Indo-European - The Homeland Debate Anno 2021
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- Опубліковано 31 тра 2024
- (August 27, 2021) Doctoral Researchers Rasmus G. Bjørn and Robert Tegethoff present a case study on "Indo-European - The Homeland Debate Anno 2021" as part of the MPI-SHH (Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, DE) Summer School "Doorway to Human History".
Slides & Material:
github.com/MPI-SHH-SummerScho...
More info about the speakers:
Rasmus G. Bjørn
www.shh.mpg.de/person/104133/...
Robert Tegethoff
www.shh.mpg.de/person/101303/...
I am surprised of the "no clear steppe signal" and "complicated archaeology" for Greek. Mycenaean culture shows obvious affinity to Yamnaya/catacomb cultures in terms of tombs and we know for years already that there is a very, very clear, albeit not particularly strong genetic signature from the steppe (yamnaya again).
We wouldn't expect a very strong genetic signal in Greece since there were already civilizations there and they lived side by side.
Phillip II was buried IE style in a Kurgan..
Why no mention of the fact that the Yamnaya migration into Europe was a male migration? They killed the Neolithic men and abducted the women. This is a rather important finding of the recent genetic studies, is it not?
Not in the British Islands. They settled with their women and replaced the whole population
@@descendedofrigvedicclans2216 female haplogroups in the British Islands are mostly Eastern European Paleolithic. They came with the Yamnaya/Bell Beaker wave
few areas not all areas......
That was the case with the corded ware culture. Elsewhere the arrivals of IE people played out differently. In Greece for example the Yamnaya most likely peacefully intermixed with the locals since the older ydna lineages (eg J2, G2a) that predate the Yamnaya arrival, survive to this day. In other words, the older males weren’t slaughtered and kept having offsprings alongside the steppe males.
I believe that is because the archeological evidence is still minimal?
Center of geography: draw a line from ireland to Western China, then another from southern India to northern Norway. Where the lines crosses there you have it.
Great video! Hope you revisit the state-of-the-art two years later this August perhaps
I came to this late, but thank you so much for the presentation. Solid lecture; I had questions answered, and, and better, questions created. Well done.
Re old Europe, Pictish is interesting: probably Celtic plus pre IE.
Yes. We need someone reconstructing pre-IE European!
I'm late to the party also, my apologies. This is excellent. The presentations are so well done. They give big picture views and detailed views braided together and it works. Bravo!
Good audio-- thank you!
Small contribution: the Slavic word for "wheel" is Koleso (kolo means round figure or disk). Sounds pretty much like the deriviation of the original PIE Keklos. Somehow you've missed it
@@descendedofrigvedicclans2216 eeee... this sounds ridiculous. PIE did exist, common vocabulary between PIE decedents is just too obvious. Overall, you are wrong, period. 🤣🤣🤣
@@descendedofrigvedicclans2216 Read articles on Corded Ware and Yamna Cultures, read articles on common dictionary between all PIE (words for family members, dairy, wheel, time, seasons, crops etc), common pre-Chrisitian deities (Dyēus and Perkwunos), read about dig-cites in Ponto-Caspian Steppe read about the spread of chariots across the Eurasia, read about R1a/R1b haplogroups, read about lactose tolerance. The evidence are too many to right it in youtube comment.
On the side, you are an adept of some weird alternate history concept, obviously. Honestly, I don't care whether you agree with the PIE theory, or not
PIE is a hocus pocus imagination....
I'm a year late but the Slavic word is kolo, not koleso. It comes from Proto-Balto-Slavic kálas.
@@urrasscal8380 are your little feelings hurt by the fact that the huge part of Eurasia can trace its linguistic origins to a common language? 😁
What was invented first, the bag or the wheels ?
Follow the history. Two bagger women folk are not that uncommon
When areas are dominated by a group of different background it does't mean the "normal population" has to speak the same language. They might not even interact a lot. We have only written texts from Anatolia, so the disappearance of the Indo European language may just mean that the elite vanished.
Renfrew's "Archeology and Language" and Mallory's "In Search of the Indo-European's" were my bibles when I first started studying this stuff at university, and they were the freshest takes at the time. To hear them referred to as "dated" is painful.
remove indo from indo-european ...indian's r fade up with u guys they r fade up with ur homeland theory , ur invasion theory , ur picnic theory , ur alien theory .... just stop it ... u guys can do whatever with european theory ... just leave iindian's out of this........
One of those two has aged well🤣
@@danielbriggs991 There is more to "Archeology and Language" than just the Anatolian hypothesis. Although to be fair it took me 25 years to realize why the Anatolian hypothesis wasn't immediately invalid, only to discover that the new genetic evidence had caused Renfrew to acknowledge that the Kurgan/Steppe hypothesis was correct.
I remember enjoying reading Mallory's book for the sheer pleasure of his style! He made a subject interesting that is for most people like watching paint dry. I have my own idea about the Indo European homeland and I think it's at the bottom of the Black sea. For thousands of years that area was a riverbed and a lake until one day when the Mediterranean crested a hillock in and poured into the valley in a tremendous cataract. The people living there would have had to pack up their belongings and head for the hills discovering just how well adapted they were for a peripatetic lifestyle of conquest. They never really ever stopped moving around and killing people since they first got started.
C14 isnt dated. rofl There have been several discoveries of NEW species of humans since my 80’s era University Archaelogy class. Its been fun catching up on YT and various ten years of aDNA journal articles. Including aDNA extraction by washing a necklace ornament & some tree bark gum. Crazy no? 😂❤ I barely recall the learning of Indo European language families. This is great! You can really confuse things looking at tectonic plates through time. (Yup. That theory has been “tweaked” also😂
This presentation, wonderful though it is, is channeling for JP Mallory’s In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth
Indo-European homeland depends on the existing military alliances in a particular era. Since prior to WW2, Germany was opposed to communism, the Urheimat was in Northern Europe.
Ever since Turkey has joined NATO, the Urheimat shifted right next to it. And I am pretty sure that if China joins NATO, the Afanasevo culture would soon become the Proto-Indo-European Urheimat. 🤣
All you need to do is to look at what kind of evidence matches with your pre-determined conclusions. 😁
That was a very comprehensive and sincere presentation of a realy complex and difficult subject. Please accept my congratulations. Anyway, following the "story" for more than 25 years now, I always could sense a hesitation on the part of researchers, when it comes to the "balcanic" team of languages. Armenian, Albanian and Greek pose, I think, a real challenge to IE studies. This challenge, to my opinion, is intensified by the adna studies, when combined with both the "center of gravity" method, and the Anatolian issue. The male elite dominance does help somehow, but not even remotely conclusively. Seems to me like a "here be dragons" area in IE research, and would like to see more on that in the future...
there is a theory that Balkan languages are directly Yamnaya derived together with Armenian and Tocharian but that the rest a Corded Ware derived which seem a sister (or "brother") group of Yamnaya...
@@Chociewitka it is actually a consensus right now amongst archaeogeneticists that corded is a child group of the yamnaya. But yeah all in all the Armenian/Greek/Albanian challenge isn’t much of a problem at all. Greek + Albanian protolanguages came from the steppe through yamnaya Balkan migration and Armenian through a yamnaya migration south of Caucasus
@@vassilisxerikos3908 They have a common very recent ancestor but their y haologroups are distict even if related - as they were partilineal cultures they seem brother/cousin tribes but not one descending from another?
@@Chociewitka if you read what Lazaridis says, it is clear. CWC males are direct descendants from yamnaya males, this is what the data shows. There are already some CW R1b-M269 samples that have appeared, it could be a matter of time before R1a yamnaya ones are found too.
@@vassilisxerikos3908 and what about back-marriage between cousin tribes? We need to establish a chronology, the respective samples must be older to assume who cam from whom...
Renfrew did not abandon his theory. He elegantly criticised the Yamnaya theory by saying that it was probably a later expansion, whereas the earliest dispersal must have come from Anatolia. He did want to pay hommage to Gimbutas as this is what the seminar was all about. His point of view is much like Sherratt's, that the Yamnaya is a later expansion of a branch of Indo-European, which explains well the concentration of the Indo-European branches around the Balkans and Anatolia.
I don't know why Renfrew dies on the hill that the Anatolian, basically Neolithic dispersion, is linked to PIE when he's not a linguist and there are so many reasons to believe it's not so-- the existence of Vasconic languages, for example!
DNA proves conclusively there were multiple dispersions. To me, Renfrew is an expert who decided to become a crank.
@@francisnopantses1108 Why? Vasconic languages could have come there at any period or be a relic of the hunter-gatherers' language. Anyway, the Basques have a relatively high percentege of steppe ancestry to say that they were autochtonous or to conclude out of it that Neolithic steppe ancestry was PIE. In my opinion, language is a matter of culture, not of DNA.
That was really good. I look forwward to more.
Can anyone explain why greek is older then vedic/old sanskrit?
Disappointing that you have not distinguished Scottish Gaelic from Irish. Are you even aware that it exists?
All the same, absolutely fascinating lecture.
hittite used carriages to transport and chariots for war. So why they should not have words for chariots and their parts?
This would depend on when and whence the Hittites (which fun fact autocorrected to "Hotties" and maybe they were) and the Yamnaya got wheels and chariots. If the Hittites, for instance, got the wheel from, say Ugarit, and after the Yamnaya population had already emigrated, they might have differing words for wheels and chariots.
On Slovenian teritory was faund oldest wheel! Venet's inscriptions can be understaand with Slavic languages, Old Slavic and Slovenian special. Slovenian is very simillar to Rig-Vedic sanskrit and have simillar grammar- dual!
@Jorgi
Correct
😎
Do you know Rig Vedic Sanskrit??
@@RR-pc7yv I don't knov any Sanskt, only few wordr. But language from Ri is due to linguists quite different from odher in Vedas. And this oldes version is most simillar to Slovenian.
@@jorgikralj905 Yes, there are many similarities between Sanskrit and various Eastern European languages. As all of them are Indo-European languages. BTW, how old are you and what is your profession? 🙂
As far Europe goes, it was a Corded World and the Yamnaya just lived there. I love to call Harvard Labs out on that.
Indo European. Was it called Indo Arion before WW2?
Yes
this european's don't have there own culture that's why they go around the world steal other's people culture & twist them ... that's what happen when u cconvert to some other rreligion u get confuse about ur own culture...... just look at the iindians, chiinese , japanese they r not confuse they know who they are......
Not Arion but Arian or, nowadays, Aryan (to distinguish it from the religious sect).
20,000 years ago the R1a and R1b lineages where north of Mongolia in present day Russia and they where mammoth hunters. They then split from each other only to meet up again thousands of years later, so for 10,000 years as we where coming out the ice age and the food source disappeared they found themselves in the Ukraine from around 12,000 years ago where they mixed with local hunter gatherers and that is who we are today...
You can't say all of that. Too many assumptions. "R1" was isolated around Lake Baikal. Where it came from and where it went is completely unknown. You have made connections that don't exist, dreddy. Not helpful.
@@zipperpillow you know nothing that is why you are here commenting showing your ignorance. Ill tell you what happened. Our very ancient ancestors travelled east to Java when we first left Africa, then for some reason decided to go north up the east coast of China. They then resided in present day Mongolia, then from there they went to the Ural mountains and from the Ural mountains thats when we start to see the lineages break off and go in different directions around 18,000 years ago. Some went to the Ukraine, some went to Russia, some went to Moldova, some went to Iran. The R1b lineage actually re-entered Sub Saharan Africa 14,000 years ago which means they probably passed through the Levant to get there. The R1a lineage entered Anatolia 12,000 years ago, first of all the R1 lineages appear in an area then all of a sudden we have crops and animal domestication, coincidence i think not, your going to have to do a lot of time on the internet to become as knowledgeable as me about the DNA of ancient humans and where they travelled...
iindian's only have R1a DNA whereas european have R1a & R1b .......
@@dreddykrugernew Dream on. I saw that same cartoon. It doesn't make you knowledgeable, it makes you gullible. Lots of holes in that speculation. You have no idea about what I know. Try reading actual research papers and PhD dissertations, instead of trolling the internet, if you want to know more.
@@zipperpillow any book suggestions or articles? I am new to the subject but have always been fascinated by human migration and the way genes traveled. Would love to get deeper into the subject before im 30.
The comment section: 🤪
with homeland you mean "Urheimat", don't you?
Messapic and Albanian Gehg are almost the same.
Scythia, now the “Pontic Steppe” is the Indo-European homeland.
Anatolia is the homeland of the Italio-Celtic language branch of PIE from the early Bronze Age.
This is still being argued based on scanty clues. It is a "research" trend, maybe an over-reach, but it is still not obvious or conclusively proven. Poles and Germans are different, but this might not be the reason why.
I thought the ancient Iranians/Persians were Corded Ware people/culture, not Yamnaya...
Languages carry history and the hopes for continuity.
Losing your mother tongue has serious repercussions.
and this years winner of the piltdown award is ....
i really dont think,iranian was widely spoken in the step...the yamnaya,sintashta must have had a common urlanguage close to hungarian and turkish,better say,an ural altaic language...the sintashta and yamnaya also had much more asian step europe connections,so the map,and spreading indo european so far into europe is unfair.i believe the scythians,hungarians,once ruled over anatolia and asia,spreading from the step towards iran and the caucasus,where the greek and iranians influenced them culturally and linguisticually...greeks had colonies,and swapped goods with scythians,even in warfare they fought the amazones,and their horses,they must have gotten dominance over the people and the language...maybe even troy was once scythian,who knows...this is just about the first part............
In regard of early indo-european (IE) homeland problem. Original IE was very small nation of migrants from mountains north of fertile crescent who were able to make technologicaly advanced weapons for example "caucasian" bronze. That also explains the question South or North from Caucasus. North of fertile crescent is South Caucasus and very close to Anatolia therefore many early IE migrants moved there and conquered it first. Other early IE migrants moved north across Western Caucasus. Once they crossed Caucasus mountains and reached Steppe, they they quickly conquered Steppe hunter gatherers. Spread of IE language was pretty much like after Cortes and Pizarro conquered America that helped to spread Spanish language across entire continent. Similarly, early IE language of small migrant nation become the language of Yamnaya.
It's just weird in this scenario that the IEs would be so close to the Semitic languages and have such an important technology and still there would be no loan words from PIE in Akkadian (or to the best of my knowledge the nearby Elamite). Totally possible, just weird. I wonder if any IE names show up in Ashurbanipal's library (outside of the Hittite context). If anyone would've known about IE neighbors, it's that guy, because he would've laid them low and salted all their fields.
There is strong connection between Slovenian and Bsk's language and indication are, that contact was before farmer's spreding in Europe.
Why don't we still call it Aryan???
Aryan is only indo Iranian. The European branch doesnt refer to Aryans.
@@indianhistorybuff
Aryan refers to the nobility and their languages from a period of time, before Europe existed
@@je-freenorman7787 buddy we get the word Aryan from Hindu and Parsi ancient religious texts. The oldest works in any Indo European language. The word Aryan is nowhere to be found in any European text.
Yes it does mean Noble.
@@indianhistorybuff buddy, Iran means Land of Aryans. Ever heard of the Persian Empire? Anatolia? Scythia? The Irish used to call themselves Crazy Turks. Swastica was an Aryan symbol of authority or the 4 seasons.. Some might call it First Nations today
@@indianhistorybuff There was later a sect of Christianity called Arianism. Slightly different becasue, it was Roman and Monotheistic.
Aryans were all Pre-Christian and typcially Polytheistic.
Pagan only means Non-Christian so anything before Christianity would be pagan
The age of Aries the Ram was also called the Aryan age, ruled by the Aryans, over at zero
but we see the existence of Romanization in
Bav-arians, Bulg-arians (Bugars) or Hung-arians (the Hun) or Tart-Arians. The Bering Strait was once called Stretto Di Arian
look at barry cunliffes lectures on youtube on the scythians...ur very wrong on concluding about some theories...thyre subjective,biased and lack more informations...u cant jump into conclusions...gimbutas theory is just the opposite...from east to west the scythians went into europe...u seem to fall into void yourself by not being able to answering some questions in the last two parts...also study the hungarian professor on comparing sumerian and hungarian...if these two languages,and also turkish have some words in common,the indo iranic or indo european speaking step ancestry falls apart...even in dna,step ancestry comes much closer with turkish,hungarian,and the eurasian step...r1a1-r1b1 mainly...and i guess z93 which is seen in both uyghurs and hungarians...
Man everything here is wrong or i can say they do not want to admit bcs if the truth come out everything we know have to change. Anyway it same nowan is ready abaut the truth, love to all.
Finnish have among the highest Yamnaya ancestry. The Yamnaya may have been speaking a kind of Finnish. It didn't spread much in Europe though because there the maternal lines are not Yamnaya - so the Yamnaya adopted there the Indo-European languages of their mothers'.
🤦🏻♂️
That's, well, an interesting theory.
How can you have missed, ignored the Oera Linda....Shame on you. Lazy? Dishonest? Incompetant?.... one wonders.
İdeologicly ,nationalist ,not science.
Now, look how fast my text are disappeared by these men!
What do you mean?
Unfortunately a PLAGIARISME of all the articles and books of ANS SCHAPENDONK which are in the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Leipzig in the neighbourhood of Jena. The authors do not understand DUTCH since FLEMISH is the oldest language in the world. Since these boys are not able to talk this language, the misunderstandings in this presentation are to much to present them here. Most men do really think they could analyse everything because of the written texts, but SANSKRIET means in Flemish (Dutch) literally ORAL (no script!). Because of the CHALK (krijt), people here did learn to write, but this were not men, but women! This guys here are not able to interprete historical coins on which not their "triangulation", but the UNIVERSAL SOUNDHELIX is explained. "Their" triangulation is stolen out of my research results, since I did discover on historical coins the meaning of the DOG / GOD in Dutch which is HOND and by ADJECTIO (words get longer behind) it helixing in HONDERD, but vowels are helixing alfabetically what male linguists NEVER did understand ... au, au. And that is why HONDERD is helixing in HUN DRIETJES! "Their three": Father, Son and the Holy Ghost? No, because MADOG (mother and daughter) which is helixing in DOGMA (male religion) nothing has to do with 'religion', but only with getting babies! Not by woman and man, but by ONLY WOMAN: the female holy sacred can produce male sperma. Women are about 130.000 years ago earlier on our planet as men. And analogue to this helix LAAGHOOFD (child) > LEEGHOOFD (empty heads) > LEGER HOOFD (not: a much more emptier head .. but LEADER OF AN ARMY who only kills people! Now, when these "leeghoofden" (Tegethoff and Bjorn) are writing about the 'sister-in-law", they really do not understand anything about 'their' triangulation! I call it PLAGIARISME but like a chicken without a head!
Are you needing medication? You seem like a crazy person.
@@zipperpillowWe have many crazy people in the Netherlands. I had a neigbour from Surinam. He did some crazy things. With his brother R. I had no problems. I moved to an other EU country. 👣👣👣👣
@@antoniescargo4158 I'm glad they all live in your country. Thanks for that.
Tjonge tjonge... dat zijn wel verrassende standpunten die u inneemt! Hebt u daar bewijzen van, met name van die "helix"?
@@718YellowSubmarine Natuurlijk, de "Handbooks", gepubliceerd door Oxford en Cambridge met namen als Brown en Hippisley (zie hieronder) leveren het bewijs. Maar het mooiste bewijs wordt geleverd door "Word knowledge en Word Usage" (staat compleet online), gepubliceerd in 2020, waar de detractio wordt uitgelegd. De woorden lossen van voren op (vgl. I (k)now) en worden van achteren langer (mijn nieuwe, correctie klankregels, waarop geen taalkundige ooit is gekomen). Kijk in dit zinnetje dat je alleen in het Nederlands kunt produceren: METselaars METselen MET METZE (joods), waarin het MET-ZE helixt in CE-MENT (dit is de metathesis). Dat klanken voor wegvallen wordt door de heren taalkundigen nu 'phonestaemes' of 'splinter'. ChatGPT is gebaseerd op de kennis van de door mij ontwikkelde klankhelix! (p)ROOF of PLAGIARISME is er ook éen, want nu zie je dat ROOF en PLAGIAAT een synoniem wordt. De KNIJP > KNIJPTANG > ANGST, maar veel mensen zeggen geen 'knijptang', maar 'nijptang'. Over 'die "helix" zijn meer dan 4000 bladzijdes gepubliceerd, maar deze boeken worden door de 'elitaire' universitaire kliek genegeerd. Reden: het schaamrood zit op hun kaken! 500 jaar lang hebben met name mannen niets, maar dan ook helemaal niet van de klankverschuiving begrepen. Nu publiceren ze hun 'handboeken' waarin ze allemaal schoorvoetend over de brug komen door de vertellen dat de morfologie niet bestaat, omdat het allemaal fonologie is (lees: enclitisch).
Basque is not a language isolate! In this language one recognise BAS of LES PAYS BAS! German linguists usually forget to mention the influence of Dutch / Flemish. As I told the linguists in Marburg (Deutsche Sprachatlas) that German is helixing out of Dutch, they immediately accused me of sexual intimidation, the only possibility to dismiss one directly. But I was right and now, look how many MEN again are S L O W L Y comes to the Nordsea where the JEWS lived ... and this is the crucial point> what means PALE (s) TIN(t)? WHITE SKIN .. Basque is very easily, when one reads the words from behind to the front ... And than it is DUTCH ... ha ha ha ha ... Male scientists think 'difficult' since GOROPIUS BECANUS who did learn the universal soundhelix by a book of his mother: a midwife, a BAKERVROUW, and that is the reason why BEKA is changing in BECANUS, but CANIS not only means KANU (boots of the FARI-ZEEERS / ZEE-VAARDERS), or Kanaán, but also MOUTH. Men were since that time telling the much more intelligent women TO SHUT THEIR MOUTH. Now everything is turning around again .. so please boys, tell the trut (bitch, whore) which is helixing in THE TRUTH .. poor poor men! Only copying my books and not think by themselves. SLAK > SLANK > SLANG > (s)LANGUAGE ... DETRACTIO, ADJECTIO, METATHESIS, PERMUTATIO and DELIVERY and vowels are helixing alfabatically. Simple, isn't it?
There are some very interesting connections between the Basque language with Irish.
@@bernardmolloy4463 The relation with Old Greek and (p)Latin with the Dutch language should be the main ISSUE, but "scientists" like Dunstan Brown, Andrew Hippisley or Jochem Trommer or Sebastian Bank rather are copying the knowledge of prehistoric midwives when they are presenting 'their' Zyklische Optimalitätstheory". They are doing nothing else as copying the universal soundhelix! Shame on these men! Irish is also helixing out of Dutch! In all the Handbooks of Oxford, Cambridge, New York about morphology one can read the proves for this conclusion. The thing is, that the authors know this, but they do not want to admit it, since they never did really understand the universal soundhelix. Neither did Chomsky!
Wow. You're weird, and maybe unhappy? Maybe you should write another book for the Biliothek?
@@zipperpillow Bibliothek! Bible means TUAS GLOS, the second book written by men who did not understand one word of the universe. Good for you that the Fifth Book is already 'written'! Men like you need it: laaghoofd > laaghoofd > legerhoofd! Ha, ha, ha.
@@zipperpillow'bibliotheek'?
My goodness who cares where the origins are. Why are people so obsessed about this stuff.
If you're not interested go elsewhere.
This is pretty thin broth.
Instead of elaborely studying Sanskrit language and literature these people too much depend on their opinions and willful guesses! First of all, Why Indo-Europens and not Euro cacasians or Euro anatolians!! If Rigveda is not there, many of the present day people in Europe and other places would not have known that they are related to common ancestor!!This is the truth!! Again, Proto Indo European is another lie!! Rigvedic Sanskrit is the first purified proto Indo Euro[ean language, this Aryans had Rugveda even before 6000 years ago as per recent archeology which refers exactly dried river Saraswathi and it banks besides tells Saraswathi was roaring river then!!! Modern archeology and Scientific dating confirmed that the Saraswathi was mighty river only in 6000 years or before Those European groups as per Rigveda migrated from ancient India after Dasa rajna or ten kings war when the dried Saraswathi river flowing as mighty roaring war which is as per Rigveda! As per Rigveda ,Ar definition is given as onwho tills and cultivate land!! Aryans are founders fa
Italic is not an Indo-European language and not battle axe culture descendant. They are Arabic mixed with Celtics. Celts are not a battle axe culture either. Only northern Europeans are. Especially Germanics and Slavic. DNA research is proving it. The Vikings haplogroup R1a1 is the marker of battle axe ethnicity and battle axe culture descendance.
If the base is wrong than whole theory is wrong. The start of whole this debate started from word aeya from rigved of sananskrit language from India and whole sanskrit literature suggest that it's indegenous to India. But europian did not believe it because it will prove that migration happened from India. But researchers shoyld study sanskrit texts. 🙏
Illyrian(Albanian) language was written with Greek letters. Greeks came to Balkans and introduced the Greek alphabet, and the Illyrians used to write using the Greek alphabet. The words were in the Albanian Language.
They are not Arabic, they are Mediterannean!
Instead of elaborely studying Sanskrit language and literature these people too much depend on their opinions and willful guesses! First of all, Why Indo-Europens and not Euro cacasians or Euro anatolians!! If Rigveda is not there, many of the present day people in Europe and other places would not have known that they are related to common ancestor!!This is the truth!! Again, Proto Indo European is another lie!! Rigvedic Sanskrit is the first purified proto Indo Euro[ean language, this Aryans had Rugveda even before 6000 years ago as per recent archeology which refers exactly dried river Saraswathi and it banks besides tells Saraswathi was roaring river then!!! Modern archeology and Scientific dating confirmed that the Saraswathi was mighty river only in 6000 years before ! Those European groups as per Rigveda migrated from ancient India after Dasa rajna or ten kings war when the dried Saraswathi river flowing as mighty roaring river! As per Rigveda ,Ar definition in the word Aryan is given as on who tills and cultivate land!! Aryans are founders of farming and cultivation!! They assumed this privilege as their names as Aryans !!