0:00: relevance/importance of memory, types of memory: definitions and origins. 5:00: 1) memory is improved if can be related to past experiences (old experiment) 2) memory is not accurate (live experiment) 13:00 superior autobiographical memory patient 15:00 patient H.M. - hippocampus for autobiographical memory and memory formation 19:00 place cells (discovery + new experiment) 33:00 scene construction 38:00 boundary extension 49:00 questions
The delivery of this lecture was a Rockstar performance, the voice with character, great use of the stage, a set list that kept you interested and hooked.
Watch our latest Friday Evening Discourse 'The neuroscience of memory' with Eleanor Maguire now up on the Ri Channel and have a go at some of her experiments yourself. #science #video
Her voice is gentle on the ears; her pacing suits people new to this info; she involves the audience with preparation and well-timed repeats; her focus is on sharing the info not so much on making a big impression so she does! I learned about one's memory as related to the hippocampus (spell check: really?) when I was still a blank canvas and am left curious for more since she made it seem attainable...I'm gonna track her down and look for more
I dunno... that "smacking" noise (like she has peanut butter in the roof of her mouth), kinda ruins it for me. Just my humble little 2 cents. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
43:58 I was assuming that the enlarged black and white "noise" image they placed between the two images played a crucial role in this test but apparently it didn't. Would have liked to hear an explanation for the odd choice of that frame.
43 minutes in most of the memory she has talked about has been visual. My recovered memories (mostly confirmed by my mother) are very visceral. That is perhaps the difference between traumatic memories and 'normal' episodic ones.
Just stumbled across this wonderful UA-cam video explaining human memory in thoroughly enjoyable Queen's English and excellent presentation. Thank you RI.
19:48 ah, that makes perfect sense, that anekdotal or autobiographic memory is so closely linked to the memory of places. That would be why most memory athletes make journeys or memory castles or roman rooms. It is one of the strongest and most flexible ways to bind anekdotes to memory. The next ones in my opinion and experience of memory training would be persons/objects, actions, causes (relational information) and for some people stories. If you have a strong autobiographical memory, using personal touches works a treat as well. And singular or strange things are easier to remember. That´s why I use PECS, making things personal, emotional (or urgent), crazy/peculiar/singular, and specific to attach them to places and autobiographic memory. And I use people and objects for coding systems, which makes it necessary to be very specific. Other people use stories, which is also quite flexible, but that is not my strongsuit, especially under pressure. It seems rats, humans and roombas have more in common than previously thought.
I would love to see an RI study of the cognition and behavior of Alzheimer patients before, during, and after hearing music. This is being studied by observable behavioral results but it would be valuable to see what's happening deep in their brains which could possibly lead to a treatment for this terrible disease.
I really Iove these kinds of lectures, but my only problem with Ri is with the sound. Couldn´t you try to pass the audio track into a "S" suppresser. The "ssss" are extremely annoying. Same thing with Tara Shears lecture on antimatter.
I don't think that is nit picking. This is relatively professional media production, no? It is an issue with the sound. Sadly, I think this issue is caused by the face mics and their levels, I agree, a skilled editor would have spotted this and added the filter if they don't hand over to a sound mixer.
Interesting talk! I've wondered, given physical determinism, if free will might be found in our ability to visualize different potential (future) realities. I like the idea that memory's main function is enabling our ability to make those visualizations. Memory enables free will!
Fascinating stuff. So, put very simply, it would appear that the primary function of memory, rather than to recall the past, is to help us make sense of the present and anticipate the future...
@41:54 I have to contest this methodology. The conclusion might still be true, but it cannot be concluded from the setup of this experiment. The "masking image" had a much smaller object in it, the process of animation or gluing together of subsequent images to create a movement, which is well documented and will start way before 42 ms at around 3ms under normal stress levels, would make a subject record an increase in size, leading to a logical conclusion of a closer object. So this could very well be and is more likely to be a case of priming, context and animation. The same experiment would have to be done with a bigger object in the masking image and if the results are then still conclusive, only then might we consider this to be an effect of background extension. It seems a perfectly reasonable hypothesis, but just not very well isolated in this particular experiment. Also, if the subsequent explanation were true the masking image wouldn´t need to have an object in it at all and that gets me wondering, why there even is an object (green smiley) there. The picture test can have an alternative explanation too. It might be, that being "stuck in the present" made them more attentive and therefore better artists, because what all the regular folk showing background extension missed is analysing the layout or composition of the picture of the four bananas and finding that the bananas touched the border of the picture on both sides, were horizontal and had the concave part up, forming a sort of cup but mostly horizontal bent line and then estimate the angle of the background´s incline, so as to estimate the decrease in apparant size of the stones in order to reproduce the overall effect. 15 seconds is ample time to do this with some training, which I´d argue they have had spontaneously, because of their condition. I had to teach loads of students not to draw what they knew, or thought they saw, but what they actually saw. Which means, you have to step out of your normal view of reality and look at it as if it is already on paper and then just trace it. This method increases drawing quality dramatically within hours and revealed to me that most people, without this training see the world symbolically in stead of actually around 90% of the time. Midieval artist got this training of composition and perspective by painting on a slab of glass, closing one eye and keeping their head really still. We still have pictures of devices to help them do just that. They discovered all kinds of principles like contrapunctive ordonance, layering and "coulissen", that would increase depth-perception of an image. Cues that would help imagining a scene. So, while I do believe background extension is something that exists, this to me isn´t very convincing proof. Maybe this is just because it is "dumbed down" a bit and very much is omited, but this is the Royal Institution and it seems a bit too speculative.
Just saw that this is 2012 and a lot has happened in this last 10 years in our understanding of memory, consciousness and the sense of self. So in view of that, I think some in those time rather normal biases may be forgiven and mostly just points to how groundbreaking the research described was..
@58:00 more recent research into the seat of the self did indeed point towards the hippocampus and more core structures of the brain leading into the spine and contests strongly the former placing of in the frontal cortex (with studies of patients who had no frontal cortex but still had a strong sense of self). So this remains an excellent question also since it is a bit of an ethical one. Like the researcher said, we can´t just stick electrodes in humans, but apparantly we can just stick them in rats. Understanding that rats may have a similar sense of self might open up the ethics of that practice again.
If someone with Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory (on day C) recalls a day (B) when they were recalling a previous day (A) do they recall what they recalled of day A or just the recollection of recollecting day A.
Chris Craven I have watched a lot of programs and yes they do. They gave someone a random date and the first thing that came out of his mouth was "I remember that I was happy because the night before we went to.." I forget where he had gone and then he went on to say what he did all day for the day that they asked him about. They remember what they ate at meals, what they did, what day it landed on, who they were with, things people said, what shows they watched and which episode, what was on the news, the weather. They remember everyday of their life. There are no gaps after the age they start remembering at. The ages at which it starts varied but it was from like 4-7 yrs old. It is absolutely insane. They just discovered them maybe 15-20 years ago because some lady was complaining about it. Then when they did a story about her, other people were like "remembering like this isn't normal?" They just thought they had good memories and other people had bad memories. They all love it but not the original lady that they found. She is miserable because she focuses on all the bad stuff that was said to her. It's really interesting.
I find it kind of strange that these people can't control when they recall things. I mean I know quite well what I did and ate yesterday (of course not every detail, e.g. I don't remember all the web pages I visited yesterday), but I don't think a lot about that...
Fascinating lecture Dr. Maguire. I first heard of HM in a lecture by Larry Squires while a student at UCSD. Subsequently I was a grad student in Joseph Altman’s lab at Purdue. Also your taxi driver study is featured in the Brain section of the Franklin Inst. in Philadelphia. The story reminds me of the title of the Firesign Theater album, “How can you be in two places at once when you’re not anywhere at all?” The hippocampus is the bridge between the past and present, able to recall elements of information about past events given current context to imagine or visualize some novel (future?) setting - fundamentallly, the basis for prediction. In the “super autobiographical” patients, a scene is not broken down into iconic elements - dogs, people, buildings, streets, etc. Instead it must be stored like a jigsaw puzzle stitched together only be temporal cues, and cannot be recalled on the basis of a given person, scenes with dogs, the London Wheel, etc. Such individuals do not decompose the world into “common” elements capable of being rearranged intependently of time of acquisition. I am only half-way through but I am willing to bet they have a deficit in REM sleep and dreaming - which relies on the hippocampus. Kudos!
Interesting question about rat place-cells. (1) Even if the place cells were identical in 2 rats (unlikely), it is most unlikely you could record from the “same” one in 2 different rats. (2) Space is relative, so the place-cells presumably fire in a spatial pattern relative to some fixed cue - position of a food reward or visual cue for example. So, what if you have a rat that on 4 successive days shows the same pattern of place cell firing when always fed at some point (e.g. 12:00 on the arena) and then change the reward location to 5:00 for 4 days. Would the place-cell firing re-orient also? (Of course all other possible orientation cues would have to be controlled for or masked).
I have a feeling that good comicbook artists are familiar with the concept of boundary extension and how to use it to shove extra background in to a scene without having to draw it.
So, the "star trek explanation" is that hippocampus is a sort of a holodeck in your mind, where you can play back and even generate plausible simulations based on limited data.
This was a great lecture. The bananas scene was definitely food for thought, yes I know, I made a funny. Anyway, I personally didn't have a problem remembering that the bananas took up most of the scene. It's not that I'm unable to imagine beyond that, I just remembered what the scene looked like. When comparing sizes of images, my eyes saw the second images as larger but my brain told me that they must be the same size or there would be no point to the demonstration. I think we see the second image bigger because of some kind of auto anticipation. Normally when something in the real world flashes at us, the object is coming toward us. To me it seemed to have something to do with that.
the experiment at around 12:00 doesn't seem to be about errors in memory at all.. it seemed to be more about perception..the longer one looks at the 2nd image (the image that stays on the screen) the more the 2nd image just looks larger than the 1st.. but if we are only allowed to look at BOTH images for a split second.. they do appear the same size.. we are only given a split second to look at the 1st image.. it's simply not enough time to analyze the image and compare it with the 2nd image.. that seems more of a limitation in our visual perception rather than any kind of memory.. if she were testing memory.. it could only be short-term memory.. specifically what she presents as the "visuospatial sketchpad" memory.. the ability to recall a our visual world.. but for the 1st image.. we have to ask how does the brain encode and decode a visual image? it is entirely possible that an image shown so quickly could be encoded/decoded radially outward.. thus providing the perception that the 1st image is smaller than the 2nd.. and so therefore we have completely normal memories when we are asked what did we PERCEIVE.. and that is the other problem with the experiment.. asking "Are these images larger/smaller/same?" provides different information than asking "Do you perceive these images as larger/smaller/same?" there is nothing wrong with our memories if our own brains "trick" us into believing that the 2nd image is larger than the 1st because we our judgments are simply based on our perception.. we are literally recalling what we have perceived..
+DestinyQx This isnt even short term memory, but more sensory memory. The distinction wasn't made in this talk. Also do consider, this is a talk, the experiment most likely wasn't done as controlled as it would be in a lab. I'm pretty sure both images should be shown for an equal amount of time, and that is how it would go in an actual experiment. In any case, we are perceiving the exact same image. The physical information reaching our eyes is identical. This is crucial, because sensory memory deals with information as it is projected onto the sensor in question (the eyes in this case). This is exactly the question being raised, why does our brain process the image a little different the second time around? Why can't we "remember" that the images were identical? On this level, it's hard to distinguish matters or perception and matters of perception, because these two processes both support each other. It's all about the context of an experiment, or the context of the question raised by the researchers. Also, we don't consciously deal with sensory memory, so to those outside of psychology/neuroscience, it doesn't come intuitively.
+DestinyQx The wording you are describing would not have made a difference to the results in the lab if the expansion of the image is done subconsciously which it is.
Psychology is conceptually vacuous. We have no idea of the sense of our terms. We stipulate wildly and create general abstract entities out of selected narrowly prescribed empirical dabblings. The term memory is an excellent case-in-point. If, as the mantra goes, memory is encoding, storage and retrieval, then what mental events are NOT memory? Do not look to psychology (or most philosophy of mind - contemporary at least) -- they have not even considered the question as a relevant concern. Rather, among their conceits is the dogma "method = science", thereby confusing necessity with sufficiency. It is a very troubled field.
"We" are barely 100 years old. I think we're allowed some of our stipulations and dabblings. No idea what you're on about in your last paragraph. What question and to what concern?
I've got a question, as I have followed this Presentation as being part of it: Referring to the perspective test with the Bananas, I drawed them proportional to the picture, and also added the almost unseen 4th banana and the elevation caused by the possible 5th one in the background. I also saw both pictures (the one with the shovel and the one with the sewing thread + needle) as being exactly the same. I also occur not to suffer any kind of dementia nor amnseia. A possibly important information is that I have consumed THC prior to the video. Given the case I weren't using any kind of neurostimulant, just for the sake of the question, what would this say about my Hypocampus and it's functionality? And in the case of prior consumption?
I'm sorry if my reply to your question bothers you, but I hope that it'll be useful for you. What I learned from this lecture is that the people who draw the bananas scene almost perfectly, pretty much have a damage in their hippocampi. This damage can be caused either by the use of drugs such as THC, alcohol, depression, physical damage, etc.
Interesting! to some extent I'm sure that can be correct, yet posterior to this video I've been informing myself about perception, and how different types of people put more value to deterministic information, rather then context information (analytical view vs practical view, "What describes a scene, and what's useful information about said scene"). This could be the case in most Introverted people, as this ones (to wich I count myself) tend not to value smalltalk and trivial themes, as opposed to philosophical or ideological discussions. In short form: Introverted people (Or the psychology of the Introverted mind) try to achieve maximum comprehension about that what interests them, and in this case, the tests subdued to the watchers were, in this case, the focus of my attention. My guess still is that premises like the one showed in this video are still on the very surface about our knowledge about ourselves and our brain functionalities. There are just too many factors not taken into consideration that to some extent, the results are vague, maybe just hinting with little leads facing to a bigger, more influential factor about the "personalities" of human beings.
Yep, it's really interesting :D. In my current point of view, those who put more value to deterministic information, or consider that the output of that specific situation cannot be altered, are those whose amygdala has damaged their hyppocampi, affecting both the encoding of new memories (by difficulting LTP, impossibiliting further process of the situation by the prefrontal cortex, etc.) and the memory retrieval process (as seen in this lecture). Otherwise, those who put more effort or time analyzing the context of the situation (making more assumptions, retrieving more correlated facts or memories, etc.) are those whose prefrontal context silences their amygdala, thereby taking control of the situation. Therefore, those who have a more amygdala-shifted processing have simplier personalities and faster, yet simplier decission making skills. Because this damage doesn't extent only to the "personalities" of individuals, but also to their capacity to handle more difficulty situations, their learning capacity, etc., is why it's so important to use this knowledge to make adjustments in our educational policies, our judgement of empathic situations, and so much more. Pretty much, our vision of the world and human interaction.
What about the possibility of a natural occurring "unbalance" in brain activity? Similar to the ones observed in gifted children, to whom I consider myself one; We tend to have totally normal social skills, yet we tend to prefer working alone. Empathy problems aren't usual either, yet our brain activity is above normal when concentrating. Detail perfection is something that I can but don't want to dodge. It's also true that social connectivity might drain our energy, in the means of wanting "a moment of peace", referring to a short period of time in which we enjoy being "left alone" (not to be confused with being "alone"). Could it be that a lack of logical errors happening in perceptions of non-normal brains are described as failures in brain activity? If so, we should learn to differentiate between an "error" and a "malicious/benign mutation", as for the existence of geniuses is factual, and their brain activity abnormal (compared to a "normal" person).
Well, AFAIK what you mention is a common misconception. The so called "gifted kids" do not have brain activity above normal when concentrating. In fact, it's exactly the opposite. This is due to the fact that it's easier for them to process the information. Another fact is that an above normal brain activity is really exhausting, thus making it easier to stress the individual and stop the concentration or analysis. The processing of emotions is done equally regardless of your IQ or your gift. The distinction would be somewhere in between the emotions and the feelings (Antonio Damasio is a great reference on this subject). Why gifted kids tend to be alone? I would rather blame the society, since their social interactions are rather difficult and they tend to become even harder as they grow up.
I know someone who remembers every football match of Rapid Vienna that he has seen (probably at least 1000) in detail (he remembers every goal including the minute and the player and how it was shot and everything else of great importance that happened in this match) but he seems to live a normal life. Does he have Highly superior autobiographical memory or is there a difference explanation? I would like to remember every football match of Rapid Vienna in detail, but I actually have problems remembering results that where just a few months ago.
I think that must be an assymetric feautre of his/her brain. So if it excels on a field like that, then must have be some other where it discfunctions or just perform poorly. All of our features are characterised by normal distribution, if something is sticking out, then we might expect some malfunctions in some point of the system.
I wonder if stimulation or lack of stimulation in early years development impact their mental image construction in later years. I really enjoyed the lecture. Thank you.
Рік тому
My wife has that "all life" memmory. She remembers everything. Say any day she will tell you what she did, who were she was with, wich day of the week it was, what was she wearing, what was the person she was with was wearing, what soup opera was on TV and what happenned on that chapter. And she is the happiest person I've ever seen.
1:04:40 - So, watch this space, we'll let you know... So... Have you? If so, where? Not being snarky or anything, but if there's an update on this, I'm quite curious. Especially w.r.t. the impact of the ever-connected society on things like imagination and scene construction.
I find the drawing from memory demo somewhat lacking in that there is much to be said about people's drawing capabilities. By that I don't mean the lacking realism of the photos, I mean that most people will start with the bananas, but most people will also be poor judges of the room the finishes work will take, so in an effort to not extend the borders of the paper, they will tend to make them smaller. This is best seen with people who turned out to actually be somewhat proficient at drawing. They were closer to the right ratio, but they still saved some space on a reflex. Only when you're finished reserving the space for bananas do you realize how much more room is left, and it is only then that you start filling in the surplus room. Had they been given something more easily defined, such as a couple of geometrical bodies with clearly defined positional and size relations, I think the results would have been much more precise, even if said object were placed in similarly textured surroundings. What I'm trying to say is that I'm not sure this phenomenon could really be fully ascribed to boundary extension as easily as it has been.
Yea, kinda weird test. I would expect this to fail as a student experiment example in a uni class. It does not really prove anything clearly, there might be to many variables that can lead to errors in the conclusion.
Yes, you're right. There are always other explanations. I believe there are no true equivalents so it more difficult to prove something than people think. It seems everything is separate so proof would have to be over many differing situations all pointing in one direction.
So memory is about reconstructing the past based on present experiences. That still doesn't get at the core issue of how we have a sense of a past at all. What exactly gets stored in the brain, if anything?
It may be that the majority did not fail but were more honest with their response! They said how they see the object on the screen and not what they should have seen. But the reason why the second image seems larger may be the effect of recognition that makes the image perceived more clearly and in more detail.
Is there any research that examines the effect surprise has on memory? Particularly, when the emotion of surprise is strong, does the memory from that particular experience have more strength than others?
I have ADHD and immediately noticed there was no difference in the pictures, and I was rather confident in the fact before she posted the results. I wonder if there is any correlation. I dearly wished I would have drawn the Banana now before finishing the talk!!
Yes there is a good chance that you have an altered hippocampus function. I do not understand the response from Shivam Shandiliya. Sounds like a troll.
The first thing I took note of was the bananas were ripe, horizontal, sitting on rocks, took up the majority of the picture and there were four of them... in that order. Then I took note of the size of the rocks and ran out of time. (The other pictures were same same.) I then drew the picture as accurately as the in patients. Somehow I don't feel cheated.
What is the learning memory type of persons in the audience? Some people are visual learners. Being able to give the correct answer because they are visual thinkers ?Age and speed of processing ability of the person could make the difference? Before or after TBI or brain surgery including IQ with and without learning disability? What are the details of the theory used for researchers related to each patient before and after cognitive changes?Recall? History of convergent vs divergent thinking? How we are taught to learn and how we can ?
On the importance of memory: you couldn´t hear a sound, without your body keeping track of what happened before, since sounds are CHANGES in air pressure, sustained for more than one 850th of second. This is true for more or less all senses, in sight it´s 250th of a second etc etc, so I maintain, that without memory in it´s most primitive form, perception is impossible. We don´t usually think of these processes of involving memory, unless it is in the process of making sense of what you hear or see (categorization), but that is merely shortsightedness.
Can there be a system consisting of only information processing parts? I mean where the results of processing immediately change the environment from which the information flows into the "processor". So in a sense the environment acts as a storage system "recording" the changes. Just thinking aloud along the lines how molecules could have assembled into self-replicating systems, without more permanent storage.
How it comes that i have perfect autobiographical Memory but i cant remember texts from the 📚 readers?! i would love to exchange those types of memory for my success
28:15 Strange how the conclusion of plasticity focusses on: the brain is not fixed, since half of the subjects failed the test and for them their brain was obviously not plastic enough. Maybe it is because the task is very hard and there might have been some increase in volume of the required areas, but that was omitted from the story... and maybe it´s because the normal perception of the brain is still non-plastic and this is put out there as kind of an antidote or proof of the opposit. But it seems to skew the issue of the now (i feel) generally accepted theory of brain plasticity a bit.
I thought that the hippocampus was related only to the encoding process of memory, and it's amazing to realize that it also plays a role in the retrieval process. Is it safe to say that the memory retrieval role of the hippocampus resides on the posterior portion of it?
3:00min Ok, so memory is a set that contains elements, but it is a set. It is just an empty generative set. So, it is empty in the sense of being its syntactical generative axioms, and nothing more. What enables us to have elements in it? No? Perhaps?. Could we not say the same thing about DNA before phenotype interaction?
Interesting. Watching on my iPad which took most of my field of view, I didn’t see a size difference. I think the “boundary” effect (bananas) is misleading however. You don’t see bananas, you see *bananas* - your concept - which when you recreate it on paper from your conceptual image doesn’t scale the same way as the original image. When looking at the original picture, you probably didn’t pay attention to the distances from the bananas to the edge of the field, but to the relative shapes, color, sizes of rocks, etc. You then recomposed everything to some other “conventional” scale relative to what you would “ordinarily” see.
I wonder if the play cells are linked to relevance. You know, data you think might be useful and kept for future reference. Probably why we experience deja vu?
40:40 i posit that artists would draw exactly what they see, that the proportions of the banana to background is the same. Knowing me with extensive history of drawing in the past I would have drawn it in similar proportions. Now on hindsight, It is interesting that in the first few seconds of seeing the picture i noticed how the banana was touching left edge of the image then I had a mental scan of the outline of the banana. with little to no considerations to the rocky background. however, this does not prevent me from extrapolating the image or "boundary extension"... this is quite fascinating as this would help the ML field of image-recognition/processing. especially when she said, "the prior beliefs/experiences dictates the boundary extension". so far I only heard of ML algorithms learning to recognize images by going through a training process where it was feed a ton of labelled images. But using these labelled images to also do boundary extension sounds more "intelligent" for a lack of a better word
When watching this, before knowing what the experiment was, I observed the bananas for 15 seconds and then did a drawing, proportions in relation to the scene have always been crucial to me when trying to replicate a scene through a drawing or painting, and my representation thus ended up with the bananas taking up almost exactly the same scene real estate as in the original picture. I attribute "boundary extension" simply to a lack of artistic training xD
I thought it was already decided that the job of the temporal lobes were to traffic past and present events so that you can know what happened in the passed in relation to the present and make a judgment based on what past experiences you might have off of the present circumstances.
hello, I am 45 years old, I have recently tried to memorize many Algorithm cases for solving 3x3 rubiks cube, each algorithm tackles a partial solving state that targets a particular position on the cube. Exampe of 1 case: [(y') U2 R2' U2 R U R' U R2] then I move on to the next partial solve. and so forth, I have managed to know such algorithms from my memory and can find them and even write them down, but what troubles me is the practical side of implementing these tasks. they are memorized but not memorized enough to be practically used. What other attributes/additionals of long term memory can be useful to me.
I feel bad for the guy in the right bottom corner hoping he gets picked for questions - 20 minutes and she only fielded one question from that side of the room
В философии под рациональностью понимается эпистемологический взгляд, который представляет собой «разум как главный источник и критерий познания» [1] или «любой взгляд как разум как источник познания или обоснования».
Objects in Memory may be closer than they appear? Can someone laser that into the lower-outer inside corners of the lenses of a pair of Sunglasses? I would buy those!
Whenever I imagine a scene I always see it in the perspective of me looking at myself in the scene and everything around it not necessarily "living" in the scene in first person. In other words I see the observer and the environment and its difficult for me to imagine a perspective as the observer in the scene.
You have an exterior perception of what happens and this could be a sign that you are close to spiritual awakening or enlightenment if what you say is honest and true. Very fortunate and incredible.
@@bodhiapurva3887 This comment was 5 months ago and I have since then starting making a daily schedule, switching my career path and realizing what truly matters to me even if my ideas don't seem possible to others. Very incredible to look back at this comment of when I felt so locked inside of my head from cages I allowed others to trap me in. I hope other people see the light and keep the hope and know that if something doesn't make you happy even if its within yourself, you are free to change and be whoever you want. Thank you for the reply! :)
@@nxstress Thanks also for your reply Peinappl, so your material life has changed over the last 5 months and when you mention being locked up inside your head from cages you allowed others to trap yourself in, this is something that been happening to us humans for centuries and breaking free of it as you say is what we aught to do. Glad you are being who you want to be now and taken control of your situation. Will still mention that your are fortunate to realise something that others like myself spend years trying to achieve, namely your exterior perception of a scene.
I have a persistent childhood memory of having just discovered the concept of "photographic memory" which was relayed to me in the raw on the playground from one of the many know-it-all sixth graders who had the obligation to educate the lower grades on how the world really worked. I was completely enamored with this concept and shared it with as many kids as would listen to me and not one of them seemed to get it as I did. "So? Big deal." What I needed was to bounce this off an adult to explore this concept further and that adult turned out to be my dullard father. He was a helluva good story teller but he wasn't much of a thinker. Without hesitation he pulled a reply out of his ass and informed me that would be a very bad thing to have. I asked why but inside I was thinking this is going to be a whole other level of stupid. "Because your brain can only hold so much and if you remembered everything it would fill up and you would die." Yep, I was right.
32:10 again, a strange conclusion. I´d be delighted to get this kind of a coherent, congruent description from that prompt from a neural net like GPT-2 and I haven´t yet. So, where does all this come from? Obviously there is a scene imagined, maybe in less detail and with less flexibility, but the conclusion is that the patient cannot imagine it? That seems very strange. If anything it seems dreamlike to me, like what you might experience in an unstable lucid dream, when you are just about to wake up. Also the remark, they are "stuck" in the present, kind of seems judgemental. What´s wrong with the present? It´s where your happiness is. So were these patients happier? Seems a very reasonable question, which is omitted somehow. They don´t seem to happy about their ability to remember, but I´d want to look at overall happiness. SInce most of the yogic practices will try to get us "stuck in the present" in order to get an "oceanic feeling" as Freud described it and this is supposed to ease anxiety and give a feeling of stable joy.
I do believe that Yogi practice includes heightening your awareness of present: widening the scope, increasing the resolution, intensifying the intensity (regarding all senses) which then presumably leads to stronger memories... Whether it has to involve suppressing the sense of self? Perhaps focusing all abilities of our "mind" on the actual situation blocks the "replay" as well as the "pre-play" functions: I think this temporary blockage of processing the more personal "content" of brain leads to the attenuated sense of self. And I wouldn't be surprised if this yogic immersion in the present would disable RELATING yourself to the actual content of your mind. Which in effect feels as if you BECOME your actual experience, so the observer and the observed become one in the subjective consciousness. "Depersonalisation" in some sense.
I would have loved to be there, I wish this sort of lectures take place in my country too, but they are not... Anyway, I would like to ask a question here and hopefully get a good answer. The question is quite simple: Can a patient with memory loss or other memory issues be treated with the placebo effect?, if yes,how?....if no, why?
Print some forms, make him or her sing them for a really great new drug that helps with memory recovery. Bought some placebo pills or something like vitamin B12 and you got it, placebo effect
The idea of memory being about the future instead of the past reminds me of Stanislas Dehaene's perception of human brains as squishy Bayesian predictors in his book How We Learn. Very familiar idea!
When quoting Alice in Wonderland within the context of Science or Mathematics, I think it is important to inform the listener that the writer of the Alice Saga was not an author, but a Mathematician, and that the entire Wonderland adventure is likely just an allegorical expression of our mathematical reality, written by someone who, despite being renowned for their greatness, was likely yet greater.
As far as I can remember from 5 years old to 50+, I never been able to imagine anything in the sense of bringing any type of picture. No scene, no single object, no color, no shape. I am not blind. I can look at a map and navigate thru streets, I read and write text, and electronic schematics. I even learned to read Chinese. After 5 years, I knew about 2000 out of 6500 characters that are known by most people in China. I was using many different brain area for memorizing these characters. The hand motion of drawing on paper and drawing with the tip of the finger, the auditory memory was involved when counting the number of strokes and the meaning of each radicals elements that form a Chinese character. My auditory memory is normal or maybe superior compared to normal people. I can replay in my head a music that I heard for the first time on radio. It is possible that I don't really catch all the details, such as some faint musical instruments. It is quite distinct to "feel that we know" and the reality of really knowing. Beside the basic emotions such as "happy", "sad", "disappointment", etc there is many more basic feeling that the study of brain structure will reveal such as "I saw that person before", "I never saw that" and "I am not sure".,
@@prosodiclearning I generally just know what I'm thinking without words. I can't play songs back in my head or hear conversations. I can choose to use inner speech if I want to but I generally don't outside of reading/writing. This article describes it www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053810008000524
m so sad that these pitifully easy to understand and fix (aphantasia /dyslexia); seeing them labelled with having a "condition" that needs a "cure" is the language of snake-oil salesman..
That is because psychological pronouncements follow the lead of Procrustes -- we fit the phenomena to the method. If the phenomena does not fit, we truncate until what remains does.
The flashing image doesn't really test memory. Rather, it demonstrates that the brain takes more than a quarter of a second to comprehend what is being seen.
![Lp. Сердце Вселенной #60 РОЖДЕНИЕ ЛОЛОЛОШКИ [Финал] • Майнкрафт](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/YoR0pAV9FVQ/mqdefault.jpg)
0:00: relevance/importance of memory, types of memory: definitions and origins.
5:00: 1) memory is improved if can be related to past experiences (old experiment)
2) memory is not accurate (live experiment)
13:00 superior autobiographical memory patient
15:00 patient H.M. - hippocampus for autobiographical memory and memory formation
19:00 place cells (discovery + new experiment)
33:00 scene construction
38:00 boundary extension
49:00 questions
The delivery of this lecture was a Rockstar performance, the voice with character, great use of the stage, a set list that kept you interested and hooked.
it was ok
Way too controlled in my opinion. She needs to loosen up. Great content though.
shes reading her lecture. Ah it must be about memory...
Watch our latest Friday Evening Discourse 'The neuroscience of memory' with Eleanor Maguire now up on the Ri Channel and have a go at some of her experiments yourself.
#science #video
Her voice is gentle on the ears; her pacing suits people new to this info; she involves the audience with preparation and well-timed repeats; her focus is on sharing the info not so much on making a big impression so she does! I learned about one's memory as related to the hippocampus (spell check: really?) when I was still a blank canvas and am left curious for more since she made it seem attainable...I'm gonna track her down and look for more
pamela rose OO
she was ok
thank you for that insightful comment, it will live in my memory forever. perhaps one day i will fathom why you bothered.
Is this an actual British dialect? She's just speaking in a British accent with an American R.
I dunno... that "smacking" noise (like she has peanut butter in the roof of her mouth), kinda ruins it for me. Just my humble little 2 cents. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
Not only a great lecture, but some solid questions! All in all, I enjoyed this video very much, and very consistently, throughout!
Ms Maguire is so stunning, I almost forgot the subject matter, several times! It was a very intriguing lecture! Thank you, Prof Maguire!
Thank you Dr. Maguire and RI for another excellent lecture. Very interesting and informative.
43:58 I was assuming that the enlarged black and white "noise" image they placed between the two images played a crucial role in this test but apparently it didn't. Would have liked to hear an explanation for the odd choice of that frame.
This is an excellent set of facts for refuting the still practiced recovered memory therapy.
43 minutes in most of the memory she has talked about has been visual.
My recovered memories (mostly confirmed by my mother) are very visceral. That is perhaps the difference between traumatic memories and 'normal' episodic ones.
MY MIND IS BLOWN.
The best part of this is I had read Kant's quote before and I was thinking about it as she brought it up.
Congratulations - you have an intact hippocampus!
22:22 - Excellent! The virtual tour of London with fMRI of brain activities shown along is very informative for learning about brain.
Just stumbled across this wonderful UA-cam video explaining human memory in thoroughly enjoyable Queen's English and excellent presentation. Thank you RI.
19:48 ah, that makes perfect sense, that anekdotal or autobiographic memory is so closely linked to the memory of places. That would be why most memory athletes make journeys or memory castles or roman rooms. It is one of the strongest and most flexible ways to bind anekdotes to memory. The next ones in my opinion and experience of memory training would be persons/objects, actions, causes (relational information) and for some people stories. If you have a strong autobiographical memory, using personal touches works a treat as well. And singular or strange things are easier to remember. That´s why I use PECS, making things personal, emotional (or urgent), crazy/peculiar/singular, and specific to attach them to places and autobiographic memory. And I use people and objects for coding systems, which makes it necessary to be very specific. Other people use stories, which is also quite flexible, but that is not my strongsuit, especially under pressure.
It seems rats, humans and roombas have more in common than previously thought.
I would love to see an RI study of the cognition and behavior of Alzheimer patients before, during, and after hearing music. This is being studied by observable behavioral results but it would be valuable to see what's happening deep in their brains which could possibly lead to a treatment for this terrible disease.
Took me 6 years to enjoy this lecture!. But still think is up to date!!.
Now I have the memory of the neuroscience of memory in my memory. Oh what a memorable memory!
I really Iove these kinds of lectures, but my only problem with Ri is with the sound. Couldn´t you try to pass the audio track into a "S" suppresser. The "ssss" are extremely annoying. Same thing with Tara Shears lecture on antimatter.
Once I read this comment I couldn't stop hearing it
Rodrigo Perez de Castro should focus on content....nobody perfect...trivial issues are forgiven.
I dunno. That lovely Irish accent makes it very bearable.
Like Arch Angel, I was unaware until I read the nit-pickers. I guess I just assumed she had loose dentures or had just eaten a peanut butter sandwich.
I don't think that is nit picking. This is relatively professional media production, no?
It is an issue with the sound. Sadly, I think this issue is caused by the face mics and their levels, I agree, a skilled editor would have spotted this and added the filter if they don't hand over to a sound mixer.
Interesting talk! I've wondered, given physical determinism, if free will might be found in our ability to visualize different potential (future) realities. I like the idea that memory's main function is enabling our ability to make those visualizations. Memory enables free will!
Fascinating presentation, thank you so much for making this available!
Fascinating stuff. So, put very simply, it would appear that the primary function of memory, rather than to recall the past, is to help us make sense of the present and anticipate the future...
@41:54 I have to contest this methodology. The conclusion might still be true, but it cannot be concluded from the setup of this experiment. The "masking image" had a much smaller object in it, the process of animation or gluing together of subsequent images to create a movement, which is well documented and will start way before 42 ms at around 3ms under normal stress levels, would make a subject record an increase in size, leading to a logical conclusion of a closer object. So this could very well be and is more likely to be a case of priming, context and animation.
The same experiment would have to be done with a bigger object in the masking image and if the results are then still conclusive, only then might we consider this to be an effect of background extension. It seems a perfectly reasonable hypothesis, but just not very well isolated in this particular experiment. Also, if the subsequent explanation were true the masking image wouldn´t need to have an object in it at all and that gets me wondering, why there even is an object (green smiley) there.
The picture test can have an alternative explanation too. It might be, that being "stuck in the present" made them more attentive and therefore better artists, because what all the regular folk showing background extension missed is analysing the layout or composition of the picture of the four bananas and finding that the bananas touched the border of the picture on both sides, were horizontal and had the concave part up, forming a sort of cup but mostly horizontal bent line and then estimate the angle of the background´s incline, so as to estimate the decrease in apparant size of the stones in order to reproduce the overall effect.
15 seconds is ample time to do this with some training, which I´d argue they have had spontaneously, because of their condition. I had to teach loads of students not to draw what they knew, or thought they saw, but what they actually saw. Which means, you have to step out of your normal view of reality and look at it as if it is already on paper and then just trace it. This method increases drawing quality dramatically within hours and revealed to me that most people, without this training see the world symbolically in stead of actually around 90% of the time.
Midieval artist got this training of composition and perspective by painting on a slab of glass, closing one eye and keeping their head really still. We still have pictures of devices to help them do just that. They discovered all kinds of principles like contrapunctive ordonance, layering and "coulissen", that would increase depth-perception of an image. Cues that would help imagining a scene.
So, while I do believe background extension is something that exists, this to me isn´t very convincing proof.
Maybe this is just because it is "dumbed down" a bit and very much is omited, but this is the Royal Institution and it seems a bit too speculative.
Just saw that this is 2012 and a lot has happened in this last 10 years in our understanding of memory, consciousness and the sense of self. So in view of that, I think some in those time rather normal biases may be forgiven and mostly just points to how groundbreaking the research described was..
@58:00 more recent research into the seat of the self did indeed point towards the hippocampus and more core structures of the brain leading into the spine and contests strongly the former placing of in the frontal cortex (with studies of patients who had no frontal cortex but still had a strong sense of self). So this remains an excellent question also since it is a bit of an ethical one. Like the researcher said, we can´t just stick electrodes in humans, but apparantly we can just stick them in rats. Understanding that rats may have a similar sense of self might open up the ethics of that practice again.
If someone with Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory (on day C) recalls a day (B) when they were recalling a previous day (A) do they recall what they recalled of day A or just the recollection of recollecting day A.
Chris Craven I have watched a lot of programs and yes they do. They gave someone a random date and the first thing that came out of his mouth was "I remember that I was happy because the night before we went to.." I forget where he had gone and then he went on to say what he did all day for the day that they asked him about. They remember what they ate at meals, what they did, what day it landed on, who they were with, things people said, what shows they watched and which episode, what was on the news, the weather. They remember everyday of their life. There are no gaps after the age they start remembering at. The ages at which it starts varied but it was from like 4-7 yrs old. It is absolutely insane. They just discovered them maybe 15-20 years ago because some lady was complaining about it. Then when they did a story about her, other people were like "remembering like this isn't normal?" They just thought they had good memories and other people had bad memories. They all love it but not the original lady that they found. She is miserable because she focuses on all the bad stuff that was said to her. It's really interesting.
*brain explodes
@@katiekat4457 And yet Borges wrote a short story about it 40 years ago: Funes the Memorious
I find it kind of strange that these people can't control when they recall things. I mean I know quite well what I did and ate yesterday (of course not every detail, e.g. I don't remember all the web pages I visited yesterday), but I don't think a lot about that...
Yes.
Fascinating lecture Dr. Maguire. I first heard of HM in a lecture by Larry Squires while a student at UCSD. Subsequently I was a grad student in Joseph Altman’s lab at Purdue. Also your taxi driver study is featured in the Brain section of the Franklin Inst. in Philadelphia. The story reminds me of the title of the Firesign Theater album, “How can you be in two places at once when you’re not anywhere at all?” The hippocampus is the bridge between the past and present, able to recall elements of information about past events given current context to imagine or visualize some novel (future?) setting - fundamentallly, the basis for prediction. In the “super autobiographical” patients, a scene is not broken down into iconic elements - dogs, people, buildings, streets, etc. Instead it must be stored like a jigsaw puzzle stitched together only be temporal cues, and cannot be recalled on the basis of a given person, scenes with dogs, the London Wheel, etc. Such individuals do not decompose the world into “common” elements capable of being rearranged intependently of time of acquisition. I am only half-way through but I am willing to bet they have a deficit in REM sleep and dreaming - which relies on the hippocampus. Kudos!
Interesting question about rat place-cells. (1) Even if the place cells were identical in 2 rats (unlikely), it is most unlikely you could record from the “same” one in 2 different rats. (2) Space is relative, so the place-cells presumably fire in a spatial pattern relative to some fixed cue - position of a food reward or visual cue for example. So, what if you have a rat that on 4 successive days shows the same pattern of place cell firing when always fed at some point (e.g. 12:00 on the arena) and then change the reward location to 5:00 for 4 days. Would the place-cell firing re-orient also? (Of course all other possible orientation cues would have to be controlled for or masked).
Excellent. Very informative, useful and comprehensible to laymen.
showing an accurate and deep understanding; great perceptive. 💡
Muito obrigado for all the insightful information. 🤝
I have a feeling that good comicbook artists are familiar with the concept of boundary extension and how to use it to shove extra background in to a scene without having to draw it.
Hahaha! I didn’t think of that, but I’m sure that’s exactly what happens! Great point!
Outstanding lecture & exceptionally engaging. Thank you !
Excellent information and presentation! Excellent questions and answers!
her voice is so beautiful
You wouldn't say that if she was a fat chick.
33:03 Are these patient able to form usual dreams?
So, the "star trek explanation" is that hippocampus is a sort of a holodeck in your mind, where you can play back and even generate plausible simulations based on limited data.
This was a great lecture. The bananas scene was definitely food for thought, yes I know, I made a funny. Anyway, I personally didn't have a problem remembering that the bananas took up most of the scene. It's not that I'm unable to imagine beyond that, I just remembered what the scene looked like. When comparing sizes of images, my eyes saw the second images as larger but my brain told me that they must be the same size or there would be no point to the demonstration. I think we see the second image bigger because of some kind of auto anticipation. Normally when something in the real world flashes at us, the object is coming toward us. To me it seemed to have something to do with that.
I totally agree !
6:42 has important implications for teaching. I wish more lecturers understood this. You need a christmas tree before you can hang ornaments.
the experiment at around 12:00 doesn't seem to be about errors in memory at all.. it seemed to be more about perception..the longer one looks at the 2nd image (the image that stays on the screen) the more the 2nd image just looks larger than the 1st.. but if we are only allowed to look at BOTH images for a split second.. they do appear the same size.. we are only given a split second to look at the 1st image.. it's simply not enough time to analyze the image and compare it with the 2nd image.. that seems more of a limitation in our visual perception rather than any kind of memory.. if she were testing memory.. it could only be short-term memory.. specifically what she presents as the "visuospatial sketchpad" memory.. the ability to recall a our visual world.. but for the 1st image.. we have to ask how does the brain encode and decode a visual image? it is entirely possible that an image shown so quickly could be encoded/decoded radially outward.. thus providing the perception that the 1st image is smaller than the 2nd.. and so therefore we have completely normal memories when we are asked what did we PERCEIVE.. and that is the other problem with the experiment.. asking "Are these images larger/smaller/same?" provides different information than asking "Do you perceive these images as larger/smaller/same?" there is nothing wrong with our memories if our own brains "trick" us into believing that the 2nd image is larger than the 1st because we our judgments are simply based on our perception.. we are literally recalling what we have perceived..
She seems to be confusing false memories with unformed memories.
+DestinyQx This isnt even short term memory, but more sensory memory. The distinction wasn't made in this talk. Also do consider, this is a talk, the experiment most likely wasn't done as controlled as it would be in a lab. I'm pretty sure both images should be shown for an equal amount of time, and that is how it would go in an actual experiment.
In any case, we are perceiving the exact same image. The physical information reaching our eyes is identical. This is crucial, because sensory memory deals with information as it is projected onto the sensor in question (the eyes in this case). This is exactly the question being raised, why does our brain process the image a little different the second time around? Why can't we "remember" that the images were identical?
On this level, it's hard to distinguish matters or perception and matters of perception, because these two processes both support each other. It's all about the context of an experiment, or the context of the question raised by the researchers. Also, we don't consciously deal with sensory memory, so to those outside of psychology/neuroscience, it doesn't come intuitively.
+DestinyQx The wording you are describing would not have made a difference to the results in the lab if the expansion of the image is done subconsciously which it is.
Psychology is conceptually vacuous. We have no idea of the sense of our terms. We stipulate wildly and create general abstract entities out of selected narrowly prescribed empirical dabblings.
The term memory is an excellent case-in-point. If, as the mantra goes, memory is encoding, storage and retrieval, then what mental events are NOT memory?
Do not look to psychology (or most philosophy of mind - contemporary at least) -- they have not even considered the question as a relevant concern. Rather, among their conceits is the dogma "method = science", thereby confusing necessity with sufficiency. It is a very troubled field.
"We" are barely 100 years old. I think we're allowed some of our stipulations and dabblings.
No idea what you're on about in your last paragraph. What question and to what concern?
remembering smells is the most extraordinary thing.
I've got a question, as I have followed this Presentation as being part of it: Referring to the perspective test with the Bananas, I drawed them proportional to the picture, and also added the almost unseen 4th banana and the elevation caused by the possible 5th one in the background. I also saw both pictures (the one with the shovel and the one with the sewing thread + needle) as being exactly the same. I also occur not to suffer any kind of dementia nor amnseia. A possibly important information is that I have consumed THC prior to the video. Given the case I weren't using any kind of neurostimulant, just for the sake of the question, what would this say about my Hypocampus and it's functionality? And in the case of prior consumption?
I'm sorry if my reply to your question bothers you, but I hope that it'll be useful for you. What I learned from this lecture is that the people who draw the bananas scene almost perfectly, pretty much have a damage in their hippocampi.
This damage can be caused either by the use of drugs such as THC, alcohol, depression, physical damage, etc.
Interesting! to some extent I'm sure that can be correct, yet posterior to this video I've been informing myself about perception, and how different types of people put more value to deterministic information, rather then context information (analytical view vs practical view, "What describes a scene, and what's useful information about said scene"). This could be the case in most Introverted people, as this ones (to wich I count myself) tend not to value smalltalk and trivial themes, as opposed to philosophical or ideological discussions. In short form: Introverted people (Or the psychology of the Introverted mind) try to achieve maximum comprehension about that what interests them, and in this case, the tests subdued to the watchers were, in this case, the focus of my attention.
My guess still is that premises like the one showed in this video are still on the very surface about our knowledge about ourselves and our brain functionalities. There are just too many factors not taken into consideration that to some extent, the results are vague, maybe just hinting with little leads facing to a bigger, more influential factor about the "personalities" of human beings.
Yep, it's really interesting :D. In my current point of view, those who put more value to deterministic information, or consider that the output of that specific situation cannot be altered, are those whose amygdala has damaged their hyppocampi, affecting both the encoding of new memories (by difficulting LTP, impossibiliting further process of the situation by the prefrontal cortex, etc.) and the memory retrieval process (as seen in this lecture).
Otherwise, those who put more effort or time analyzing the context of the situation (making more assumptions, retrieving more correlated facts or memories, etc.) are those whose prefrontal context silences their amygdala, thereby taking control of the situation.
Therefore, those who have a more amygdala-shifted processing have simplier personalities and faster, yet simplier decission making skills.
Because this damage doesn't extent only to the "personalities" of individuals, but also to their capacity to handle more difficulty situations, their learning capacity, etc., is why it's so important to use this knowledge to make adjustments in our educational policies, our judgement of empathic situations, and so much more. Pretty much, our vision of the world and human interaction.
What about the possibility of a natural occurring "unbalance" in brain activity? Similar to the ones observed in gifted children, to whom I consider myself one; We tend to have totally normal social skills, yet we tend to prefer working alone. Empathy problems aren't usual either, yet our brain activity is above normal when concentrating. Detail perfection is something that I can but don't want to dodge.
It's also true that social connectivity might drain our energy, in the means of wanting "a moment of peace", referring to a short period of time in which we enjoy being "left alone" (not to be confused with being "alone").
Could it be that a lack of logical errors happening in perceptions of non-normal brains are described as failures in brain activity? If so, we should learn to differentiate between an "error" and a "malicious/benign mutation", as for the existence of geniuses is factual, and their brain activity abnormal (compared to a "normal" person).
Well, AFAIK what you mention is a common misconception.
The so called "gifted kids" do not have brain activity above normal when concentrating. In fact, it's exactly the opposite.
This is due to the fact that it's easier for them to process the information.
Another fact is that an above normal brain activity is really exhausting, thus making it easier to stress the individual and stop the concentration or analysis.
The processing of emotions is done equally regardless of your IQ or your gift. The distinction would be somewhere in between the emotions and the feelings (Antonio Damasio is a great reference on this subject).
Why gifted kids tend to be alone? I would rather blame the society, since their social interactions are rather difficult and they tend to become even harder as they grow up.
I know someone who remembers every football match of Rapid Vienna that he has seen (probably at least 1000) in detail (he remembers every goal including the minute and the player and how it was shot and everything else of great importance that happened in this match) but he seems to live a normal life. Does he have Highly superior autobiographical memory or is there a difference explanation? I would like to remember every football match of Rapid Vienna in detail, but I actually have problems remembering results that where just a few months ago.
I think that must be an assymetric feautre of his/her brain. So if it excels on a field like that, then must have be some other where it discfunctions or just perform poorly. All of our features are characterised by normal distribution, if something is sticking out, then we might expect some malfunctions in some point of the system.
I wonder if stimulation or lack of stimulation in early years development impact their mental image construction in later years. I really enjoyed the lecture. Thank you.
My wife has that "all life" memmory. She remembers everything. Say any day she will tell you what she did, who were she was with, wich day of the week it was, what was she wearing, what was the person she was with was wearing, what soup opera was on TV and what happenned on that chapter. And she is the happiest person I've ever seen.
😯
1:04:40 - So, watch this space, we'll let you know...
So... Have you? If so, where? Not being snarky or anything, but if there's an update on this, I'm quite curious. Especially w.r.t. the impact of the ever-connected society on things like imagination and scene construction.
I find the drawing from memory demo somewhat lacking in that there is much to be said about people's drawing capabilities. By that I don't mean the lacking realism of the photos, I mean that most people will start with the bananas, but most people will also be poor judges of the room the finishes work will take, so in an effort to not extend the borders of the paper, they will tend to make them smaller. This is best seen with people who turned out to actually be somewhat proficient at drawing. They were closer to the right ratio, but they still saved some space on a reflex. Only when you're finished reserving the space for bananas do you realize how much more room is left, and it is only then that you start filling in the surplus room. Had they been given something more easily defined, such as a couple of geometrical bodies with clearly defined positional and size relations, I think the results would have been much more precise, even if said object were placed in similarly textured surroundings.
What I'm trying to say is that I'm not sure this phenomenon could really be fully ascribed to boundary extension as easily as it has been.
Yea, kinda weird test. I would expect this to fail as a student experiment example in a uni class. It does not really prove anything clearly, there might be to many variables that can lead to errors in the conclusion.
Yes, you're right. There are always other explanations. I believe there are no true equivalents so it more difficult to prove something than people think. It seems everything is separate so proof would have to be over many differing situations all pointing in one direction.
So memory is about reconstructing the past based on present experiences. That still doesn't get at the core issue of how we have a sense of a past at all. What exactly gets stored in the brain, if anything?
Don't ask don't tell -- the motto of contemporary neuroscience and psychology (not because they actually know).
At 34, I can remember up to individual orders for tables of 12 to 16 people and get a 92% accuracy. I continue to exercise this portion of my brain.
How annoying if you get 8% of your orders wrongs. Diners won't be happy.
As always, a really amazing lecture.
Thank you!
It may be that the majority did not fail but were more honest with their response! They said how they see the object on the screen and not what they should have seen. But the reason why the second image seems larger may be the effect of recognition that makes the image perceived more clearly and in more detail.
Is there any research that examines the effect surprise has on memory? Particularly, when the emotion of surprise is strong, does the memory from that particular experience have more strength than others?
I have ADHD and immediately noticed there was no difference in the pictures, and I was rather confident in the fact before she posted the results. I wonder if there is any correlation. I dearly wished I would have drawn the Banana now before finishing the talk!!
Nevermind. You are dwindling on hope.
Yes there is a good chance that you have an altered hippocampus function. I do not understand the response from Shivam Shandiliya. Sounds like a troll.
@@steveh3872 Took you long enough to descend
Same here . I noticed they were the same immediately and utterly confident in that . ADHD has been a blessing in some cases in my life .
The first thing I took note of was the bananas were ripe, horizontal, sitting on rocks, took up the majority of the picture and there were four of them... in that order. Then I took note of the size of the rocks and ran out of time. (The other pictures were same same.)
I then drew the picture as accurately as the in patients. Somehow I don't feel cheated.
What is the learning memory type of persons in the audience? Some people are visual learners. Being able to give the correct answer because they are visual thinkers ?Age and speed of processing ability of the person could make the difference? Before or after TBI or brain surgery including IQ with and without learning disability? What are the details of the theory used for researchers related to each patient before and after cognitive changes?Recall?
History of convergent vs divergent thinking? How we are taught to learn and how we can ?
On the importance of memory: you couldn´t hear a sound, without your body keeping track of what happened before, since sounds are CHANGES in air pressure, sustained for more than one 850th of second. This is true for more or less all senses, in sight it´s 250th of a second etc etc, so I maintain, that without memory in it´s most primitive form, perception is impossible. We don´t usually think of these processes of involving memory, unless it is in the process of making sense of what you hear or see (categorization), but that is merely shortsightedness.
Can there be a system consisting of only information processing parts?
I mean where the results of processing immediately change the environment from which the information flows into the "processor". So in a sense the environment acts as a storage system "recording" the changes.
Just thinking aloud along the lines how molecules could have assembled into self-replicating systems, without more permanent storage.
How it comes that i have perfect autobiographical Memory but i cant remember texts from the 📚 readers?! i would love to exchange those types of memory for my success
28:15 Strange how the conclusion of plasticity focusses on: the brain is not fixed, since half of the subjects failed the test and for them their brain was obviously not plastic enough. Maybe it is because the task is very hard and there might have been some increase in volume of the required areas, but that was omitted from the story... and maybe it´s because the normal perception of the brain is still non-plastic and this is put out there as kind of an antidote or proof of the opposit. But it seems to skew the issue of the now (i feel) generally accepted theory of brain plasticity a bit.
I thought that the hippocampus was related only to the encoding process of memory, and it's amazing to realize that it also plays a role in the retrieval process. Is it safe to say that the memory retrieval role of the hippocampus resides on the posterior portion of it?
No.
What is the physical change in a neural pathway that takes place when a memory is formed and how can it persist for years, even decades?
MEMORY IS WHAT I FORGET WITH !!!
Should I be getting a neurological evaluation? I didn't make any of the errors she mentioned were normal.
Which gene is responsible for memories?
1:56 Memories are the glue that holds society together
And the blades that tear them apart
Very interesting i have suffered on my life from a very bad short-term memory i often wonder why would causes it
I'm wondering if there is a maximum size the posterior hippocampus could become in London cab drivers. Does anyone know?
Memory is the meaning of life, it's our purpose
3:00min Ok, so memory is a set that contains elements, but it is a set. It is just an empty generative set. So, it is empty in the sense of being its syntactical generative axioms, and nothing more. What enables us to have elements in it? No? Perhaps?. Could we not say the same thing about DNA before phenotype interaction?
how do you assess the MRI while person is using driving game? in 23:18 min???????
The interesting thing for me is, I didn't spot the difference. I suppose I would have made the same mistake.
Are there others?
What difference?
@@EvenTheDogAgrees I need to watch this again.
@@erictaylor5462 And I need to see a psychiatrist, because I suspect my list of defects has grown since last time I checked. ;)
Interesting. Watching on my iPad which took most of my field of view, I didn’t see a size difference. I think the “boundary” effect (bananas) is misleading however. You don’t see bananas, you see *bananas* - your concept - which when you recreate it on paper from your conceptual image doesn’t scale the same way as the original image. When looking at the original picture, you probably didn’t pay attention to the distances from the bananas to the edge of the field, but to the relative shapes, color, sizes of rocks, etc. You then recomposed everything to some other “conventional” scale relative to what you would “ordinarily” see.
I did the 'Spatial Space Test ' and had Less space in the background... not more... My head must be mush
When I try to visualize I run into black holes in my memory...it sucks.
When this happens I get extreme anxiety
I wonder if there have been any studies to see if chemotherapy drugs effect the hippocampus?
I wonder if the play cells are linked to relevance. You know, data you think might be useful and kept for future reference. Probably why we experience deja vu?
Powerful talk. Facts upon facts upon facts. I always have thought this thats why i agree with all this talker explained..
Liar
Dennis Cat, or joker...
Excellent presentation! I did draw bananas which took up as much space as in the picture, though! =(
Excellent talk
40:40 i posit that artists would draw exactly what they see, that the proportions of the banana to background is the same. Knowing me with extensive history of drawing in the past I would have drawn it in similar proportions. Now on hindsight, It is interesting that in the first few seconds of seeing the picture i noticed how the banana was touching left edge of the image then I had a mental scan of the outline of the banana. with little to no considerations to the rocky background.
however, this does not prevent me from extrapolating the image or "boundary extension"... this is quite fascinating as this would help the ML field of image-recognition/processing. especially when she said, "the prior beliefs/experiences dictates the boundary extension". so far I only heard of ML algorithms learning to recognize images by going through a training process where it was feed a ton of labelled images. But using these labelled images to also do boundary extension sounds more "intelligent" for a lack of a better word
When watching this, before knowing what the experiment was, I observed the bananas for 15 seconds and then did a drawing, proportions in relation to the scene have always been crucial to me when trying to replicate a scene through a drawing or painting, and my representation thus ended up with the bananas taking up almost exactly the same scene real estate as in the original picture. I attribute "boundary extension" simply to a lack of artistic training xD
Interesting talk on hippocampus by Eleanor Maguire. She is a very good speaker and used case studies and experiments to illustrate concepts.
1:03:37 Tim Ferriss??
I thought it was already decided that the job of the temporal lobes were to traffic past and present events so that you can know what happened in the passed in relation to the present and make a judgment based on what past experiences you might have off of the present circumstances.
I didn't understand the test, so when that image for a millisecond or the displayed image
hello, I am 45 years old, I have recently tried to memorize many
Algorithm cases for solving 3x3 rubiks cube, each algorithm tackles a
partial solving state that targets a particular position on the cube.
Exampe of 1 case: [(y') U2 R2' U2 R U R' U R2]
then I move on to the next partial solve. and so forth, I have managed
to know such algorithms from my memory and can find them and even write
them down, but what troubles me is the practical side of implementing
these tasks. they are memorized but not memorized enough to be
practically used. What other attributes/additionals of long term memory
can be useful to me.
I feel bad for the guy in the right bottom corner hoping he gets picked for questions - 20 minutes and she only fielded one question from that side of the room
Ha ha
That's so funny. I noticed that too.
Came to the comments for this :)
В философии под рациональностью понимается эпистемологический взгляд, который представляет собой «разум как главный источник и критерий познания» [1] или «любой взгляд как разум как источник познания или обоснования».
This video should be called "A Random Experiments Proving Hippocampuses Function". It's nothing more than that
But it's a woman that do the talk!
What shape is a seahorse hippocampus?
11:00. I don't think that's fair. That's not testing memory, that's testing suceptibility to perceptual distortions due to optical illusion.
Objects in Memory may be closer than they appear?
Can someone laser that into the lower-outer inside corners of the lenses of a pair of Sunglasses? I would buy those!
Outstanding!
Thank you!
Whenever I imagine a scene I always see it in the perspective of me looking at myself in the scene and everything around it not necessarily "living" in the scene in first person. In other words I see the observer and the environment and its difficult for me to imagine a perspective as the observer in the scene.
You have an exterior perception of what happens and this could be a sign that you are close to spiritual awakening or enlightenment if what you say is honest and true. Very fortunate and incredible.
@@bodhiapurva3887 This comment was 5 months ago and I have since then starting making a daily schedule, switching my career path and realizing what truly matters to me even if my ideas don't seem possible to others. Very incredible to look back at this comment of when I felt so locked inside of my head from cages I allowed others to trap me in. I hope other people see the light and keep the hope and know that if something doesn't make you happy even if its within yourself, you are free to change and be whoever you want. Thank you for the reply! :)
@@nxstress Thanks also for your reply Peinappl, so your material life has changed over the last 5 months and when you mention being locked up inside your head from cages you allowed others to trap yourself in, this is something that been happening to us humans for centuries and breaking free of it as you say is what we aught to do. Glad you are being who you want to be now and taken control of your situation. Will still mention that your are fortunate to realise something that others like myself spend years trying to achieve, namely your exterior perception of a scene.
@@bodhiapurva3887 I couldn't be more grateful for this and I feel now that it's as if life works itself out for this growth to happen
Do you have english text this video?
The last slide shows some images from a paper "Hassabis et al., 2009". That is Demis Hassabis, the founder of DeepMind who created AlphaGo.
A real deep thinker (LOL).
Alguien me puede ayudar con los subtitulos sea en castellano o en ingles? Gracias
I have a persistent childhood memory of having just discovered the concept of "photographic memory" which was relayed to me in the raw on the playground from one of the many know-it-all sixth graders who had the obligation to educate the lower grades on how the world really worked.
I was completely enamored with this concept and shared it with as many kids as would listen to me and not one of them seemed to get it as I did. "So? Big deal." What I needed was to bounce this off an adult to explore this concept further and that adult turned out to be my dullard father. He was a helluva good story teller but he wasn't much of a thinker.
Without hesitation he pulled a reply out of his ass and informed me that would be a very bad thing to have. I asked why but inside I was thinking this is going to be a whole other level of stupid. "Because your brain can only hold so much and if you remembered everything it would fill up and you would die." Yep, I was right.
Hahaha.good story.: )
32:10 again, a strange conclusion. I´d be delighted to get this kind of a coherent, congruent description from that prompt from a neural net like GPT-2 and I haven´t yet. So, where does all this come from? Obviously there is a scene imagined, maybe in less detail and with less flexibility, but the conclusion is that the patient cannot imagine it? That seems very strange.
If anything it seems dreamlike to me, like what you might experience in an unstable lucid dream, when you are just about to wake up.
Also the remark, they are "stuck" in the present, kind of seems judgemental. What´s wrong with the present? It´s where your happiness is. So were these patients happier? Seems a very reasonable question, which is omitted somehow. They don´t seem to happy about their ability to remember, but I´d want to look at overall happiness. SInce most of the yogic practices will try to get us "stuck in the present" in order to get an "oceanic feeling" as Freud described it and this is supposed to ease anxiety and give a feeling of stable joy.
I do believe that Yogi practice includes heightening your awareness of present: widening the scope, increasing the resolution, intensifying the intensity (regarding all senses) which then presumably leads to stronger memories... Whether it has to involve suppressing the sense of self? Perhaps focusing all abilities of our "mind" on the actual situation blocks the "replay" as well as the "pre-play" functions: I think this temporary blockage of processing the more personal "content" of brain leads to the attenuated sense of self.
And I wouldn't be surprised if this yogic immersion in the present would disable RELATING yourself to the actual content of your mind. Which in effect feels as if you BECOME your actual experience, so the observer and the observed become one in the subjective consciousness.
"Depersonalisation" in some sense.
I would have loved to be there, I wish this sort of lectures take place in my country too, but they are not...
Anyway, I would like to ask a question here and hopefully get a good answer.
The question is quite simple: Can a patient with memory loss or other memory issues be treated with the placebo effect?, if yes,how?....if no, why?
Print some forms, make him or her sing them for a really great new drug that helps with memory recovery. Bought some placebo pills or something like vitamin B12 and you got it, placebo effect
The idea of memory being about the future instead of the past reminds me of Stanislas Dehaene's perception of human brains as squishy Bayesian predictors in his book How We Learn. Very familiar idea!
When quoting Alice in Wonderland within the context of Science or Mathematics, I think it is important to inform the listener that the writer of the Alice Saga was not an author, but a Mathematician, and that the entire Wonderland adventure is likely just an allegorical expression of our mathematical reality, written by someone who, despite being renowned for their greatness, was likely yet greater.
As far as I can remember from 5 years old to 50+, I never been able to imagine anything in the sense of bringing any type of picture. No scene, no single object, no color, no shape. I am not blind. I can look at a map and navigate thru streets, I read and write text, and electronic schematics.
I even learned to read Chinese. After 5 years, I knew about 2000 out of 6500 characters that are known by most people in China. I was using many different brain area for memorizing these characters. The hand motion of drawing on paper and drawing with the tip of the finger, the auditory memory was involved when counting the number of strokes and the meaning of each radicals elements that form a Chinese character.
My auditory memory is normal or maybe superior compared to normal people. I can replay in my head a music that I heard for the first time on radio. It is possible that I don't really catch all the details, such as some faint musical instruments. It is quite distinct to "feel that we know" and the reality of really knowing. Beside the basic emotions such as "happy", "sad", "disappointment", etc there is many more basic feeling that the study of brain structure will reveal such as "I saw that person before", "I never saw that" and "I am not sure".,
Same here. I have no auditory memory either though.
Your audtory memory (of prosody) holds your working memory as well as your ability to imagine (image)
@@prosodiclearning I generally just know what I'm thinking without words. I can't play songs back in my head or hear conversations. I can choose to use inner speech if I want to but I generally don't outside of reading/writing. This article describes it www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053810008000524
@frostek I came upon the remediation inadvertently
I thought she was dyslexic...until we both realised it was about image ,not working mory
m so sad that these pitifully easy to understand and fix (aphantasia /dyslexia); seeing them labelled with having a "condition" that needs a "cure" is the language of snake-oil salesman..
I'm scared my grandparents have Alzheimer's and I don't know what to do about it, or how to talk to them about it.
this video has enraged me , I loved learning about memory and also to see video of navigation skills.
That is because psychological pronouncements follow the lead of Procrustes -- we fit the phenomena to the method. If the phenomena does not fit, we truncate until what remains does.
The flashing image doesn't really test memory. Rather, it demonstrates that the brain takes more than a quarter of a second to comprehend what is being seen.
i guess you didnt watch to the end :-)
i like these kind of lectures............. thank you very much