The Austro-Hungarian Question (1914-1918)
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- Опубліковано 30 чер 2024
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Maps by Omniatlas:
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Sources:
Peter C. Appelbaum
Habsburg Sons: Jews in the Austro-Hungarian Army 1788-1918
amzn.to/49ikSJC
[1] p. 28
[2] p. 30-31
[3] p. 36
[4] p. 40-41
[5] p. 43-44
[6] p. 56
[7] p. 12-13
[8] p. 17-18
[9] p. 8
[17] p. 58-59
[18] p. 51
Ewa Czerwińska-Schupp
Otto Bauer (1881-1938): Thinker and Politician
amzn.to/4ahk7Sb
[19] p. 17-18
[20] p. 13
[22] p. 19-20
András Gerő
“Nationalities and the Hungarian Parliament (1867-1918)”
www.geroandras.hu/en/national...
[11]
The Great War (UA-cam)
• THIS WEEK 100 YEARS AG...
[23] Week 185
[24] Week 186
[25] Week 190
Norbert Leser
“Austro-Marxism: A Reappraisal”
Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 1, No. 2
www.jstor.org/stable/259926
[21] p. 122
Robert S. Wistrich
Laboratory for World Destruction: Germans and Jews in Central Europe
amzn.to/49eIVZS
[10] p. 82
[12] p. 92
[13] p. 84
[14] p. 88
[15] p. 90
[16] p. 85
0:00 The Austro-Hungarian Exception
6:47 “Avenging Kishinev”
8:03 The Imperial Question and the Austromarxists
14:41 The Beginning of the End
17:39 Bauer’s Crossing
19:34 The Fall of Austria-Hungary
It's not a video about Austria-Hungary in World War I if Conrad von Hötzendorf doesn't get mentioned at least once.
Hey! It’s Ancient Americas
@@garethsmith3036yeah cause Sam is your favorite history youtuber’s favorite history UA-camr
Finally, it´s Aronow time again.
I’m learning not just Jewish but European history far more than I ever did in my honors classes.
It's funny how we all thought this same thing when the notification showed up
@@SawdEndymonthat’s my favorite thing about this channel
When I heard the name Karl Renner, my mind went, "wait, the Karl Renner from AFTER World War 2?"
Turns out he lived that long - he lived long enough to see Austria be broken apart, annexed, broken apart temporarily, and died before it could be put back together again in 1955
I did not have Sam making a case for the reintroduction of duelling on my 2024 bingo card.
The way you looked at me when you mentioned Von Hotzendorf felt personal.
whats the story with people bugging him to mention him?
@@jacey320he's a bit of a meme in the Great War Community ( a history channel by Indy and Sparty)
Sam Aronow, can you please make videos on these following topics:
- History of Iraqi Jews (that way you can talk about the Kadoorie, Sassoon and Saatchi families)
- History of Jewish communities in Southeast Asia (in places such as Penang and Manado)
- History of Yemeni Jews
- History of Sephardic Jews in Suriname and the Caribbean
- History of Jewish communities in Latin America (that way you can talk about Jewish gauchos)
- History of South Africa's Jewish community (that way you can talk about Helen Suzman and Harry Schwarz)
Thank you very much and please accept my requests.
Commenting on this for the algorithm.
@@patrickkelmer6290replying on that comment for the algorithm
Tbf most of these aren't big enough for videos of their own. But he could make vid discussing several communities
Iraq will almost certainly be covered in the 1920s. Most of the others are on the list of potential specials and two of them are on the short list.
Many South African Jews have also risen to pretty high ranks in sports, particularly Cricket!
@21:08 It wasn't that they thought Germany might win that the negotiations were broken off, but rather that France (and Austria's foreign minister, Count Czernin) exposed the secret negotiations that were taking place in a massive public scandal, which resulted in Karl having to break them off because Germany was threatening to invade them over it. Karl never believed that Germany would/could win the war, which is why he pursued the secret negotiations (he also had a number of moral objections to the war itself, and Germany's aims as he was more sympathetic to France). The whole scandal was known as the Sixtus Affair (after Karl's brother-in-law, Prince Sixtus Bourbon, who he was communicating with in the Belgian army).
Funnily enough I have been reading Joyce's Ulysses recently where much of the book makes many implicit comparisons of the Irish and Jewish circumstances. And having watched this it makes me realise that Leopold Bloom's sympathies for Arthur Griffith's pre-1916 Sinn Fein that explicitly proposed Irish Home Rule in the context of a Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy, but for Britain, suggests to me that Bloom himself was probably more on the Bundist side of things. Because as you point out here the Bundists were quite explicitly anti-nationalist and anti-national state in a monolithic sense. Which in itself adds an interesting flavour to his skepticism about the adverts for Zionist colonies (the Agendath Netaim, explicitly connected to Moses Montefiore) as well, suggesting on both the Irish question and the Jewish question the character is seeking a post-nationalist solution, associating the more radical demands of both the Fenians and Zionists for separate nation states as forms of the same violent machismo that parallels what Joyce saw as the subjugating empires of the time such as Britain or Russia. It makes sense also that these ideas would have been rattling in Joyce's head given the time he had spent before WW2 in Trieste.
Great video! Will there be another video on Hungarian Jewry? I've always been interested about the schism (Neologs, Traditionalists, etc.) and would love to have it covered here!
I think you really nailed it with the 'Mendelssohn Line', I'm sure my Yekkish grandparents would have put the divide about there too! (Although I think that most of the Silesian Jews were Ost) I can't say I know much about the various Ostjudisch communities (Litvak, Galitz, Poylish, Russian etc.), but you can divide the Westjuden further into our own communities:
- Yekkes = Western(Rheinland)/Southern Germany, Alsace, Switzerland, Netherlands and German/Dutch-speaking/Jüdischdeutsch slang
- Ostelbisch Jews = Germany East of the Elbe to the Mendelssohn line and German-speaking/Yiddish slang
- Viennese Jews = Vienna area of Austria and German-speaking/Yiddish slang
- Czech Jews (also sometimes included as Ostelbisch) = Bohemia and German-speaking/not sure what slang
- Hungarian Jews = Hungary (especially Budapest) and Hungarian-speaking/Yiddish slang
Broadly speaking all of these would be considered Westjuden. Sadly there was often a prejudice between east and west, but in the last 40/50 years that has basically completely vanished.
And here I thought "Yekke" referred to all Western Ashkenazim.
@SamAronow You might just get away with calling some of them Yekkes, but the Hungarian Jews would definitely take offence!
I knew banning dueling was a mistake!
that was the final straw !
Another great video! The discussion on the Austromarxists' relationship with Jews reminds me of their relationship with Slavic 'Völkerabfälle', a topic that I wrote my Bachelor thesis on, and one that touches on that discussion on the idea of dividing Europe between East and West. Beyond the educational aspect, all this affirms in my eyes, just as it had for Bauer, my attitude towards the Austromarxists.
For anyone reading that's interested in seeing arguments which argue against such a divide being a relic of the Cold War, and in fact predating it significantly, I highly recommend checking out Larry Wolff's Inventing Eastern Europe and Maria Todorova's Imagining the Balkans
Hello Sam! I’m an Algerian that has been watching your videos and I love them. Keep going!
4:31 I am not sure if it's right because of Henri Rottembourg, who apparently became General of Brigade in 1811 and General of Division in 1813.
He served from the first coalition war right until the hundred days war.
You are correct! I wish I'd known about him when I covered the Napoleonic Wars. Thank you.
@@SamAronow come to think of it, I wonder when did some countries like Britain got their first, if ever, Jewish Generals
Maj. Gen. Frederic John Goldsmid, 1870.
I so love your work, Sam ! I’m sending this video ASAP to my dear Czech-American friend who was raised (and carries his last name) by his grandfather, a Jewish Austro Hungarian army officer who survived being wounded in action in WWI AND Theresienstadt concentration camp in the Holocaust! Then he lived under communism and was not compensated at all. I think he must have been a great guy.
Need to point out that at Vittorio Veneto there was also the largest part of the Czekoslovac Legion.
A small correction. The Croats, alongside Slovens and Serbs first declared State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. It was only after the unification withKingdom of Serbia and Montenegro, about month and a half later,, that it was named Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
Also you are missing the part of the territory of the State - Dalmatia, which in your maps remains orange as part of Cisleithanian Austria.
My favorite Shabbos treat. Thank you for making these videos
as usual a great video, thank you sam! what a way to start the week!
Yess!! new video!!
Thank you for a brilliant video! Such high production values take a lot of skill and dedication. Bravo!
It was interesting as an young Jewish kid to read a chabad-published children's novel (written from the prospective of a Jewish boy in Galicia during ww1) where the German soldiers were the GOOD GUYS.
Thank you very much for this great video! Where I've moved to, I live opposite to the Karl-Renner-Platz, so this one hits especially close to home.
Thanks for noting Uncle Eduard 😊 Despite having family from many of the places you mentioned and who lived through much of this history, all I heard from them as a child were confused stories from limited perspectives. You’ve put a lot of it into context and suddenly the stories make more sense…!
Thank you for another great video! Though I am sorry that you didn't mention the Hilsner Affair and the role of future Czechoslovak President Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk in it
Best youtube channel
I spoted an elusive general John Monash appearing at 21:36.
Thank you.
I love listening to these videos while walking. You can enjoy them by just listening.
anyone else wish Hungary was able to keep the borders of Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen ?
it just looks so much more aesthetically pleasing
Thanks for this video. Three of my grandparents left the Austrian province of Galicia when they immigrated to America about 1900.
Another grand slam. At 11:00 by the way the division remains real. Eastern and western Germany are dissimilar now, and people have forgotten that that dissimilarity is not a postwar event but long predates World War 2.
The ethnically German part of my family came from Austria-Hungary, specifically one of those little blobs of German-speakers all the way over in what is now Romania. It's interesting hearing this bit of Austria-Hungary's history.
What is the territory labeled 'K' at 3:48? Southern Poland is where the shtetl is located that my mom's dad's side is from, so I have a general interest in the area. They weren't there anymore during the time period this video covers. They escaped to the US in the 1880s.
The Free State of Krakow.
@@SamAronow tysm!
@@umbertocabbagepatch4816 Sir Manatee made a great video about it.
Blessed Karl mentioned. I’m happy.
All I see is Adam Chase.
That’s right… he _is_ beatified in the Catholic Church by my knowledge.
@@DiamondKingStudios
Yes, he is.
Thanks .
It sounds weird, but these videos are so relaxing.
I feel like I learn more about general world history on a channel specifically focused on Jewish history than on other channels..
On a similar subject, you should read Joseph Roth's "The Radetzky March," which is by a Jewish author about the end of the Habsburg Empire. A review of it from your prospective would be fascinating.
Germany are the ones who declared war on France and Russia, not Austria-Hungary. Germany in every technical sense began the war, unless your idea of a “Great War” is Austria vs Serbia.
I suppose it's impossible to do otherwise in the context of the 19th and early 20th centuries, but I'm happy you used the terms "nation" and "nation state" in their actual meanings, rather than simply as a poetic stand in for "state" as is often done nowadays.
Great vidéo !
Will you make another vidéo on judaism in France ? :)
I mean. WW2 isn't _that_ far away, at this point.
@@Duiker36 Maybe we can talk of some things a bit less dark before ? (Léon Blum !) ^^
Wtf, I love dueling now?
‘Hope for the best, expect the worst’ perfectly encompasses this
Sam Aronow, I wanted to ask, would you do a video about Khmelnytsky uprising and cossacks topic?
Because I often hear that he (Bohdan Khmelnytsky) is depicted as near absolute evil in jewish communities, and that cossack state was highly Antisemitic (despite jews becoming colonels, highest rank in administration of Hetmanate).
He mentioned in one of his episodes at least 100,000 jews died in the uprising.
As a jew he's definitely remembered as one of the most horrible persecutors in our history, but I would love to know more.
His account of patliora was interesting, as he too is remembered very badly, but he seemed to disagree.
@@iddomargalit-friedman3897 The curious theory I heard is that Jews who were baptized, were considered "dead" to their judaist relatives.
Because in cossack registers we find many Jewish names, like, a lot, and as I said in comment, there was Jewish colonels, that were jews but christian.
According to Henry Abramson, Khmelntsky‘s uprising targeted Jews, but not for religious or ethnic reasons. The uprising specifically targeted Jewish managers of frontier land owned by absentee Polish landlords as part of his economic grievances. Jews were disproportionately affected, but it was a consequence of their placement in the rural Polish socioeconomic order. For this reason (and extortion) he spared the Jews of Brody.
@@iddomargalit-friedman3897I specifically avoided saying 100,000 Jews died in the uprising, as that number seems to just be Sabbatean propaganda. Demographically that would have been impossible as nothing close to that number lived in Ukraine at the time. In reality it was closed to 2,000.
This is very weird and specific and has nothing to do with the content of the video or jewish history but at 20:20 did anyone else notice the cigarette burn in the top right corner? (for those who don't know a cigarette burn is a small oval in the top of the screen for old films to tell the projectionist it was time to change reels/ projectors) Idk if I'm seeing things but as a film nerd I found it interesting.
Since you covering WW1 I’m curious if your gonna cover John Monash the Australian General
I like the argument that A-H was like a proto-EU. Crazy how the actual EU was formed out of France's obsession to get resources from the Rheinland
More about history of central and eastern Europe, than about jewish history, but intersting and less known topic.
I guess I understand a bit more why my grandfather sometimes say he is from Austro-Hungary (he's Galician jew) dispite being born in 48'.
He never said he was Hungarian or Ukranian, but always either Galician or from Austro Hungary
Without Germany's "blank check", the Austro-Hungarians do not deliver an ultimatum to the Serbians the Serbians could not accept. Austria-Hungary has to tone down her ultimatum, the Serbians find a way to make them happy and Russia doesn't intervene.
Who's the person that flashes onscreen at 21:36?
It's John Monash.
Around 11:45 you talk about the west-east divide among European Jews and coin the term Mendelssohn Line. My very cursory knowledge about the Haskalah gave me the impression that it was a phenomenon in Eastern Europe, but you suggest that this line indicates where the Jewish Enlightenment spread beyond small intellectual circles into the broader culture and I got the impression that you meant that it was a Western thing. Do you have any more info about this? Not meant as a critique, I love your videos and am just curious to learn more!
I meant that it was a mainstream phenomenon west of the line and a niche phenomenon east of it.
Are we going to get videos of this length and depth covering the history of Jews in middle eastern and north African countries?
Very timely as I am reading Radetzky March; it's pretty compelling once you get into it. The Jewish doctor is killed in a duel in Chapter 7. Ow.
Please do a video on the hundredth anniversary of the assassination of Jacob Israel deHaan.
Could you make a video about the immigration of Marrano Jews to the northeast of Brazil during Portuguese America? Although it is little discussed, most of the Portuguese settlers in this region had Jewish origins, with some patriarchs being Jews, and many maintained crypto-Jewish practices that ended up becoming part of interior traditions.
In fact, one of the most notorious matriarchs, from whom the overwhelming majority of the population is descended, known as Branca Dias, was a notorious Jew and ended up suffering a tragedy for this reason.
Will you do a video on the Hungarian soviet republic and the following white terror in 1919?
Last time I was this early the sandwich was still in the making
Is that an instrumental cover of “Hope for the best, Expect the worst” from Mel Brook’s The Twelve Chairs at the beginning?
"Hope for the Best, Expect the Worst" is based off of a Johannes Brahms composition, Hungarian Dances Number 4 in B Minor, which was in turn based on the csárdás "Bártfai emlék", composed by Béla Kéler. (according to Wikipedia)
It is probably Brahms, which is more fitting to the topic of the video.
Huh, didn't know there were so many adaptations of The Twelve Chairs outside of USSR/Russia.
@@pairodox1255 Makes sense, thank you. Showing my ignorance of classical music here. I was thinking parts of the melody were a little different.
It’s interesting, because in my family, one side comes from the east (Ostjuden) in the Russian Empire and the other from the west (Westjuden) in Austria-Hungary, but the eastern half of my family was far wealthier than the western half.
What about Jews against Jews in rival armies Serbian ,Italian to Austria-Hungary army. Do you know story of David Albala?
I'll keep his name in mind when we get to the Paris Peace Conference.
6:27 based response to antisemitism
“Hey, what’s this big blob in the middle of Europe?”
Germany was one nation, A-H was many, and the essential contradiction was that once you gave one nationality (Hungarians) their own country, everyone wanted one. And why not? Why Hungary and not, say, Slovakia? Probably there was no maintaining A-H in the age of the nation-state, but once the Hungarians started down the chauvinist path, A-H was on borrowed time.
Great video as always. But talking of a 'partition' of Austria and Hungary in 1867 is very misleading. Hungary was always a separate political entity in the Empire. There were attempts (including one between 1849 and 1867) to change that, but they always failed. So, in 1867, it is not partition that took place. The Imperial Government accepted that Hungary would need to become a constitutional monarchy on the basis of the April 1848 constitutional acts of the 1848 revolution. And the deal was to transform Austria into a constitutional monarchy, too. Which they never managed. (The Austrian Parliament was suspended for most of its history in the decades before WWI.) In political terms, the Empire was fatally undermined by two main factors: (1) the Austrian government's inability to implement the principles of constitutionalism and (2) the Hungarian Government's self-defeating embrace of ethno-nationalism and Hungarian exceptionalism (that prevented the much-needed further federalisation of the Empire for fear of the autonomism of other ethnic groups). The tipping point was that the Czechs (in the industrial heartland of the Empire) turned against the very idea of the Empire in droves. They did not get constitutional government from Vienna, and they were prevented by Budapest from gaining appropriate territorial autonomy.
I am from the usa & not jewish. (love these videos) I was taught this history in school w/ the jewish history holistically absent. If the jewish aspect of the historical narrative was mentioned it was really in passing. Except for the holocaust obv. Do you have any theories as to why this might be?
It’s hard to teach because it’s not very self-contained, and there’s a broad cultural assumption that people won’t be interested unless it’s their primary focus.
@@SamAronow True American historiography is in itself a bit self-obsessed, so that doesnt surprise me. Do you think European schools highlight more jewish history than usa?
Not in the slightest, from what I hear.
Is that Gen. Monash at 21:36? 🙂
5:35 Lithuanian was definately not among recognised languages in Austria-Hungary, this is most probably some sot of mistake by the quoted author.
I did find it strange, considering that Lithuanian was never even an official language even in Lithuania.
3:24 it's off topic but where did you find this flag of Milan? Out of curiosity since mostly during the spanish empire and today it was the crucifix of saint george
"Flag of Austrian Habsburg Milan 1714-1796"
@@SamAronow Thank you Sam, I love your content :)
What's with the black hole at 20:19 in the top right?
Reel change. It should have been at 20:00.
What causes WWI? Austria was Hungry for Turkey (Well, old turkish territory in the balkans)
23:50 "That one didn´t age well"
One of the most interesting nation states.
Monash, Jewish, won WW1. Did you flash his image for
According to the official findings of the Paris Peace conference, principally controlled and administered by the US, UK, and French representatives, Germany was solely declared as being individually responsible for starting World War 1, which in any ones language and according to this video, this was not true. So, the question arises who was guilty for starting World War 1? In terms of the level of punishment accorded against the Kingdom of Hungary, it would appear that Hungary was solely responsible for starting the War. The Kingdom lost 2/3 of its territory, and for this reason alone she qualifies of being guilty of everything, including the responsibility for starting the War, by consenting in the final phase of Austria - Hungary's declaration of war against the Kingdom of Serbia, due to the murder of the Archduke, by Serb nationalists. In essence, nothing has changed, as Hungary remains under severe criticism from the same powers.
You are right, nothing has changed, Hungary still continues to side with losers. Learn something from your own history, you'll have a much happier future.
@@zoranbeader6441 I am pleased, that we can agree that Hungary has been solely made responsible for everything concerning World War 1, which is naturally and completely wrong and totally false. We also agreed that Germany was not at fault either, which only leaves the Victors, who were solely responsible for the outbreak of this outrages and cruel war. They certainly planned this War, and eventually they got what they wanted all along. My only additional comment is that Hungary reluctantly agreed to declare war against Serbia and not the World. This conflict was a local conflict that should have been kept local, just like the Balkan wars, all of which have nothing to do with World Wars. Serbia was important enough for the Anglo-Saxon powers and Russia to use Serbia and to make this conflict a World War, but to date this country is not important enough to be accepted into even the EU let alone to NATO. Unfortunately the majority of people are not aware of these important facts of past and current history. Ignorance rules, and the West uses this tool to their advantage.
@@zoranbeader6441 You did make an interesting contribution, would you like to disclose your nationality? I presume at this stage your roots are in the Balkans.
Why did jews joined the cause for independence in Hungary, if this country did not recognized their civil rights as the empire did?
21:36
Poland would become a power in central Europe although certainly eclipsed by Germany.
My paternal grandfather was an officer in the Austro-Hungarian army . Despite being a Revisionist Zionist, he would stay in Galicia and fight for Poland during its war against Ukraine and later against the Bolshevik invasion. He was not alone in this.
My grandfather was also a good shot with a pistol as was my father when he was an officer and the Israeli Navy. I think I should brush up on my target practice. We live in increasingly unsettled times.
wait why was Lithuanian official in AH?
Is Luxemburg next?
I can't find information on the Brody girls massacre.
20:48, It should be "PSL-P" and "PSL-L"
17:07 every video on Austria Hungary has to mention Big FCvH at least once😂
BRING! BACK! THE! MOTHERFLIPPING! DUEL!
In the German-Language Netflix series FREUD, you can actually see a pistol duel between two former military officers in pre-WWI Vienna. The series is more like alternative history but it is still interesting. It also touches antisemitism and ethnic tensions in the Austrian Empire.
17:27 KKKKKAAAAAAARRRRRRRRLLLLLLL..... That doesn't kill people!
5:33 Lithuanian??
I already knew about Franz Joseph's care for the Jewish population thanks to indy neidell's videos, and had a knowledge of the antisemitism present thanks to your videos mentioning the Dual monarchy before, but I'm somehow glad that yes, overall the Empire's good reputation regarding jews seem to be deserved (though again, there were flaws and cynical reasons for some such as undermining Russia).
And honestly, I've seen people talk of how Franz Joseph's death was key to the dissolution, and I think it was even more prevalent for the Jewish population, because with the loss of the monarch, who if I guess was kinda like Elizabeth II in regard of being seen positively by the public, all while in a time of war, the devotion to the crown and thus the existence of this empire who's sole unifying factor was the Habsburg monarchy would have been weaker.
Honestly, Franz Joseph's relationship with the Jewish population of his domains throughout his life is an interesting topic I would really want to know more about.
Thanks for the video!
In a way the precursor of the EU; hopefully the latter will not share the same destiny .
12:18 not every german is yiddish
Gavrilo Princip was a subject of Austria!!!!!!!!!!
You put the demarcation line at the eastern border of the Kingdom of Hungary. I disagree. I would argue that the Jews of east Hungary (including Transylvania) are Ostjuden. Or, at the very least, closer to Ostjuden than they were to the prototypical Westjuden.
He's still alive, boys!
DUELLLLLLING
I won’t do anything for every like this comment gets.
where is Croatia? bad learnt lesson
I was confused by this video. Is this the right channel? How is this Jewish history?
🇦🇹🇭🇺
Can you decide on an accent? Everything except the long a sound sometimes is pronounced American. Just a little bit irritating.
I would like to have your problems and the money of the Rothschilds.
45 minutes and nine comments, bro feel off.
This isn't strictly video related but I noticed that you tend to use /ɐː/ instead of /æ/ (which is what I'm used to hearing in a Californian accent) in words like "Vast". (2:01)
This exists in other English accents ( en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap-bath_split ) but was wondering if this is common in a certain part of California or if the origin is elsewhere.
Thanks!