The Battle for the Narva Bridgehead | The Battle of Narva 1944 - Ep. 4
Вставка
- Опубліковано 27 бер 2020
- Hello, welcome to The AceDestroyer and welcome to the fourth part of the Narva 1944 series. This part will be all about the battles for the Narva Bridgehead. In this episode we will see how the 3. SS Panzer Corps with all its volunteer units managed to defend the Bridgehead for the Estonian city of Narva. Find out more in the video! I hope you’ll enjoy this fourth episode! Don’t forget to like and subscribe and do leave a comment down below! Cheers!
INFORMATION
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_...
Landwehr, R. (1981). Narva 1944: The Waffen-SS and the Battle for Europe. Great Britain: Bibliophile Legion Books.
[Handle this book with great care! Filled with SS Bias, but it gives the reader a good overview of the dispositions of the units involved. It also gives a brief overview of the fighting, but as mentioned, filled with SS bias.
Afiero, M. (2017). The Axis Forces 4. Zanica, Italy: Af-004.
www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/G...
www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/G...
wehrmacht.rindeleht.ee/ktb/1/1...
War diary of Army group Narva
FOOTAGE
My homemade maps
All WW2 footage come from ‘Die Deutsche Wochenschau’ which has largely been banned on UA-cam. The ones used in this video are: No. 692 (December 12, 1943), No. 705 (8 March 1944), No. 711 (19 April 1944), No. 725 (27 July 1944) and 751 (10 February 1945)
Pictures are from Wikipedia
MUSIC: All music is from the UA-cam Audio Library (ua-cam.com/users/audiolibrary...)
Russian dance
Dark Forest
Flecks of light
Spring
Thnx for the Narva video series. My uncle fought in SS-Pz.Gren.Rgt. 49 'De Ruyter' and was seriously injured at the battle of Narva.
Zev V you know that not every ss killed jew some where conscrprited into the ss
@Kurland Grenadier-45 NKVD did not engage in genocide
@@ruthlesstruth8639 They certainly did. The Nazis were guided by racial hatred and the communists were guided by class hatred. Clergy, intelligentsia and well to do peasantry were eradicated with the same fervor and ruthlessness.
@@ruthlesstruth8639 Yes they did. The deportations of the Chechens, Crimean Tatars, Kalmyks, Ingush, Karachays, Balkars and Meskhetian Turks are the best examples of this (obviously millions more were deported from the Ukraine, Belarus, Poland and the Baltics; and tens of thousands killed in sporadic campaigns of ethnic cleansing in Central Asia, but the 7 cases above were unique in that every member of those races were uprooted and shipped off to Siberia, where between 20 and 46% of them died).
@@ruthlesstruth8639 They were even worse than the ss
Some additional info about one Estonian NCO who received the Knight's Cross for eliminating the bridgehead.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Nugiseks
Very interessting. I’ m Dutch and this side of our history is not well known for obvious reasons. But never the less, it is interesting to know what has happend to these Dutch soldiers who had chosen the other side of the agressor. They had a very harsh fight and bitterly weather conditions. Thanx so far
One of my collega's grandfather fought and died there. I have a copy of his bidprentje. He came from Oss
im english living in holland..interesting i didnt know this
And they earned the respect of other non-German Waffen SS soldiers and officers!
@Alfons Falkhayn They were fighting against a far worse one!
One uncle of mine fought from Leningrad all the way back thru Narva and thru the" Kessel" at Halbe. Eventually captured by the Russains He lived to the ripe old age of 99/7 months
Enjoyed this series, making lockdown in New Zealand are good one
Excellent presentation as usual Ace. It's always fascinating to learn about some of these lesser known and appreciated battles with such meticulous research and footage. Amazing to think how much I've learned from watching channels like this and others versus what we were taught (or weren't) in school. Keep up the great work and be safe!
I love the way you pronounce De Ruyter. Perfect.
Such detail. Truly a quality video. Thank you Ace for showing us the finer details of the WW2 battles. Just amazing.
Another episode? Hell yeah.
I visited the area few years ago, very interesting battlefield. Thanks for the video, it put things in prospective
Hey Ace, easy to see why I look forward to these accounts! Great detail, chronological movement, excellent maps and fantastic pieces of film!
Well done as always👍☝️👍☝️..waiting the the next...and next...😆👀
i am grateful to you for your research and clarity of presentation, these are a must see for all who are interested in military history
Good story telling my friend, couple of suggestions you might want to highlight with a circle or something the area you are talking about and maybe in one corner include the date you are talking about. But these changes might change your format in this series which you may not want to do? Very well put together though, conveys the life struggle perfectly 🇬🇧👍
Thanks! Yeah, I'm kind of satisfied with the way it is now. I have already made all the maps for this series, but I will try to take it into account for the next series.
Miserable weather conditions, how awful it must have been. Impossible to know how it felt to live outside .
These videos are absolutely outstanding. Reminds me how much I miss The Ace Destroyer’s uploads 😒. Hope he’s ok tho whatever he’s up to.
You've cured my quarantine boredom Ace, thank you. Your videos are excellent
Haha! My pleasure!
Yay I know this video is gonna be great
Incredible attention to detail once again, presented with exceptional clarity. Thanks Ace.
My pleasure! I'm glad to see that you enjoyed it Colin!
thanks for posting. great work.
Job well done as always, AceDestroyer!
Great video Ace, your pronunciation of the German, Estonian and Russian names is superb!
I agree, just perfect! 🍻🍻🍻
Another great video. Looking forward to the next one.
Always fascinating to watch your videos. Great work.
Another amazing video.
I can not imagine how could it be put together so precizely and edited so perfectly. WELL DONE !
Btw, what a heroic European coalition fought there against the Bolshewism. Baltic guys, Nordic fighetrs, Dutch and Germans fanatics. To protect Europe.
We know that Red Army did not liberate those countries but simply occupied them, bringing pain and death.
Also no doubt what was the destiny of captured SS soldiers. They still lay in unindicated mass graves. Poor young guys, good soldiers. Deserved better.
I don't see anything "heroic" in this global disgrace . The most important Nazi bastards ended up on the gallows. You belong there, too . Only for one praise of the Nazis.
Vielen Danke !
Good that you dive so deep into the unit scale, that will make it very easy for me to use it in a tabletop context.
Thanks, and quite detailed!
Thank you, great as always. Wishing you and your loved ones the very best. Cheers.
Thanks! You too, stay safe!
Such bravery in such dreadful conditions...thanks for this outstanding production kind sir!
Greetings from a lockdown South Africa
Outstanding!
Excellent - as always.
Great work Ace- keep it up
Thanks for your very informative videos regarding battles in my home country during WW2. Good to know, that it was more the support of Danish and Dutch people, rather than Estonian patallions like our “newly written” history tries to claim.
However, you are wrong about lake north of Peipus. Even southern part of it could be called “swamp area”, the northern part is deep (something 10 meter) water with few meters high sand cliffs and sand beaches. However, no Soviet tank could be able to cross that area and snipers on top of those cliffs could have clean shot in the went of event, that Red Army would like to cross the border from there. They actually made breakthru from South of lake Peipus and went directly to island Saaremaa when battles in Narva and “blue mountains” where still ongoing.
But, I would recommend you to visit those sandy beaches in North of lake Peipus for your holiday as those are very famous recreational areas nowadays.
Perfect time for your video. I just started again to paint some models for one of my Flames of War armies
Nicely Done !
Just discovered your channel, your quality is top notch.
I'm happy to see that you like it! Welcome to the channel!
Fantastic video
Bravo!
3:15 Soviet 48 Marine Rifle Brigade crossed the Narva river at 6:00 morning time 3.02.1944, 4 battlegroups. 2 battlegroups on the position of Kudruküla, 2 battlegroups on the position of Hungerburg (Narva-Jõesuu). Without artillery and heavy support, they captured the first defense line, but without the reinforcements and supplies they were not able to continue the attack and reach the second line of defence.
Groups in Kudruküla were divided by 2 and 1 group stuck on the field close to the Tõrvala river. What happened to them later - nobody knows, but about 150 POWs were shot down by SS and Werhmacht troops and still are not found. The groups in Hungerburg also had no success, they got a reinforcement (1 platoon), but at the end almost all KIA. In documents we can find a story, that in the stone house on the river shore the Soviets hold the defence with the captured SS men, they forced them to shoot against their own comrades and when the day ended Soviets shot down the captured soldiers and crossed the river back. I have one photo from the archive, taken before the assault.
Such a brutal fight at Narva. Thank you very much for bringing this story to light!
@@TheAceDestroyer we still find them, that is why I know that story very well, also found the documents of this Marine Brigade about the battle. Very informational description of the battle.
You got me, I subscribed. Vary good presentation !
Thanks! I'm happy to hear that! Welcome to the channel!
How did you keep your channel clear of bots? I did not see any. Nice job.
cheers from Estland and thank's
great video already waiting for the next one
great vid, cheers from Greece, would love to see Totenkopf at Grodno, July 1944 ;)
GREAT VID. ACE DESTROYER !!👍👍👍👍 LOVE YOUR NARRATION SKILLS., SUPER FILM FOOTAGE. AND YOUR GERMAN PRONUNCIATION SKILLS ARE SPOT ON !!!👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏👏
Fine job sir 👌
Simply ~ Thank You! Smiles this video gives me Wood¥ Make of what you will. Cheers Xxx
Great video as usual! I especially love the current series, extremely interesting.
Just a small thing, the Estonian Legion wasn't necessarily "also known as the 1st Estonians" rather, although the Wehrmacht no longer used it, the SS still rarely used the Prussian regiment/division system hence the division was distinguished as 20. SS Division (estnische Nr. 1) just like for example regiments in the imperial German army would be named (bayrische Nr. 1), (pommersche Nr.1), so on.
I'm very happy to hear that Tavar! Oh, thanks for the information! I really appreciate it!
Great series ace
Thank you very much! I'm glad to see that you enjoyed it!
Amazing historical film footage, where/when was this footage found? My great Uncle was a communications nco in the großdeutschland pzgren regiment attached to ss pz korp (nco helmut max hasenbein); he was missing-in-action at the Blue Hills battles. Perhaps he's shown in the film footage, Thanks very much for efforts preparing and posting the Narva, Estonia footage.
Eestikeelne tõlge (Estonian)
Hämmastav filmimaterjal, kust / millal see filmimaterjal leiti? Minu suur onu oli side nco großdeutschland pzgreni rügemendis, mis oli seotud ss pz korpiga, ta sai Sinimägede lahingutes haavata. Võib-olla on teda näidatud filmimaterjalis. Tänan teid väga kaastöö eest Narva, Eesti kaadri ettevalmistamise ja postitamise eest.
Deutsche Übersetzung (German)
Erstaunliches Filmmaterial, wo / wann wurde dieses Filmmaterial gefunden? Mein großdeutschland war ein Kommunikations-nco im großdeutschen pzgren-Regiment, das dem ss pz korp (nco helmut max hasenbein) angegliedert war; Er wurde bei den Blue Hills-Schlachten vermisst. Vielleicht wird er im Filmmaterial gezeigt. Vielen Dank für die Bemühungen, das Filmmaterial von Narva, Estland, vorzubereiten und zu veröffentlichen.
Русский перевод (Russian)
Потрясающие кадры из фильма, где и когда были найдены эти кадры? Мой пропавшая bеликий дядя был комиссаром по связям в полку валовой немецкий pzgren при ss pz korp (helmut max hasenbein); он был ранен в боях на Голубых холмах. Возможно, он показан в кадрах фильма. Большое спасибо за усилия по подготовке и публикации сюжета о Нарве, Эстония.
Wow! Thank you very much for sharing your personal story. Most of the footage is from the Leningrad front, but due to a lack of footage, I was also forced to look elsewhere. You can find the Deutsche Wochenshau numbers and dates in the video description.
Great video ...!
Cheers from Paris -France..
I agree! Vancouver British Columbia 🍻🍻🍻
Thank for subtitle
Although the casualties were high the defence of Estonia by the Wiking and Nordland Divisions could be seen as successful Defensive Battles that fought the Red Army to a standstill and lessons can still be learned from it to this Day
An excellent video as always with a lot of tactical detail. What I would like to know is why the Soviet troops are described in a generic way. Nothing more detailed than division and often just Russian troops but the Germans are broken down even to battalions and many of the commanders of these troops are mentioned by name and photographs. It is as if the Soviets are faceless and this gives rise to the the stereotyped idea of "Russian Hordes". Can you do a little better in portraying the Soviet side? It would give a more complete picture of the battle. Thanks.
I know, this is largely due to a lack of information. I have multiple sources going to battalion and sometimes company level on the German side, but hardly anything is mentioned on the Soviet side. The fact that I don't speak Russian also doesn't help as I can't search for sources there. All English and German sources only mention the German side of things unfortunately. It's just too difficult for me to find even the opposing Soviet division or corps sometimes. That's why they're unfortunately not that detailed in my videos, I simply cannot find proper sources mentioning the Soviet units.
@@TheAceDestroyer Thanks for your reply. I suspected that was the case. It is a shame that we can understand the battle in detail from only one side. You can only do what you can do. If I knew sources you could use I would supply them but I am the same position as you. Perhaps someone who watches your channel can help
The danes were fighting hard,must respect frikorps Danmark
Hi The AceDestroyer! And thanks for your good job. If you can make video about all nations who fought German side and had legion like Estonians and even Russians who fought German side. It may help to see the truth
I don't really make videos about actual units. I will feature them if I make a video about a battle they participated in, like the volunteers in this video, but otherwise not.
Why do you need these bastards accomplices of the fascists ?! ))
@Alfons Falkhayn They knew that the Soviets were better for the workers and peasants (90%) of the population, because they gave workers rights, protected them from the capitalists, eliminated unemployment, gave free housing and medicine and free education to the people. The Nazis did not do this, they United the former masters of the capitalists for violence against people. For this reason, the Soviets (a form of democracy) were preferable to the Nazi dictatorship. Therefore, the inhabitants of the Baltic States received their national republics and national industry from the Soviets . their national government. Not "Zyklon b" and the crematorium as Nazis. Stop playing the IDIOT !
I absolutely your videos and the way you correctly pronounce everything in the video. Please keep them coming
Thanks! I'm very happy to hear that!
@@TheAceDestroyer Not bad, but some of the Estonian names and pronunciations need still work. For example "Ssivertsi" is Siivertsi and "Pahklemae" - Pähklimäe. Most of the estonian words has emphasis on the first vowel and two vowels are pronounced long like "tUUling" (somehow author decided to pronounce "u" as "ü") or "RIIIpalu" (not "riPAlu") . So "ssivERtsi" should be "sIIIvertsi", "pähklaMÄe" sounds more like "pÄHklimäe". Other than that - Good job! Subscribed.
@@rpgp6065 Thank you very much! I'll certainly need this for the final episode. Yeah, I must admit that these Estonian names were a bit a shot in the dark for me. Thanks for clearing them out. Also, thanks for the sub, welcome to the channel!
@@TheAceDestroyer Ready to help anytime.
@@TheAceDestroyer I checked that Google translate can manage estonian pronunciations pretty well. Maybe this hack will help?
translate.google.com/?hl=et#view=home&op=translate&sl=et&tl=en&text=Kudruk%C3%BCla%0ASiivertsi%0AP%C3%A4hklim%C3%A4e%0ATuuling%0AVepsk%C3%BCla%20%0AHarald%20%0ARiipalu%0AMerek%C3%BCla%0AKrivassoo
Keep making them, pls?
keep it coming. this is great. Love stories from REGIMENT DANMARK
Nicholai Risvang også mig ;) hehe... Jeg følger en del gode YT kanaler også 😎👌
Is there hereabouts found the WINCHESTER REPEATING rifle used ...?
Wheres the last episode?
Amazing content as always. But you need to make it faster. Some of us don't have lives to live you know.
I will wait a bit longer with the last episode. Every episode of the Narva 1944 series has been released around the time that the actual fighting took place. The final video will be around 30 minutes and since it's about the Tannenberg line, I think I'll be releasing it somewhere at the start of July.
Woo-hoo! 18 minutes of distraction from the pandemic. It reminds me how worse things can be.
Distraction from a fake pandemic?
@@Sedona-cl6eg Lol! Even if it were fake, we'd need distraction from being cooped up all day. And it is real, just ask the families of those who have died, some of whom I knew, my friend.
@Micheal ve They test positive for Covid-19, then get really ill with pneumonia, have to be intubated then slowly suffocate in their own body fluids. Then the autopsy examination of the lungs and blood work tells the pathologist they died of Covid-19.
Really? Covid tests don't tell you anything? Just whether or not you have the SARS-Cov2. There are false positives, etc... but they're pretty accurate.
@Micheal ve You obviously have no medical training. People are only intubated when they can't breathe on their own and would die immediately otherwise.
As for testing, the stats on the accuracy of each type of test are easily available on Google. Do some research from credible sources like medical journals.
@Micheal ve They don't like to intubate because it can cause side-effects. They only do it to keep people alive who would die in minutes if they don't.
Go out there and get some larnin'
Gruesome fight of those Waffen SS soldiers in the face of overwhelming Soviet forces!!
The end result was they lost.
@@willhenry5385 Welcome to 1984
Can you do a serie about the siege of budapest?
Ace, do you realize that liking 50% of the comments effectively prevents an organic conversation from developing in the comment section? Meaningful points that are unliked by you are pushed to the bottom while generic "I love this video" comments get pushed to the top. It also makes your likes basically meaningless themselves.
Anyways, thanks for the great video again!
Glad to see that you enjoyed the video! Well, I try to like or heart all the comments as I enjoy reading each and every one of them. I wasn't aware of these algorithms.
I like studying this scale of combat. It's easier to comprehend than the massive battles. -- Can someone tell me why Narva was so important?
One of the reasons it was important was that Narva was the northern shoulder of the Eastern front. With the capture of the city and a possible break through, the Soviets could envelop large parts of the German army more to the south.
One of the reasons was that Hitler wanted Finland to stay in the war and for that they had to hold their southern flank + the supply routes open.
@@TheAceDestroyer Got it. Thanx!
The Narva bridgehead thwarted Soviet dreams of taking over the Baltic nice and early in time for Joe's Xmas party.
I will have to watch this later. How many beers are too many to retain information Well, I know 18 is too many. I watched anyway, but the Canadians won, right?
Routed by the Royal NZ Armoured Corp 2nd Bob Semple division
Whats the first song called?
It's called 'Russian Dance'. I put a link to the UA-cam AudioLibrary in the video description. You can find it there.
@@TheAceDestroyerCheers. i did see the link but couldn't be arsed to look it up for myself lmao. Great video as normal, very informative.
Hahah! Thanks!
Women infantry in the Red Army around 6:35?
Yes, that particular division was known to have a few women in its ranks as well.
G'day,
Yay Team !
Great stuff - keep them coming..., you're really getting into your stride...!
I've managed to make 5 Videos telling of the Mysteries of Sopwith Camels - amounting to a bit over 4 hours between them - and the next one in the line will be The Big Reveal..., unveiling the simple little Design-Flaw which made the most successful Allied Fighter of WW-1 (shot down more Enemy Aircraft than any other Allied Design...), always only one uninspected heavy landing away from becoming absolutely unrecoverable from a Spin...; and about 269 of them indeed spun into the Ground in Britain (mostly Training Crashes).
And, then, the 7th video will look at the OTHER Camel-Jockey named Armstrong...(!).
My production-values aren't up to your standards, but you haven't lived till you've made a 1 hr : 22 min Literature Review based Doccumentary about a hundred year-old Aeroplane, in one long single uninterrupted "Take" on a Mobile Phone - with Jump-Cuts made on the Pause-Button, narrated in realtime while rolling.
It's a real Hoot, but the story is supposed to be sufficiently interesting that it transcends the crappy Production Values....(?) !
I'd spent 50 years pondering the mystery, before my son gave me Annette Carson's 2019 book "Camel Pilot Supreme..." for my birthday this February...; and with the Horseshoe-Bat's Revenge going Gangbusters I decided that if I don't try to tell the Camel-ology Mystery now, then when ?
How's Belgium going btw, in dealing with SARS-Corona Virus-2 & the sickness it causes, CoViD-19 ?
Oz was doing pretty well until (incompetant..., or corrupt/bribed) Health Department Officials in my State permitted 3 Floating Petri-Dishes (Cruise-Ships) to unload about 1,700 Passengers each, in Sydney 8 days ago (2 days after the Prime Minister assured us "No more Cruise Ships can come to Oz...", without quarantining them - and since then about 75 off one Boat have been hospitalised all over Australia..., after they were bussed, trained driven in cars, & flown home from Sydney...
So, the first 2 confirmed cases in my hometown were announced yesterday...
Therefore, it's kinda Game On around here, because 2.3% of the population has been infected but are asymptomatic by the time the first case is diagnosed (figures from the first Town in Italy to diagnose & test one Patient - and then out of 3,700 residents of the town - all were tested, and 89 were positive...).
Such is Life,
Have a good one...
;-p
Ciao !
I think Belgium started off bad by letting people return from holidays in Italy and Spain, etc. and doing nothing. But as soon as it became clear how bad the situation was in Italy, the government started taking really good measures to prevent any further major outbreak. We're all stuck at home, but we will avoid situation like Italy and Spain which is good. In all we're doing quite well considering the circumstances.
@@TheAceDestroyer
Cool,
Yeah, when this is all over, "Tourist" will be a dirty word, synonymous with a Selfish Bandit who carelessly insisted on travelling even after CoVid-19 was known to be already on the loose...(!).
The Thymes, they are a' Changeling...!
Take it easy,
Stay safe.
;-p
Ciao !
Wait? 2:35 Hauptsturmführer Torni? Turni? Is that Lauri Torni?
The sources I used said Michael Thöny.
@@TheAceDestroyer Okay Awesome, the last name and Rank sounded the same. I was like ??? As I thought he served later than that in the SS.
Comment tu fais tes cartes?
C'est très simple, c'est avec Powerpoint.
@@TheAceDestroyer Tu n'utilises pas des paternes de cartes ( une carte vierge)? Si oui, où tu l'es trouve?
@@aereperennius1999 quelques fois j'utilise des cartes existant que je trouve dans des bouquins mais parfois je dois construire mes carte moi-meme. Ici j'ai utilisé une carte de 'Narva 1944 the battle for Europe' et j'ai ajoutée des choses aussi.
@@TheAceDestroyer Bravo pour le gros travail que tu fais, surtout avec ce rythme de vidéo . Tu mérites beaucoup plus d'abonnés.
@@aereperennius1999 Merci beaucoup!
The Russians had 2 fight every nationality the Germans conquered .During that time I think they were the toughest soldiers on the planet.self sacrifice was the norm!
thats true
Wrong. There were not only russians in Red Army. You have left out ukrainians, belorussians, mordvinians, chuvashs, azerbaijanians, armenians, georgians, tatars, bashkirs, kalmyks, uzbeks, tadjiks, kirghiz, kazakhs, jews and many more nationalities.
@@ThePeikerguitars Mr Guitar,Thank you for your comment about how many nationalities fought with the RUSSIANS during WW2.However,I was stating about how the Germans told all the soldiers they captured either fight for us,or go 2 a concentration camp.
15:07 - Why this that guy look like Tom Holland?
1st?
I think you are!
An awful lot on individual nazi commander, but why nothing on their soviet counterparts?
It's because I don't have access to Soviet sources. I'm forced to use what is written in the languages I understand and unfortunately everything I've found in English, French and German only mention the German side of the battle with a few mentions of what Soviet unit they were fighting against.
@Alfons Falkhayn Most of what you have said is simple recycled nazi propaganda. The soviets recorded losses and the name of the their people like every county, pro German accounts seldom name soviet officers - yet the sources are there if one cares to look.
@Alfons Falkhayn My heritage? What is that supposed to mean?
Because the available historical context is so one-sided, it appears that the content creator is biased - which I'm sure is not the case.
It's just unfortunate that I don't have access to any Soviet sources. I'm stuck with Western sources. Otherwise I would certainly have implemented them.
@@TheAceDestroyer - that could be changing due to the work of US military historian David Glantz from the Citadel Military Academy. He has been poring over Soviet military files made public at the turn of the 21st Century and has since published fresh works on the Battles of Stalingrad and Kursk. There has been long standing mythology about Stalin's roles particularly in these battles that has been dispelled. I would like to bring to your attention that in 2010, David Glantz published a work at the US Army War College entitled: "The Soviet-German War, 1941-1945: Myths and Realities". There is a one hour and twenty minute UA-cam presentation on this !
European volunteers fighting back communism side by side.
It disgusts me every time I see a clip of the communists using American made jeeps, half tracks, tanks, etc.