigation, tho I'm sure they will improve this also.
I first learned about laser cooling back in highschool when reading about researchers who had "trapped" light in a BEC. The article I read explained the whole process almost as well as you did in this video and it made me realize just how crazy/important the invention of the laser was for scientists. Like, every single step involved several lasers: pre-cooling the gas, moving the gas into the vacuum chamber, dopler cooling the gas until it becomes a BEC, one laser excited the gas so it reacted to another laser being reflected in a loop. Shortly after, scientists discovered how to make "optical tweezers" and I learned how atomic clocks work. Lasers are feel like a tool brought to humans from mount olympus or something...
Cool technology, though to be fair, the easiest fix against GNSS spoofing would be the receiver manufacturers actually implementing all the correctness checks they could do. Because if they did then you would have to spoof the signal from orbit and even then it would be extremely hard to do. The worst you could realistically do is jam the signal, at which point I guess this technology becomes interesting again as an additional fallback option.
Spoofing flat out shouldn't happen, period, regardless of the source, because it is correlated against the INS and if there is a disagreement it is highlighted. So yes you CAN spoof but the spoofing is irrelevant as a thing because you might as well jam it instead, since the spoofing is easily detected.
@@JohnVanderbeck I guess you could spoof it so that you always stay below the accuracy of the INS. So you wouldn't get the position arbitrarily wrong, but if you can make a missile miss its target by a few hundred meters, that may already be the difference between your military base being eliminated and some inconvenient but harmless hole nearby.
@@__christopher__ Yeah absolutely I could see spoofing coming into play when you just want to force degradation.
Spoofing is useful to the US as well, to keep enemies missiles from landing accurately on us.
You can’t use the direction that the GPS is coming from as a variable, as space space GPS is coming from a 180° dome over the top of you from Horizon to Horizon. The land-based accuracy augment system is also coming from near the horizon when you’re in the air.
i cracked up when u wrote "we are actually explaining it now
As I understand it, the acceleration measurement is not continuous but cyclical. It’s unclear how they plan to compensate for the inevitable errors that accumulate between each measurement. Additionally, there's the issue of measurement accuracy. Unfortunately, this video didn’t even mention an estimated accuracy of the system. So, we are expected to simply believe that this incredibly complex method of measuring acceleration will ultimately be much more accurate than traditional accelerometers
This will probably be a backup system until we can get photonics in a state where this can be continuously measured, but having a backup on a steel can with 200 people inside is always welcomed
The implication is that RLG technology is stagnant and this technology has a lot more room to grow. BEC devices are only in their infancy stages of development.
Well, yes, but this is also true for existing electronic IMUs, although they run at hundreds of cycles per second.
The drift still remains. It is literally just a matter of time. Even if they have an error of 0,1% per hour, that would mean miles per hour of deviation for objects traveling at aircraft speeds.
Nobody claimed what its accuracy is, neither it can be claimed for the future. Only premise is an alternative, independent and confined positioning system to inertial positioning. Given that the physical acceleration have errors on macroscopic scale and measurement conditions, this has theoretically greater potential. Precision measured by interferance patterns has incredible tolerances. That's how Ligo could capture and measure gravitational waves, which are of multiple orders of magnitude smaller amplitude than diameter of a proton. If feedback rate is improved, this can theoretically beat all other inertial measurement systems, but time will tell.
Your argument is absolutely solid, though there is definitely potential for very high accuracy there - we are talking about nanometers here with the interferometry. It's not really achieveble via mechanical macro-level tools. Potential is there, we'll see how much of it is possible.
Would it be possible to improve the sampling rate by simply having several condenser devices working in parallel?
I can't believe how I've never heard or thought about (some!) atoms being bosons. I always put them into the box of fermions and accepted it. Makes a lot of sense though when you actually think about it.
So the next step in the arms race is to produce a jammer which blocks quantum physics 🧐
A jammer that blocks quantum physics would basically be a matter disintegration device. Because matter cannot exist without quantum mechanics. Quite a powerful weapon, of course, but nothing you'd usually call a jammer.
@@__christopher__ I bet harmless 100% guaranteed safey anti-matter jammer will be next.
@@__christopher__ They call 'em "transporters" on Star Trek.
What an incredible technology! Just the idea of regularly making Bose-Einstein condensates and using them for navigation is wild enough. But putting that gear on planes, and eventually silicon chips(!) is just mind blowing.
Agree. Right now I can't imagine how it could be printed on silicon (is silicon even the right surface), but my knowledge state is back with thick film circuit printing (micron scale) and sand size components (i.e. 35-40 years and several orders of magnitude out of date). It's quite amazing and brilliant.
Intead of GPS , I have maps and line of sight. My recent ancestors for some stupid reasons travelled from Northern Mississippi to north California. Never got a good explanation of why, but they went with only verbal description. That's why I have relatives in Montana, Salt Lake ( hey, it's salty by definition) and Puget Sound.
As in, "walk toward where the sun sets" and "start early in the spring to get somewhere before winter"?
Awesome video. These folks at Infleqtion are true pioneers!
So… a quantum Gyroscope like in the Big Bang Theory tv show?
I'm understanding about 25% of the heavy physics and still loving every minute. I love an intellectual challenge.
If the time resolution is only 1 second, no matter how good the measurements are, this will limit the long time accurracy a lot. This needs to come down into the millisecond range i bet, before it gets really usefull.
There's really more than that too. Think the video is using the "look how cool this science is!" factor to obscure another core question - is this measurement method even more precise than existing accelerometer technology? Is it meaningfully more resistant to the "drift" that plagues other inertial navigation systems, given that drift is essentially a basic property of relativity (a moving reference frame cannot detect its own motion without outside reference)?
But yeah, it's more productive to use these as exercises in critical thinking IMO. If this is significantly more precise than traditional accelerometers, I expect the value will come from using it to continuously calibrate a traditional accelerometer, reducing systemic errors that can produce drift over time.
@@henryptung watch the full video. At the end bro dropped the fact the accuracy is enough to measure gravitational differences enough, that you can detect tunnels and mineral deposits
@@honkhonk8009he's talking about the temporal resolution needed for accurate integration of the acceleration data for positioning. Try to keep up with the conversation. This quantum IMU is decades away from positioning and even farther for detecting minerals. This whole video disproves its own premise that quantum is relevant today. SMH
@@Honk_Honk_Clown_World Bro made an account purely over this comment
Loved the vid, there were a few issues I had with it though:
Wished you’d given more about why the tech is so revolutionary. It wasn’t clear how much of an improvement this technology could offer above existing systems and what difference it would make to the world. Seems like a better IMU with possible alternative applications…
Calling it the worlds first quantum GPS is confusing because its not really like a GPS at all, more like an accelerometer. I get you’re trying to cater to a wide audience but don’t forget most of us have at least a basic understanding of tech.
Lastly, would have been good to point out that 1hz measurement rate was just a proof of concept build and that this is not yet fit for application as an accelerometer for dead reckoning aircraft.
diving into a tech that cools atoms down to (almost) absolute zero literally IS the coolest thing ever :D.
great video, thanks! ;)
We are using atoms for navigation, man we live in future now and very few people understands this. Thank you for sharing this video with us.
People that will live thousands of years in the future will think that those are ancient technologies
@@skilledgaming2287maybe. There’s a lot of ancient tech used in modern times
tbh we use atoms for a lot of things
1:40 Buy a map !
Minor Ahh Person
Literally was just about to say this!! 😂😂😂 13 f mos
What is Ed Sheeran doing in this video?? 1:45
Impressive! I have heard of a lot of the science independent of each other, but to see them all come together like this into a product... Wow!
I love that a few years ago we were told no information could be gleaned from work like this.....
Maybe I missed it - but how does this eliminate the noise drift and old fashion IMU has? How does this new one compare to a ring laser or fiber-optic IMU system? Why aren’t airlines equipped with maybe not so accurate IMU’s to get thru the portion when GPS is not reliable?
They are! Modern Airliners are mandatorily equipped with redundent and independent IMUs. In fact most airliners utilze 3 laser ring gyros. For short haul flights they are pretty accurate. Only on longer flights would the drift of several nautical miles be significant. However, airliners do not use these systems in isolation. The onboard computers constantly perform a process called sensor fusion of many onboards Systems: namely the IMUs, the ADIRUs, GNSS (like GPS, GALILEO, GLONAS, also differential GPS )and triangulation of external radio beacons. The otherall accuracy including all Systems can at best be in the range of a few centimeters and on average be around a few meters.
Comparing this with an industry standard ring laser gyro, the laser gyro would be vastly more accurate mostly due to the extremly low refresh rate of the data. In fact the refresh rate has a great impact on the overal accuracy of the system.
I have worked with some IMUs so far and can tell from experience that systems with higher refrsh rates (i.e. lower processing time of the incoming data) tend to perform better than more pricey and (on paper) accurate IMUs.
The only two major factors impacting the accuracy of a meassurment unit are the refresh rate and the single reading precision (i.e. meassuremtent error)
@@larsschubert9871 so they example given in this video is made up? The pilots never thought they were on the other side of the planet- the GPS might have said that but in reality they had backup data adequate for them to safely get to their destination…
I assume it is better: less errors, more robust, more accurate.
Wow i just found you from a short and you posted a video a minute ago! guess im destined to watch it lol
18:55 why would you want a quantum imu in a data center?
To flex on people who don't have one in their data center
To detect when the data center starts running away
Maybe he's thinking of one that stupid idea to put data centers onto satellites for better cooling lol
Awesome video! This reminds me soo much of my childhood where I loved such videos so much and inspired me to persue an Engeneering degree.
Im sure this video will inspire many many more young and courios.
This is truly what youtube is made for!
I want my children to find this video someday, be amazed and spark their curiosity.
Im feeling the same hype for the future as i did during my teen days. Thank you sir. You made my month!
Doc this totally blew my mind, renewed wonder in the possibilities. Great work
At the 13:33 mark…Sorry…but a Boson is a force carrying particle, atoms are not Bosons. I assume you got some nomenclature mixed up.
Don't buy any related stocks 😅
All integer spin particles, including neutral atoms with an even number of neutrons, are bosons. Otherwise bose einstein condensates wouldn't be possible.
@@cocomangoking7389 b e c is theoretical. Most theories serve funds, agendas and institutions mostly. Not the truth or real science.
@@John-wd5cb 2001 nobel prize in physics was awarded for the first actual demonstration of BEC. It hasnt been theoretical in over 2 decades. Considering this video is about a device that uses BEC to function, I assume you're a literal bot but I'm responding for any humans reading.
@@cocomangoking7389 video is not convincing. It's war propaganda.
You re not really familiar with bots.
Was that a quantum pool table at 1:43? You can put the black ball in 2 pockets at the same time!
Only if no one’s watching
Once you look, it's only in one pocket.
You had to observe it to be sure it was even the 8 ball, it's definitely only in one pocket now.
Sometimes I think my UA-cam algorithm smells weed smoke and wants to show me things.
first thing I thought about is full body trackers for virtual reality that dont need any camera nor tracker, that can just never drift over time while working perfectly autonomously !
What an incredible video. Thank you to all involved.
I was realizing the truth about all of this about 21 years ago, then I remembered I was a garbage truck driver and decided it must not be useful.
Sure 😂
You are important enough to ask and you are blessed enough to receive back.
IDK how this is more useful than a ring laser interferometer, and it's certainly not easier. AND it certainly succumbs to long term integration errors. Am I missing something?
I'm not sure it is, for aviation. Making a rugged flight worthy cryostat and increasing the temporal resolution would be an absolute must. Ring laser gyros are extremely robust against vibration and temperature changes and have very long service lives, and are well commercialized, and therefore quite accessible.
But I think this quantum stuff will definitely find a niche.
Yeah, it sounds to me like seeing accelerations more accurately would be a negative aspect. A plane banking in a 1G turn for a number of seconds can alter where inertial systems associate as down and the same issue I would think should occur the more sensitive something is to acceleration. Unless they think that the device is sensitive enough that it can still experience the acceleration of gravity as a different component besides the 1G turn?
@@Tsudico Surely it will be a 3 axis device that can more accurately sense acceleration. It shouldn't matter if the plane is banking. Every movement is measured and integrated into a final solution vector.
When compared to laser gyros which are already very well developed, of course this is utterly cumbersome. However if this gets miniaturized and leads to several orders of magnitud less error, even if it is expensive it will for sure end up used in the head of a aircraft/drone/missile, no doubt. RLGs started in the 60s. In a sense the guys said it when talking about the "plateau" of other mature technologies. All speculative from my side of course.
@@TheAlchaemist In March of 2020 there was an article in Nature Photonics about creating a ring laser gyroscope on a silicon chip. I don't think RLGs have quite reached their plateau yet and it remains to be seen how much this quantum device can be reduced in size while still being able to create the Bose-Einstein condensate (given it currently requires a vacuum and multiple lasers).
You can also doublecheck your position by also checking rival satellite navigation systems too or even using systems not intended for the purpose such as starlink (by using clever maths)
10:35 I thought a vacuum was the absence of matter?...🤔 I mean, how are atoms able to exist in this vacuum if the definition of the word 'vacuum' says otherwise?
Cool! Well I guess it would have to be cool or the bose einstein condensate wouldn't work. :p
Quantum mechanics have been useful for a long time. For example, quantum tunneling, despite not being entirely understood, is how flash drives and solid-state computer hard drives function. In my primitive understanding - the quantum navigation process in this video seems akin to a tiny group of gyroscopes that measure inertia/acceleration in all three axes and the high degree of accuracy comes from the nearly massless quantum cloud.
wrong.
Completely off topic, but is lab guy at 12:11 related to Russell Howard?
He's at 4:15 as well. Dead ringer!
Cutting edge stuff - and I followed almost all of it!
Well done!
The ability to accurately measure the gravitational field of the earth isn’t just a bonus, it’s a requirement for the navigation application. Acceleration due to gravity must be constantly subtracted from the acceleration measurement to get the true acceleration relative the ground. To do that you need to know acceleration due to gravity to the same degree of precision you hope to measure acceleration.
TLDR: To actually use this navigation method to its full potential, we’d have to first use this device to map the gravitational field of the areas it’s intended to be used in.
Pilots have paper maps that they're trained to monitor and validate the data from GPS so I'm skeptical of the severity of the deviation from course that you described.
Also the lack of the ability to receive transmissions from the radios of the specific airspaces that the pilot would have expected to be in would have been noticed before the plane got more than 200 miles away at best. Most of what keeps us alive on a flight isn't the plane or the pilot , it's the protocol. But this is the internet , have fun everybody.
This video is a proof that is you slap quantum onto something you'll get bunch of semi-literate youtube hosts to talk about it. In this case it's about MEMS accelerometer which existed for last 20-ish years with word quantum slapped on the box.
Which then get funny comments from semi literate know it alls who didn't understand the video.
It's amazing you typed MEMS accelerometer in a sentence to dis this video and didn't think what MEMS stands for: microelectromechanical system accelerometer. Why you are wrong is in the name, microelectromechanical...
And slap AI also. Quantum A.I.. wow 😊😊
MEMS accelerometers do not possess the resolution needed for this and would also carry cumulative error issues.
Laser Ring gyros have been in use as IMUs on subs for decades. And they're several orders of magnitude higher precision than MEMs.
This is unclassified tech. I suspect the classified stuff used now is even better.
I am terribly sorry, but whenever I hear the term "quantum" in contemporary times, I painfully notice a 20th century word that belonged to physics has been invoked so redundantly such that it becomes a buzzword and a cliche.
This makes so much sense. What an educational video! We are still scratching the surface of human technological development.
Incredibly cool (ha!) tech, but first and foremost an incredibly instructive video! I've known about Bose-Einstein condensates for a long time, but never got into the details on how to create one, which was elegantly explained here in a way that was easy to follow. Well done!
Be a lot easier to just quit harassing Russia, quit being bullies,, leave people alone, don't pull coups in nations surrounding them to try to provocate war endlessly..
Brainwashed (in general) western citizens will not understand you.
poor russians don't have a choice but to fire all those rockets on to civilian targets :,(
Thanks so much Dr Miles for this fascinating video I will have to study again to refresh my understanding! I love these videos as I get closer to understanding these complex physical phenomena! Thanks again for explaining all this in such a clear didactic way! 🌿
Spectacular. Really. Well done. ❤
It's crazy how many physics concepts you covered in this one video. Nice job
Fascinating, thank you.
Having worked as an Engineer at places like that I'd have had a fit when you picked the device up unless there was at least one backup ready to go!
🎉🎉🎉Dr. BENJAMIN MILES, congratulations for your achievement in Physics. What can your tell me about the latest discoveries on Dark Matter & Dark Energy? Thanks for your priceless attention to this matter.🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉
Question: as I understand it, we’re still talking about discrete measurements of acceleration. So there’s always a sampling rate, it’s not continuous. So for use as an IMU, won’t you still accumulate errors? Any instantaneous reading of acceleration will need to integrated with respect to that sampling rate. You might not have analog drift over time like from a mechanical gyro, you’ll just have another source of error. Don’t get me wrong, I think the research is very cool (no pun intended), you can get greater precision in those instantaneous readings, and that there are other applications, but specifically as an IMU backup for everyday navigation, wouldn’t it be much easier to just sample a few hundred dirt-cheap MEMS accelerometers?
Having watched the vid, and given it my (fairly brief given the complexity) consideration I think I can safely say - *WOW!*
This is amazingly cool! And you explain it so clearly!!
Truly amazing content you’re creating there! I was certain that there’d be no UA-cam channel posting such in-depth and scientifically accurate videos. Let me point out that in the past decades, since UA-cam has existed, I had never liked nor commented a video, in order to not feed the algorithm more than nessecary - but you without any doubt changed my mind for this instance. Thank you for this video and all the others I will surely be watching soon. I believe it is safe to say that, considering your fundamental expertise, you are one of few pioneers in an environment that is there days overpopulated with mindless nonsense. It is our mission and duty as « intelligent » beings (humankind) to propulse the scientific evolution of mankind.
When the interstate highway system was built in the U.S. the routes were numbered in such a way that it would provide positioning information to any military using the system. Interstate 90 for instance, is north of 90% of the continental U.S. and a similar situation exists regarding other routes both east-west, and north-south. This combined with mile markers provides sufficient information necessary for military operations on the ground.
Neither a lofty degree of intelligence nor imagination nor both together go to the making of genius. Love, love, love, that is the soul of genius.
Brilliant video! I learned a lot here!
This is really SO VERY impressive.
Thanks for explaining so well.
Really very interesting!
Super cool. I never dreamed that we would come even this far in just my lifetime. Excellent video. Thanks!
Terrific video. So clear and so exciting.