Transistors: Making sound easier, smaller, and more efficient
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- Опубліковано 3 жов 2024
- The technological advances that we've investigated so far have revolved around the vacuum tube. But the invention of the transistor really sparked a whole new era of sound. The advent of small circuits for sound reproduction meant that things could shrink. Tape went into cartridges. Amplifiers used less energy. And everything became more robust.
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I find it interesting how both cassettes and VHS tapes were mainly intended as a recording medium, but both became a delivery system for pre-recorded media for consumption.
Pre-recorded Beta tapes had an especially large selection of porn!
VHS actually *is* a type of cassette! And it's indeed interesting.
The Sony Thirtypoop had a great deal of promise but it was limited by its use of "table top tape" as we, in the industry, used to call it back then.
@@dickJohnsonpeter That machine can be rotated in it's cabinet then stood upright. it operates vertically albeit with a slight angle backwards. It is a solidly consumer grade machine from the mid-70s. I've had one for decades. not horrible but nothing to write home about either.
briefly in the late 70s-early 90s cassettes saw a sort of “revival” as an inexpensive multitrack home recording medium, chiefly by tascam and fostex. they ran at double speed and utilized the whole width of the tape to allow for four separate tracks of audio that could then be individually mixed. tons of demos and records were done on these!
Wow! As a child of the 80's, I always wondered why my dad's "8 track" tapes only had 4 "tracks" on them. Now I know! Thanks!
i've really enjoyed going back through your vids alex. you're really improved your style over the years it seems and your old stuff was great to begin with
I agree, the camera quality was a little worst here and his cheeks seems redder for some reason... but I LOVED the intro!!!
but why was it recorded in front of a green screen?
I thought his name was Alec?
@@DerMBen same
@@petervansan1054 It probably seemed like a good idea at the time to just leverage green screen and easily get whatever background applicable to the topic at hand.
This video explains how transistors led to a revolution in audio amplification and recording, and how presenters can so easily go off in tangents.
This video also makes a point of the next point that didn;t happen and also compact discs.
One of the reasons I watch is for Alec's tangents. :D They are great to listen to because they are so packed with information.
Field Effect Transistors have source, drain, and gate. They are voltage controllef devices, very similar to tubes. Bipolar Junction Transistors (this type was invented at Bell Labs in 1948) have Emitter, Collector, and Base. They are current controlled devices, where collector current is a function of base current.
Right ... I see right now you corrected him already months ago ... but he never corrected this wrong video :-/
Correct! The only way to develop a voltage with a BJT is to use a resistor in either the emitter or collector circuit. Current flowing through the resistor will develop a voltage across it.
One of my electronics Teachers used to say, "If the FET had been invented first, the bipolar transistor would never have been invented."
FETs was invented first. But process of making them was figured out after bipolars.
@@NuckTH theorized first, not invented first
This is the best description I have ever heard for how transistors work.
You know you really know your stuff when you are able to explain it at such at basic level. Serious props
Well, as much as I like Alex's videos, I am disappointed with this one because he clearly does NOT really know that much about how transistors work, and is mostly reciting a mish-mash of information picked up from wherever he did his research. He has totally confused BJT's and FETs, seems to attribute the invention of the FET to the Bell Labs trio when they actually did the BJT, and due to the confusion between types he does not adequately describe the way that the actual transistors work. So not a very good example of this channel.
@@youtuuba I agree. I've stopped the video mid way to see how many people noticed the same things I did.
Being an electronics tinkerer since my childhood, his errors were immediately obvious
I have almost binge watched all your episodes.
There seems to be a running trend of knocking the presenter and nit picking for the smallest inconsistencies in information being presented. I'm not not down with this. It's obvious a lot of effort has gone into this video and production. Please keep making more amazing videos. I really enjoy learning from your channel.
John Tammaro I understand your point, however, I view this type of presentation as a training video. As such, people are being *taught* new information they have no immediate means of knowing it's incorrect in some manner, thus perpetuating the inaccuracy. Instead of spreading knowledge, ignorance is being replicated. It's a great disservice to teach someone incorrect information. With that in mind, I do hold these videos to a higher standard. It's only a nit *IF* you know it *IS* wrong. It only takes a tiny bit more effort to get it right the first time of publication, and truly benefit every person that *correct* information trickles down to. It *DOES* matter!
Cheers!
@@mikecowen6507 , Absolutely! John Tammaro is just looking for entertaining video, while you are looking for educational value. One cannot have the latter if the content is significantly inaccurate. Since this channel purports to be actually informative, it needs to have its facts straight and not make the kinds of sloppy blunders that appear in this video. I DOES matter.
Well, Pedantry is just part of the channel
It was just a trend in creators and their fanboys being overly sensitive to quite literally everything.
Your teacher didn't mark "Rok" incorrect because of personal animosity, it's because the word is spelled "Rock".
If you're simply looking for light entertainment without mind to technical accuracy, I think an educational video about how a given piece of technology actually works was the wrong choice for you.
Otherwise:
"Transistors work because a wizard trapped a fairy within them."
Thank you for a very informative video. It is worth mentioning that 8-track tape players have their complicated tape-transporting mechanisms inside the machine. The 8-track player pulls the tape into the machine out of sight and out of reach of the user when playing. This means if a tape gets caught in the mechanism it is difficult to get it out. Once a tape gets wound up inside you can't use the player until it is fixed. Cassette tape is not so inaccessible and moreover is less tangle-prone to begin with.
3 vacuum tubes disliked this video.
Valves...
tcpnetworks tubes....
41*
Jack Harrington 44
47
Man, it's NUTS how much your video's set has improved.
"if you missed your song you had to wait till it came back around."
Don't I know it!
My favorite song when I was a kid was "Sink the Bismark!" by Johnny Horton. And I loved to listen to it on my grandmother's eight track tape player. But I had to play through the whole album just to get to it. Now, I love all of his music. I've certainly listened to it, enough. Lol
Oh, and my grandmother used to say that switching to each of the 4 parts on the player would damage the tape. I guess this wasn't true?
There has never been a minute that I didn't appreciate and cheer on the transistor. Early transistor radios are my favorite electronic collectibles.
I love your videos. I dont really have any hobbies relating to topics covered in your videos, but your the information you give on each topic is large and consice. Never stop. All of the stuff you talk about is fascinating and I love learning about how old electronics work. Keep it up!
Love your videos!
But did anyone else notice his hands dissappearing trick at 5:57 ?????
Looks like a messed up effect where he was using a green screen?
Noticed that....which had me take note that the lighting on his face is different from the room lighting...🤔
Second time I am watching this, still finding it very informative and well made, better than many on The Discovery channel.
Thank you for coloring my present world of sound ... It i difficult to enhance my knowledge of sound and music when the people im around have no clue of what fidelity should sound like all they care about 8s the flat response of their mp3 player or cell ... I understand the convinience of such technology but i am never satisfied with just simple sound ... I have to feel the music in my soul ... You have allowed me to re think my set up ... And i want to thank you for taking the time to keep me interested in my world of sound ... Also i love the professionalism you display by wearing the dressy jackets ... Makes you command attention ....thank you ... Blessing to you ...
Yup, I'm definitely glad the new videos aren't this short 😉
I was a teenager when chrome cassettes were the thing. They won out not just because they were reformulated to sound better, they worked better. 8-tracks were notoriously unreliable. Most of the time you had to stick a book of matches between the 8-track and the tape player slot so the tape wouldn't slip on the capstan wheel. 8-tracks also had a habit of turning inside out for no apparent reason. 40 some years ago I was successful at turning a Led Zeppelin II tape right side out more than once, returning it to sounding as it should. When the tape turns around it sounds like Jimi Hendrix but very muddy and low volume. That was life in the 1970's when I was young.
It took me way too long to realise you were green-screened
I grew up during the transition from tubes to solid state. I had a bottomless curiosity about all things electronic and my room looked like a mad scientist's lab. Later, I got a tech degree and had my own repair shop that was a middling good living and fun, too. Later I went into industrial automation, also fun and good pay.
THank you so much, i just understood how current amplification happens on transistors and vacuum tubes and thanks to you.... this is so satisfying!
Another advantage of the transistor is that it used low voltages. Tubes used 10 to 20 times the voltage, which was a shock hazard and required large expensive batteries if you wanted portable devices.
@ Not always! A popular "table radio' into the '60s, called "the all American 5) used JUST the line voltage for operation. The B+ voltage was derived by rectifying the 117vac and heater voltage was derived by putting the heaters in series across the 117v.
The three contacts of transistors are not called gate, source and drain. The three contacts of field effect transistors are. But not all transistors are field effect transistors. Bipolar junction transistors are also transistors and they have three contacts called base, emitter and collector.
It's basically the same thing
Well, it may seem sort of like the same thing. But to anyone who works with such things, it is certainly not the same thing. Mainly the fact that the gate of field effect transistors are essentially capacitors and the transistors are controlled by it's charge (or voltage) and bipolar junction transistors bases behave sort of like LEDs and are therefore current controlled changes a lot in the way you drive them and in which cases you use which. But I just noticed someone else already commented on the whole topic before I did, so I guess my comments on this are redundant anyway.
Both are actually voltage controlled, in a BJT, physically the collector current actually depends on the base emitter votlage, the base current is a non-ideal side effect. But also if you add up all the transistors in the world, there are way way more field effect transistors, so to say 'the terminals are gate source and drain' is fine really.
Well, obviously the current is always dependent on the voltage, no current can flow without any voltage. But the amount of current flowing from the base to the collector is still what determines the conductivity. BJTs essentially short their base to the collector, which causes the base voltage to drop to whatever it is pulled down to. So, the base voltage of on a BJT isn't very interesting since the current flow is what actually controls the BJT. The conductivity of a FET however is directly related to the voltage on the gate of FETs behave like capacitors, in a FET current is practically only flowing to the gate when it is changing its state.
And sure there may be more FETs, but you don't say cars have five seats, just cause most cars do.
I'm sure most people wont really care how the terminals of transistors are called and if they are always called the same, therefore in the case of the video, it's a relatively minor mistake that doesn't really matter. But there's nothing wrong with pointing it out. FETs and BJTs are after all very different and therefore have their own specific advantages and disadvantages in different applications, also due to the fact that they need to be controlled differently.
Yeah FET's are rarely used for amplification tasks, he should've clarified that he was talking about BJT's
"In next week's episode we'll be exploring the compact disc." Compact disc video is literally like two years after this :D
A big advantage of the transistor was also the more accurate sound reproduction. Vacuum tubes have a great deal more distortion when they amplify sound waves- particularly in the time domain. This effects the soundstage of music a great deal, even if the distortion that a vacuum tube makes is often euphonic and musical.
"Great deal" ummm no.
Hi Alex, I’ve just started to watch your videos, very interesting and well presented.
5:58 hand clips through the background mask
This ruins the coziness of the video.
Glitch in the matrix.
Joseph DiGiovanni You can see the green halo on his jacket too.. $hit happens, no big deal. Great background in my opinion though.
And here I was thinking it was a real background 😂
Also at around 5:00 or so, the left reel of his tape player is shuddering.
This helped me pass my HAM technician's test. Thanks.
Love your channel, its funny to see the audio slightly out of time.
Excellent video, very informative
Powering vacuum tubes amplifiers is much more complicated than powering transistor circuits. You need a high-voltage (100V to 400V) for the anode(plate), a low-voltage (2V) high current supply for the cathode heaters, and a negative supply (-130V to -5V) for the grid control circuitry. In comparison, you can build a transistor amplifier off a single 9V supply (battery) and a few biasing resistors.
Vacuum tubes are high-impedance devices and are generally unable to drive low-impedance speakers directly. This necessitates using a large (heavy) impedance transformer to drive the speakers. With BJT amplifiers, you can drive 8-ohm loads directly.
Some people favor vacuum tube amps because they generate even-harmonic distortion, which sounds "warmer" to some folks, where BJT amps generate odd-harmonic distortion due to the exponential nature of their IV characteristic. Mosfets are square-law devices and generate even harmonics like tubes. In my mind, any distortion in an amplifier is an undesirable thing. If you are really serious about the quality of your distortion, use an effects pedal.
From the 1930s to the end of the tube era, there were radios, commonly called AA5 or transformer less radios, that got all their operating voltages from the power line. The tubes had their heaters wired in series with a voltage dropping resistor, tubes were chosen (12BE6. 12BA6, 12AV6, 50C5, and 35W4) that could perform with plate voltages of 100 or lower, and grid biasing principles were used that didn't require external voltage supplies. Since they had no power transformer, they were light, cheap, and very popular. They also made phonographs and TVs using the same principals. And the output transformers for these sets weren't that large or heavy. Many early transistor amps also employed output and phase splitter transformers, as well.
Rarely is there a separate bias supply use in low power consumer equipment. You just put a resistor in series with the cathode. This causes the cathode to develop a positive charge making the grid negative in respect. And only in high power equipment would more than a few volts of bias be needed.
>In my mind, any distortion in an amplifier is an undesirable thing.
Will you marry me?
>negative supply for the grid control curcuitry
Floating cathode: Am I a joke to you?
@Jess Stuart If you had done your homework, you would have known that there are tubes that run with plate voltage as low as 12V. And, tubes can be "self biased" by using a "cathode resistor" which effectively puts the grid at "negative potential" with respect to the cathode eliminating the "C" supply!
Whoa, I really like that intro
It took me a little while to realize this one had a greenscreen background... I'm impressed with how well you lined the background with the varying angle of the camera
This channel is so great! Thanks for making these. They're some of the few things keeping me sane at the moment!
I also remember that miniature tubes were introduced, only slighter larger than early transistors. They could be used for hearing aids (carried in a pocket) and probably for various military devices.
In the late 1950s, RCA developed small tubes, called Nuvistors, only about twice the size of the standard transistor package of the day. They were most commonly used as RF amplifiers in TVs and FM radios.
Soothing voice and smart good lookin man! hope you get lots of views and subs.
another thing in the favor of compact cassette: most consumer radios (the most common recording source) at the time had comparable fidelity, so the quality was kind-of a non-issue.
Gate, Source and Drain are related to Field Effect Transistors which came much later and work in the SAME WAY as vacuum tubes; i.e. a voltage on the gate would RESTRICT the flow of current.
The original transistors had a base, emitter and collector and work as you said.
FETs are older than bipolar transistors.
Another advantage of transistors is they worked right off the bat when switched on. Vacuum tubes needed time to "warm up", that is, allow the filament to get hot enough to start emitting enough electrons
Andrew Timm I remember eating breakfast in my footie pajamas waiting for the TV to warm up so I could watch saturday morning cartoons. :)
In the 1960s, they had electronics that kept the tube heaters on in standby mode. This often led to shortened tube life and a fire risk. Many people unplugged their TVs when they left home for extended periods.
True, my family had a Magnovox TV just like that. It was supposed to run in standby with all the tubes warmed up so you could turn it on in an instant. My father kept it turned off though, for fire and energy consumption reasons, so we had to warm it up like everyone else.
Even today, a lot of solid state electronic devices still sit idle in standby mode, drawing energy when not being used. So energy conscious people still unplug when they go away from home.
yes, and unlike the tube systems, which drew most of their power keeping the filaments hot, solid state systems draw almost no power when idle The power loss is through the small amount of current the power supply transformer draws even when it's idle. There was (and may still be) pressure to make a single low voltage household system for electronics, on the idea that one large transformer is more efficient that a bunch of small ones. In the meantime, all we can do is unplug our chargers when we're not using them.
I had a second generation Walkman when I was a kid. I literally wore it out.
My first transistor cost me 30 shillings. I thought junction transistor came out first due to them being found by accident while trying to develop a fet. I liked valves and not all were big. Some wire ended ones were used in hearing aids and could be used to make a simple radio. Also valves were more robust. If there was a problem with the aerial on a transmitter you could smell the heating before there was any damage. With a transistor it was dead in an instant in the same situation. Valve tvs, you had to wait for it to warm up before it came on but modern tvs you get the message "Please wait, processing" while it boots up :-)
@Bill Hall I agree about the "tubes" being more robust. A transistor can be wiped out in a microsecond by ESD. With a tube, impossible!
Yesterday I began to watch your videos, I'm viewing them in chronological order and I like them because you explain technology and its history in a way that is easier to understand. I say "easier" because the viewer does have to have a minimal understanding which I have. Moreover, your presentation is well done. It holds my attention without having to resort to gimmicks.
The topic on transistors (and their advantages over vacuum tubes) brings up a question. Years ago I listened to a jukebox from the 1950s. Though it was mono, the quality of the sound blew me away. It was better than the sound quality of expensive, higher end transistor amplifiers.
Is there a way to explain why in a way that the average person can understand?
thanks for the fantastic video series! It was very informative and entertaining
Found this playlist by recommendation on the new Hot Water video. Given I started watching your channel with the CD or TV videos, guess I just missed this as the intros to those concepts.
I remember listening to songs on 8-track that would fade out, switch tracks then fade back in right in the middle of a song.
Love that decor :D
Oh my god. Watching videos from Baby Technology Connections takes me way back.
The only thing I found "a bit-slightly confusing" is that the author noted the connection names for the Transistor as "Source, Gate and Drain" and, although, he isn't in error here, he failed to explain that, that is the connection pin-out of a FIELD EFFECT Transistor (FET) which is only one type of transistor, and, at the time, wasn't the mainstream use of transistors in early electronics. The type of transistors used, mostly are BI-JUNCTION Transistors (BJT) and consist of the connection pin-out of Collector, Base and Emitter, respectively.
I wonder how he managed to end up clueless about bipolar transistors when they were the dominant transistor in the early days until FETs were properly developed and evolved into more powerful devices
Bardeen, Shockley & Brattain...
Emitter, Base & Collector...
I'm picturing a lab session here...
Bardeen starts to present an idea to Shockley. Brittain talks over him...
Shockley; "Guys! I think we're on to something here!"
If this guy made a twenty minute video about those plastic rings on soda bottles, I'd watch it
You R the smartest info-guy on the internet! Very interesting!!!
Ein anderer deutscher?!
Boy have you got sooooo much better
Informal as usual, that power behind the *SUCKED* really put a punch to that delivery.
Do you think there's a possibility to make a more in depth video about gates? Like what great applications truly takes advantage of it?
Say were you satisfied with the lightning in this recording? Production value has come quite a way for you.
I took an 8 track apart years ago and it didn't have a spool like yours does. There were little pins and rollers on each side and the tape snaked back and forth through them at the top there was a little spring loaded tensioner that had a felt swab on it to clean and keep the tape tight. I found the tape in a 63 Chevy truck I bought, it was buried in the cab's corner under old rags and 30 years of dirt!!
I quickly cruised through a high end stereo shop in Japan in the late 70s. If I remember correctly, there were a few cassette machines that used a larger than standard "cassette" with 1/4 inch tape, maybe at 3.75 IPS. When I started buying decent stereo equipment in the 80s, I wondered why the never showed up in the USA, (that I knew about anyway).
Good job. Nice videos
I love the disappearing hand trick at 5:58.
I heard more about tape than I did about transistors . Thanks man
Where did the CD episode go? I was enjoying these older vids., haha
Vacuum tubes can be efficient in a correctly designed circuit, which is why now, in 2023, you can get plenty of brand new Tube amplifiiers. The main thing that made Transisitors popular were small size, cheaper to manufacture and they didn't need to have plate voltages of several hundred volts. This made it easier to make low voltage and battery powered devices. Due to being small and cheap, it also became easier to make cheap radios, like a lot of consoles from the 60's and even 70's. A lot of the TV's still used tubes, but radio sections went to solid state.
i can't get over seeing alec with this back-ground.
Muy bien 👌 lo felicito
Great video!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
5:58 his hand crossed some sort of virtual barrier
A few simple things about your video, btw not a hater just want to clear things up. 1: vacuum tubes can get hot but some only use a few bolts. 2 I dropped a rca 6dn7 on concrete. Only a chip.
Advances in technology which saved the compact cassette were, narrower head gap, and Dolby noise reduction, as well as chromium and metal tapes which had better signal to noise ratios over oxide tapes. These advances gave the cassette a competitive edge to real to real tape in terms of portability. As for studio work, the real to real was always preferred. Not now though. Digital has rendered analog almost obsolete, though if you're a purist, and the work is done vert carefully, analog can still outperform digital given the advances in recording technology available today. I would argue that most people cannot hear the difference between the two. It takes a very discerning ear to even detect any difference, and my ear is not up to the task.
To be fair though, Digital is only a match through decades of sophistication. The storage is large enough, algorithms sufficiently refined, and transistor processors quick enough to recreate all the information. I've never tried playing a FLAC on particularly slow hardware. But if I did, I'm guessing the MP3 will survive on slower machines then a FLAC or equivalent file.
Jordan Scherr Of course, the one unquestionable advantage of digital is *completely* eliminating generation loss in copies. The 10,000th copy-of-a-copy is *exactly* the same as the original. The analog equivalent would be entirely distorted, if not completely unintelligible.
Passionate learning!
No school, No fee and at the end informer says thanks!
What else great thing you are looking for?
👌
Transistor pins can also be referred to as the "collector", "gate", and "emitter".
ALMOST correct the "gate" is called the BASE...
FLOOD BY TMBG. I had that tape. Amazing album.
Terry Beardmore absolutely. theres so many classics on it.
'Flood' is awesome!
When I studied elecrical and electronic engineering at college 1969-1971 it was all about valves and the transistor was not in the syllabus as it was too new. Come University in 1971 and the valve had been dropped in favour of the OC71 transistor. I had a Philips AG8106 valve tape recorder and later a Sony TC399 transistor tape recorder. Currently I have a Technics RS-M231X cassette deck.
The worst drawback of the 8-track was that the graphite backing of the tape would wear off. That's what allowed it to be pulled from the middle of the tape spool. And the more you played it, the worse it got.
My last casette player was fantastic AIWA player. The only things I remember of it was that it had three heads and two spindles.
I knew a person who once had a phonograph record play that was made to put in a car..It had a spring loaded tone arm on it to keep it on the record..I still have a large box of 8 tracks..I remember those days cruising and playing the music of the time..lol
@John Deeter Back in the day ('50s), Chrysler Corp (no Fiat) had optional 45RPM record players you could order from the factory. It was called "highway Hi-Fi).
A taperecorder equipped with vaccum tubes would not nescessarily be larger. In fact the Beocord Belcanto was smaller. But its electronics probably was simpler. Another problem was that it takes time to heat the tubes, it is not ready in an instant (or have to be powered on always).
great vids! love it. your format of content reminds me of one of my favorite UA-cam creators, TechMoan. that is intended to be a very big compliment! keep it up!
I inherited a very old and high tech vacuum tube tester machine that I never fully understood. Now I want to play with it after watching this video.
I used to love how cassettes and walkman sounded. When I switched to CD I was impressed by the clarity, but not so much by the harshness. But when mp3 portable cd players became a thing, I found that to be just too convenient
Before 8-Track cartridges came the 4-Track cartridge players. One of my brothers had one in his car.
Nothing beats a vacuum tube!
You forgot the 4 track tape. It came out before the 8 track. I owned both back in the day - lol
All this may well be but I'll always prefer a tube amp over a transistorized one.
Was looking for a guitarist to say something. 😂😂😅
That unsolved Rubik's cube in the back :-(
Oldie but a goodie
"History of Artificial Sound" is a great series! Thank you! 🤓👍
The hand cut at 5:57 killed me
Using the Trans-Oceanic as an example of a portable radio was overkill. Smaller portable tube radios were readily available.
I have Trans-Oceanics, as well as miniature-tube radios, and a subminiature tube radio (the tubes being the size of an AG-1 flashbulb).
Very common transistor (NPN) BC548 (TO-92) - the Base = grid, Collector = Anode, Emitter, Kathode - applying low voltage (audio) allows power to pass from C to E thus either amplify or switch, however the SCR was developed from the Transistor, of course most people know there are millions of microscopic transistors in a IC....
Thank you for a great video! Wll explained and interesting! But maybe think twice about the greenscreen, it's sort of uncanny :)
The drive system for 8-track tape was inherently erratic, and high wow and flutter was the norm; also the tape had to be coated with special lubricants so that the loops and layers of tape would slide over each other, and this meant that the tape didn't last as long and would tend to "shed", leaving deposits on the heads, and on the pressure roller and capstan responsible for moving the tape, further degrading audio performance and speed stability.
My dad had a Denon 8-track machine in the early 70's that was fairly sophisticated ----- it not only recorded, but it was programmable, to play the entire tape continuously, or just one track continuously, or play the entire tape and stop at the end. It also had a knob underneath where the user could adjust the head position to best line up with the tracks on the tape, setting it for strongest audio output with the least amount of noise or crosstalk.
In the midv70's I installed a number of Lear, or AR (Automatic Radio) 8 track players into my friend's cars.
There is a lot of discussion surrounding Lilienfeld. I actually read that one guy at Bell Labs said he never produced a working prototype around '48 (to promote their in-house product, instead of some random guy's) and a decade or two later actually said that Lilienfeld actually did make a working FET. Non the less, if you were to read the 1925 patent you would surely admit that Lilienfeld actually did invent FETs (he included the schematics for a multiple stage amplifier using it in there, for god's sake!)
Portable radios back then be like
"What kind of battery does it take?"
"8 Pounds"
So what DID ever happen to that "next week's episode"? If you made and uploaded it, it might be worth a couple hours of your time to add your other videos to this playlist. As with every comment on all your videos, your material is extremely well done and hugely informative. I did notice where your hand disappeared off the side of the green-screen, though. :) I'm glad you use a proper background, now.
Aaaah the old set.
I had a tape recorder about the same size an it used vacuum tubes!
I once had a1977 Ford with an 8 track player in it. There was a cartridge stuck in the unit and I could never get the cartridge out . I recall radio stations played music on cartridge similar to 8tracks.
Speaking of Walkman - I didn't have one of those oh no. I had an Aiwa unit with AM/FM tuner too.
You forgot "madman" Muntz 4track tape was first
I had 8 zienth transoceanic radios good to see yours
Yeah, nowadays there's only one place where you want vacuum tubes rather than digital electronics, and that's guitar amplifiers. If you want good distortion and smooth playability (every time I've used digital amps, they always make it feel like I have to strum super hard, almost as if the guitar is unplugged, in order to be audible), that is. I would also suggest PET scanners and other areas where photomultiplier tubes are used, but it seems that the avalanche photodiode is set to replace photomultiplier tubes soon, and that's okay.
This invention will save us from nuclear disaster in 54 years.
I had a 4 track player in my 64 Malibu